Even nature's most disgusting creatures have important secrets, but who would want a swarm of cockroaches coming towards them?
Celo najbolj nagnusna bitja narave imajo pomembne skrivnosti, a le kdo bi hotel, da roj ščurkov hiti proti njemu? A vendar je ena največjih razlik med naravno in človeško tehnologijo
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies relates to robustness. Robust systems are stable in complex and new environments. Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize running over rough terrain. When we put a jet pack on them, or give them a perturbation like an earthquake, we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs allow them to self-stabilize without using any of their brainpower. They can go over complex terrain like grass, no problem, and not get destabilized. We discovered a new behavior where, because of their shape, they actually roll automatically to their side to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
povezana z robustnostjo. Robustni sistemi so stabilni v zapletenih in novih okoljih. Osupljivo, a ščurki se lahko samouravnavajo, ko tečejo prek neravnega površja. Ko smo jim dali raketni pogon ali pa povzročili motnjo, kot je potres, smo odkrili, da jim njihove čudovito uglašene noge omogočijo, da se samouravnavajo brez posredovanja možganov. Lahko gredo čez zapleteno površje, kot je trava, brez problema in se ne destabilizirajo. Odkrili smo novo vrsto vedenja, kjer se zaradi svoje oblike pravzaprav avtomatično zavalijo na bok, da lahko potujejo prek te testne zelenice.
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks with the same structure. Here's a new behavior we've discovered. The animals rapidly invert and disappear in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them — using the same structures that they use to run, their legs. They can run upside down very rapidly on rods, branches and wires, and if you perturb one of those branches, they can do this. They can perform gymnastic maneuvers like no robot we have yet. And they have nearly unlimited maneuverability with that same structure and unprecedented access to a variety of different areas. They have wings for flying when they get warm, but they use those same wings to flip over if they get destabilized. Very effective.
Robustni sistemi lahko izvajajo več nalog z isto strukturo. Tu je novo vedenje, ki smo ga odkrili. Živali se zelo hitro obrnejo in izginejo v manj kot 150 milisekundah - sploh jih ne vidite - z uporabo struktur, ki jih imajo za tek, svojih nog. Tečejo lahko z glavo navzdol zelo hitro po palicah, vejah in žicah, in če vznemirite eno teh vej, lahko naredijo tole. Izvajajo lahko gimnastične gibe, kot jih ne more še noben od robotov, ki jih imamo. In imajo skoraj neomejene možnosti manevriranja s to isto strukturo in neverjeten dostop do različnih vrst območij. Imajo krila, da letijo, ko jim je vroče, uporabljajo pa jih tudi za to, da se spet obrnejo, če padejo na hrbet. Zelo učinkovito.
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe. This is the foot of a cockroach. It has spines, gluey pads and claws, but if you take off those feet, they can still go over rough terrain, like the bottom video that you see, without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary. They can run up mesh without their feet. Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod: three legs, three legs, three legs, but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs. Here's one moving with two middle legs gone. It can even lose three legs, in a tripod, and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait. And I point out that all of these videos are slowed down 20 times, so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
Robustni sistemi so tudi tolerantni do napak in odporni nanje. To je ščurkovo stopalo. Ima ščetine, lepljive blazinice in kremplje, ampak, če jih odstranite, se še vedno premikajo po grobem terenu kot vidite na spodnjem posnetku, ne da bi se kaj upočasnili. Neverjetno. Brez stopal lahko plezajo navzgor po mrežah. To je žival, ki hodi v izmenjujočem trikoraku: tri noge, tri noge, tri noge, a v naravi žuželke noge pogosto izgubijo. Tu je ena, ki hodi brez dveh srednjih nog. Lahko celo izgubi tri noge iz trikoraka in razvije nov korak, skakajoč korak. In naj povem, da so vsi ti posnetki upočasnjeni za dvajsetkrat, in so v resnici zelo hitri, ko gledate.
Robust systems are also damage resistant. Here's an animal climbing up a wall. It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb, but when you slow it down, you see something very different. Here's what they do. They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall so they don't slow down and can transition up it in 75 milliseconds. And they can do this in part because they have extraordinary exoskeletons. And they're really just made up of compliant joints that are tubes and plates connected to one another. Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach. You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.
Robustni sistemi so tudi odporni na poškodbe. Tu žival pleza po zidu. Videti je kot hiter, gladek, navpični vzpon, a ko to upočasnite, vidite nekaj zelo drugačnega. Kaj pravzaprav naredijo. Namerno se zaletijo naravnost v steno, da ne izgubijo hitrosti in lahko splezajo na zid v 75 milisekundah. In to lahko naredijo deloma tudi zato, ker imajo neverjetno zunanje okostje. Pravzaprav so narejeni iz kopice prilegajočih se sklepov, ki so cevi in plošče, ki so povezani med sabo. Tu je prerez ščurkovega trupa. Vidite te plošče in gibljivo membrano.
My engineering colleague at Berkeley designed with his students a novel manufacturing technique where you essentially origami the exoskeleton, you laser cut it, laminate it, and you fold it up into a robot. And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes. These robots, called DASH, for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod, are highly compliant robots, and they're remarkably robust as a result of these features. They're certainly incredibly damage resistant. (Laughter) They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches. So they can use their smart, compliant body to transition up a wall in a very simple way. They even have some of the beginnings of the rapid inversion behavior where they disappear.
Moji inženirski kolega z Univerze Berkeley je s svojimi študenti oblikoval novo izdelovalno tehniko, kjer pravzaprav zložite zunanji skelet kot origami. ga lasersko izrežete, razdelite v plasti, in nato skupaj zložite robota. In to lahko zdaj naredite v manj kot 15 minutah. Ti roboti se imenujejo DAZH, Dinamični Avtonomni Zloženi Heksapod, in so zelo gibljivi roboti in posledično zelo robustni. Prav gotovo so neverjetno odporni na poškodbe. (Smeh) Imajo celo nekaj vedenjskih lastnosti ščurkov. Lahko uporabijo svoje pametno, gibljivo telo, da preidejo na steno na zelo preprost način. Imajo tudi zametke hitrega obračanja, s katerim izginejo.
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere. We discovered that they can go through three-millimeter gaps, the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies, and when they do this, they can actually run through those confined spaces at high speeds, although you never see it. To understand it better, we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton and showed that they can compress their body by over 40 percent. We put them in a materials testing machine to look at the stress strain analysis and showed that they can withstand forces 800 times their body weight, and after this they can fly and run absolutely normally.
Radi bi vedeli, zakaj lahko gredo kamorkoli. Odkrili smo, da lahko zlezejo skozi tri milimetrske špranje, to je višina dveh penijev, drugega na drugem, in ko to naredijo, lahko pravzaprav tečejo skozi te ozke prostore pri visokih hitrostih, čeprav tega ne morete nikoli videti. Za boljše razumevanje smo naredili CT sliko zunanjega okostja, ki kaže, da lahko svoje telo stisnejo za več kot 40 odstotkov. Dali smo jih v napravo za testiranje materialov, da bi si ogledali analizo stresnih testov in ugotovili, da lahko prenesejo sile, ki so osemstokrat večje od njihove teže, in po tem lahko letijo in tečejo povsem normalno.
So you never know where curiosity-based research will lead, and someday you may want a swarm of cockroach-inspired robots to come at you. (Laughter)
Tako nikoli ne veste, kam vas vodi raziskava, ki temelji na radovednosti, in nekega dne boste mogoče želeli, da roj robotov, ki se zgledujejo po ščurkih, hiti proti vam. (Smeh)
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Aplavz)