Even nature's most disgusting creatures have important secrets, but who would want a swarm of cockroaches coming towards them?
Čak i najodvratnija stvorenja u prirodi imaju bitne tajne, ali tko bi želio roj žohara da hrli ka njemu?
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies relates to robustness. Robust systems are stable in complex and new environments. Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize running over rough terrain. When we put a jet pack on them, or give them a perturbation like an earthquake, we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs allow them to self-stabilize without using any of their brainpower. They can go over complex terrain like grass, no problem, and not get destabilized. We discovered a new behavior where, because of their shape, they actually roll automatically to their side to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
Jedna od najvećih razlika između prirodnih i ljudskih tehnologija se odnosi na robusnost. Robusni sustavi su stabilni u složenim i novim okolinama. Upečatljivo, žohari se mogu samostablizirati trčeći preko grubog terena. Kada na njih stavimo jet pack ili im smetamo poput potresa, otkrili smo da im njihove prekrasno podešene noge omogućuju da se samostabiliziraju bez da koriste išta svoje snage mozga. Mogu šetati preko složenih terena kao što je trava, bez problema, i ne budu destabilizirani. Otkrili smo novo ponašanje gdje, zbog svog oblika, oni se automatski prevrnu na bok kako bi prošli kroz ovu umjetnu testnu travu.
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks with the same structure. Here's a new behavior we've discovered. The animals rapidly invert and disappear in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them — using the same structures that they use to run, their legs. They can run upside down very rapidly on rods, branches and wires, and if you perturb one of those branches, they can do this. They can perform gymnastic maneuvers like no robot we have yet. And they have nearly unlimited maneuverability with that same structure and unprecedented access to a variety of different areas. They have wings for flying when they get warm, but they use those same wings to flip over if they get destabilized. Very effective.
Robusni sustavi mogu obavljati više zadataka s istom strukturom. Ovdje je novo ponašanje koje smo otkrili. Životinje se brzo obrnu i nestanu u manje od 150 milisekundi - nikad ih ne vidite - koristeći iste strukture koje koriste za trčanje, svoje noge. Mogu trčati naglavce vrlo brzo na štapovima, granama i žicama, i ako izmjenimo jednu od tih grana, oni mogu učiniti ovo. Mogu raditi gimnastičke manevre koje ne može nijedan robot kojeg imamo. I imaju gotovo neograničenu pokretljivost sa istom tom strukturom i nepremašan pristup mnogim različitim područjima. Imaju krila kako bi letjeli kada se zagriju, ali koriste ta krila i kako bi se okrenuli ako se destabiliziraju. Vrlo učinkovito.
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe. This is the foot of a cockroach. It has spines, gluey pads and claws, but if you take off those feet, they can still go over rough terrain, like the bottom video that you see, without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary. They can run up mesh without their feet. Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod: three legs, three legs, three legs, but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs. Here's one moving with two middle legs gone. It can even lose three legs, in a tripod, and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait. And I point out that all of these videos are slowed down 20 times, so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
Robusni sustavi toleriraju greške i sigurni su od prekida rada. Ovo je stopalo žohara. Ima bodlje, ljepljive pločice i kandže, ali ako uklonite jednu nogu, oni se i dalje mogu kretati preko teškog terena, kao u snimci koji vidite, bez da se imalo uspore. Nevjerojatno. Mogu trčati uz mrežu bez nogu. Ovdje je životinja koja koristi normalni, izmjenjujući tronožac: tri noge, tri noge, tri noge, ali u prirodi, insekti često izgube noge. Ovdje je jedan koji se kreće bez dvije središnje noge. Može čak izgubiti i tri noge, u tronošca, i prihvatiti novi hod, poskakivajući hod. I napominjem da su sve ove snimke usporeni 20 puta, tako da su zapravo jako brzi, kada to vidite.
Robust systems are also damage resistant. Here's an animal climbing up a wall. It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb, but when you slow it down, you see something very different. Here's what they do. They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall so they don't slow down and can transition up it in 75 milliseconds. And they can do this in part because they have extraordinary exoskeletons. And they're really just made up of compliant joints that are tubes and plates connected to one another. Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach. You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.
Robusni sustavi su otporni i na štetu. Ovdje je životinja koja se penje uza zid. Izgleda kao brz, gladak, vertikalni uspon, ali kada to usporite, vidite nešto potpuno drugačije. Evo što čine. Namjerno se zabijaju glavom u zid tako da ne uspore i mogu se nastaviti kretati uz njega u 75 milisekundi. I to djelomično mogu činiti jer imaju nevjerojatne vanjske egzoskelete. I zapravo su napravljeni od prilagodljivih zglobova koji su cijevi i pločice povezane jedne s drugima. Ovo je disekcija abdomena žohara. Ovdje vidite pločice i prilagodljivu membranu.
My engineering colleague at Berkeley designed with his students a novel manufacturing technique where you essentially origami the exoskeleton, you laser cut it, laminate it, and you fold it up into a robot. And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes. These robots, called DASH, for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod, are highly compliant robots, and they're remarkably robust as a result of these features. They're certainly incredibly damage resistant. (Laughter) They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches. So they can use their smart, compliant body to transition up a wall in a very simple way. They even have some of the beginnings of the rapid inversion behavior where they disappear.
Moj kolega inžinjer s Berkeleya dizajnirao je sa svojim studentima novu tehnologiju proizvodnje gdje u osnovi slažete egzoskelet poput origamija, režete ga laserom, oblažete ga, i onda ga slažete u robota. I možete to sada činiti u manje od 15 minuta. Ovi roboti, nazvani DASH kratica za Dinamički Autonomni Opruženi (Sprawled) Heksapod, su vrlo prilagodljivi roboti, i oni su vrlo robusni kao rezultat svih ovih karakteristika. Zasigurno su vrlo otporni na oštećivanje. (Smijeh) Čak imaju i neka ponašanja žohara. Tako da mogu koristiti svoja pametna, prilagodljiva tijela da bi se penjali uza zid na vrlo jednostavan način. Čak imaju i neke početke ponašanja brzog okreta gdje nestaju.
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere. We discovered that they can go through three-millimeter gaps, the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies, and when they do this, they can actually run through those confined spaces at high speeds, although you never see it. To understand it better, we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton and showed that they can compress their body by over 40 percent. We put them in a materials testing machine to look at the stress strain analysis and showed that they can withstand forces 800 times their body weight, and after this they can fly and run absolutely normally.
Sada želimo znati zašto mogu ići bilo gdje. Otkrili smo da mogu proći kroz procjepe od tri milimetra, visine dva novčića, dva novčića jedan na drugom, i kada to čine, mogu zapravo trčati kroz te skučene prostore velikim brzinama, iako ih nikad ne vide. Kako bismo bolje razumjeli, napravili smo CT sken egzoskeleta i pokazali da mogu komprimirati svoje tijelo za 40 posto. Stavili smo ih u uređaj za testiranje materijala da vidimo analizu naprezanja i pokazalo je da mogu izdržati sile 800 puta veće od svoje težine, i nakon toga mogu letjeti i trčati potpuno normalno.
So you never know where curiosity-based research will lead, and someday you may want a swarm of cockroach-inspired robots to come at you. (Laughter)
Tako da nikad ne znate gdje će nas istraživanje bazirano na znatiželji odvesti, i jednog dana ćete možda htjeti roj žoharima inspiriranih robota da vam priđu. (Smijeh)
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)