Even nature's most disgusting creatures have important secrets, but who would want a swarm of cockroaches coming towards them?
Čak i najodvratnija stvorenja kriju bitne tajne, ali ko bi želeo da naleti na roj bubašvaba?
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies relates to robustness. Robust systems are stable in complex and new environments. Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize running over rough terrain. When we put a jet pack on them, or give them a perturbation like an earthquake, we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs allow them to self-stabilize without using any of their brainpower. They can go over complex terrain like grass, no problem, and not get destabilized. We discovered a new behavior where, because of their shape, they actually roll automatically to their side to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
Jedna od najbitnijih razlika između prirodnih i ljudskih tehnologija se odnosi na izdržljivost. Izdržljivi sistemi ostaju stabilni u novim i složenim okolnostima. Neverovatno je što se bubašvabe stabilizuju dok prelaze neravan teren. Kad na njih stavimo mlazni ranac ili ih protresemo poput zemljotresa, otkrivamo da zbog fino podešenih nogu mogu da stabilizuju telo bez korišćenja mozga. Mogu bez nestabilnosti da prelaze preko neravnih terena, kao što je trava. Otkrili smo da se zbog oblika tela automatski okreću na stranu kako bi prošle kroz ovu veštačku travu.
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks with the same structure. Here's a new behavior we've discovered. The animals rapidly invert and disappear in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them — using the same structures that they use to run, their legs. They can run upside down very rapidly on rods, branches and wires, and if you perturb one of those branches, they can do this. They can perform gymnastic maneuvers like no robot we have yet. And they have nearly unlimited maneuverability with that same structure and unprecedented access to a variety of different areas. They have wings for flying when they get warm, but they use those same wings to flip over if they get destabilized. Very effective.
Izdržljivi sistemi su u stanju da obavljaju mnoge zadatke bez promene u građi. Evo još nečeg što smo otkrili. Umeju da se brzo izvrnu i nestanu, za manje od 150 milisekundi - ne mogu se ni videti - uz pomoć nogu, koje koriste za trčanje. U stanju su i da veoma brzo trče dok su izvrnute na štapovima, granama ili žicama, a ako protresete neku od tih grana, umeju i ovo. Umeju da izvode gimnastičke manevre koje nijedan robot trenutno nije u stanju da izvede. Imaju gotovo bezgraničnu manevarsku sposobnost bez promena u građi i samim tim imaju pristup najrazličitijim sredinama. Poseduju krila kojima lete kad se ugreju, ali i njima mogu da se i okrenu ako padnu na leđa. Veoma efektivno.
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe. This is the foot of a cockroach. It has spines, gluey pads and claws, but if you take off those feet, they can still go over rough terrain, like the bottom video that you see, without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary. They can run up mesh without their feet. Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod: three legs, three legs, three legs, but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs. Here's one moving with two middle legs gone. It can even lose three legs, in a tripod, and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait. And I point out that all of these videos are slowed down 20 times, so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
Izdržljivi sistemi uz sve ovo tolerišu i nedostatke. Ovo je stopalo bubašvabe. Na njemu se nalaze bodlje, lepljivi jastučići i kandže, ali ako im odsečete stopala, mogu gotovo istom brzinom da prelaze neravan teren, kao što se može videti na donjem snimku. Neverovatno. Mogu da trče uz mrežu bez stopala. Ova vrsta naizmenično koristi tri upravne noge: tri, po tri, po tri, ali u prirodi se često dešava da insekt izgubi noge. Evo jedne koja se kreće bez dve srednje noge. Ukoliko izgubi grupu od tri noge, počinje da se kreće na drugačiji način, da skakuće. Moram da naglasim da su svi ovi snimci usporeni 20 puta, tako da su u stvarnosti veoma brze.
Robust systems are also damage resistant. Here's an animal climbing up a wall. It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb, but when you slow it down, you see something very different. Here's what they do. They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall so they don't slow down and can transition up it in 75 milliseconds. And they can do this in part because they have extraordinary exoskeletons. And they're really just made up of compliant joints that are tubes and plates connected to one another. Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach. You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.
Izdržljivi sistemi su i otporni na štetu. Ova bubašvaba se penje uza zid. Izgleda kao brz i gladak uspon, ali kada se snimak uspori, vidi se da je znatno drugačije. Zapravo ovo rade. Namerno se sudare sa zidom, kako bi bez usporavanja mogle da se popnu za 75 milisekundi. Ovo je delom moguće zbog njihovog izuzetnog egzoskeleta. Sačinjen je od ploča i cevi koje su međusobno povezane gipkim zglobovima. Ovo je secirani abdomen bubašvabe. Ovo su ploče, a ovo vezivna membrana.
My engineering colleague at Berkeley designed with his students a novel manufacturing technique where you essentially origami the exoskeleton, you laser cut it, laminate it, and you fold it up into a robot. And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes. These robots, called DASH, for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod, are highly compliant robots, and they're remarkably robust as a result of these features. They're certainly incredibly damage resistant. (Laughter) They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches. So they can use their smart, compliant body to transition up a wall in a very simple way. They even have some of the beginnings of the rapid inversion behavior where they disappear.
Moj kolega, inženjer sa Berklija je sa svojim studentima osmislio novu tehniku proizvodnje, kod koje se egzoskelet sklapa kao origami. Iseče se laserom, plastificira i sklopi u robota. To se sad može završiti za 15 minuta. Ovi roboti, zvani DASH, što je skraćenica za dinamičke autonomne šestonoge gmizavce, su izuzetno savitljivi, i zbog toga su veoma izdržljivi. Sigurno je da su izuzetno otporni na oštećenja. (Smeh) Čak se i ponašaju poput bubašvaba. Dobro konstruisano i savitljivo telo im omogućava da se bez poteškoća penju uz zidove. Čak su počeli da uče da se brzo izvrću i nestaju.
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere. We discovered that they can go through three-millimeter gaps, the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies, and when they do this, they can actually run through those confined spaces at high speeds, although you never see it. To understand it better, we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton and showed that they can compress their body by over 40 percent. We put them in a materials testing machine to look at the stress strain analysis and showed that they can withstand forces 800 times their body weight, and after this they can fly and run absolutely normally.
Zanimalo nas je kako bubašvabe uspevaju svuda da se provuku. Otkrili smo da su u stanju da prođu kroz prostor od tri milimetra, debljine dva novčića i za to vreme zapravo veoma brzo trče kroz taj skučen prostor, iako se to ne vidi. Da bismo ovo bolje razumeli, CT skenerom smo snimili egzoskelet i videli smo da su u stanju da sabiju telo i više od 40 posto. Ispitali smo ih u mašini za testiranje materijala i saznali da mogu da izdrže 800 puta veći pritisak od svoje težine i da nakon toga trče i lete bez ikakvih problema.
So you never know where curiosity-based research will lead, and someday you may want a swarm of cockroach-inspired robots to come at you. (Laughter)
Znači da se nikad ne zna gde istraživanje iz radoznalosti može da odvede, tako da možda nekad poželite da naletite na roj robota nalik bubašvabama. (Smeh)
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)