I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened over the past six million years. All right. We all have come from a long way, here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa, which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place. And I say that not because I am African, but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence for human ancestors, upright walking traces, even the first technologies in the form of stone tools. So we all are Africans, and welcome home. All right.
Imam 18 minuta da vam kažem što se dogodilo tijekom proteklih šest milijuna godina. U redu. Svi smo prošli daleki put, ovdje, u Africi, i smjestili se u ovu regiju u Africi, koja je mjesto gdje se dogodilo 90 posto našeg evolucijskog procesa. I to ne kažem zato što sam Afrikanac, već zato što u Africi možete pronaći najranije dokaze ljudskih predaka, tragove uspravnog hodanja, čak i prve tehnologije u vidu kamenih alata. Dakle, svi smo mi Afrikanci i dobrodošli kući. U redu.
I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define man's place in nature and explore what makes us human. And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered, to tell you a story of all of us. Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl who lived and died 3.3 million years ago. She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis. You don't need to remember that. That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika. It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia. And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages. We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet. And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines gives you already an idea of her significance, I think.
Ja sam paleoantropolog i moj je posao definirati ljudsko mjesto u prirodi i istražiti ono što nas čini ljudima a danas ću upotrijebiti Selam, najranije dijete ikad otkriveno, kako bih vam ispričao priču o svima nama. Selam je naš najpotpuniji kostur trogodišnje djevojčice koja je živjela i umrla prije 3,3 milijuna godina. Pripada vrsti poznatoj kao Australopithecus afarensis. To ne trebate zapamtiti. To je vrsta Lucy i pronašao ju je moj istraživački tim u prosincu 2000. godine u području zvanom Dikika. To je u najsjevernijem dijelu Etiopije. A Selam znači mir na mnogim etiopijskim jezicima. Upotrebljavamo to ime kako bismo proslavili mir u regiji i na planetu. Činjenica da je to bila naslovna priča svih poznatih magazina, već vam daje viziju njezina značaja, mislim.
After I was invited by TED, I did some digging, because that's what we do, to know about my host. You don't just jump into an invitation. And I learned that the first technology appeared in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago. First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old. And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads. And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time. And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material. I think knowing this is a very useful context within which we can think of our ancestry.
Nakon što me TED pozvao, malo sam istraživao, jer to je ono što mi radimo, kako bih saznao nešto o svom domaćinu. Ne skočite samo tako jednostavno na nečiji poziv. Naučio sam da se prva tehnologija pojavila u obliku kamenog alata prije 2,6 milijuna godina. Prvi dokazi zabave dolaze od flauta koje su stare 35.000 godina. Dokaz prvog dizajna star je 75.000 godina – perle. Istu stvar možete učiniti sa svojim genima i pratiti ih unazad. I onda nas analiza živih ljudi i čimpanzi uči kako smo se odvojili negdje prije sedam milijuna godina i da te dvije vrste dijele preko 98 posto istog genetskog materijala. Mislim kako je znanje o tome veoma koristan kontekst unutar kojega možemo razmišljati o svome podrijetlu.
However, DNA analysis informs us only about the beginning and the end, telling us nothing about what happened in the middle. So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence, the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap and see the different stages of development. Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about -- (Laughter) -- it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about how we looked like and how we behaved at different times, and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time. That then gives you an access to explore the biological mechanisms and forces that are responsible for this gradual change that made us what we are today. But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor. It's a systematic and scientific approach, which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access.
Kako god, analiza nas obavještava samo o početku i kraju, ne govoreći nam ništa o tome što se događalo između. Dakle, za nas paleoantropologe, posao je pronaći čvrst dokaz, dokaz u obliku fosila, da ispuni tu prazninu i da vidimo različite faze razvoja. Jer, tek kad to učinite, tek tada možete govoriti o... (Smijeh) Tek kad to učinite možete govoriti o tome kako smo izgledali i kako smo se ponašali u različito vrijeme i kako su se taj izgled i ponašanje promijenili kroz vrijeme; tada vam to daje pristup da istražite biološke mehanizme i snagu koja je odgovorna za ovu postepenu promjenu koja nas je napravila ovakvima kakvi smo sada. Ali pronaći čvrsti dokaz veoma je komplicirano nastojanje. To je sustavni i znanstveni pristup koji vas vodi na mjesta koja su udaljena, vruća, neprijateljska i često nedostupna.
Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika, where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500, but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers. With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way. I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot. When you get there, this is what you see, and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable. And once you make it there, the big question is where to start. (Laughter) And you find nothing for years and years.
Da vam dam primjer: kada sam otišao u Dikiku, gdje je Selam pronađena 1999., i to je otprilke oko 500 kilometara od Addis Ababe, glavnog grada Etiopije, samo sedam sati bilo nam je potrebno da bismo prošli prvih 470 kilometara od 500, ali nam je trebalo četiri solidna sata kako bismo samo prošli posljednjih 30 kilometara. Uz pomoć starosjedioca i korištenjem samo lopata i motika, uspio sam. Bio sam prva osoba koja se zaista dovezla do tog mjesta. Kada dođete tamo, vidite ovo i prostranstvo ovog mjesta natjera vas da se osjećate bespomoćno i ranjivo. Jedanput kad stignete tamo, veliko je pitanje gdje početi. (Smijeh) I ne nalazite ništa godinama i godinama.
When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites, it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park. But what you find are not the human remains, such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis. You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc. But you could ask, how could these large mammals live in this desert environment? Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already that the environment and the carrying capacity of this region was drastically different from what we have today. A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this. Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park. And our ancestors lived in that game park, but were just the minorities. They were not as successful and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are.
Kada idem na mjesta poput ovog, a to su paleontološka nalazišta, to je poput odlaska u zabavni park, izumrli zabavni park. Ali ono što nalazite nisu ljudski ostaci, poput Selam i Lucy, na dnevnoj bazi. Nalazite slonove, nosoroge, majmune, svinje i tako dalje. Ali mogli biste upitati kako su tako veliki sisavci mogli živjeti u ovom pustinjskom okolišu. Naravno da nisu, ali govorim vam da su se okoliš i razina zasićenosti te regije drastično promijenili u odnosu na ovo što imamo danas. Vrlo važna lekcija, što se okoliša tiče, može biti naučena iz ovoga. Kako god, kada smo stigli tamo, onda je to zabavni park, kao što sam rekao – izumrli zabavni park. I naši preci živjeli su u tom zabavnom parku, ali bili su samo manjina. Nisu bili toliko uspješni i rašireni kao Homo sapiensi, koji smo mi.
To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity, I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here, and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys. They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for." I would say, "No, that's an elephant." Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc. So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray. You either don't know what you're looking for, or you're looking in the wrong place," he said. (Laughter) And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions, and the people were scared and went somewhere else. Let's go somewhere else." Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring.
Da vam kažem samo primjer, anegdotu o njihovoj razrjeđenosti: išao sam na ovo mjesto svake godine i radio na terenu i asistenti su mi, naravno, pomagali pregledavati. Pronašli bi kosti i rekli mi: „Ovdje je ono što tražite". Ja bih rekao: „Ne, to je slon". Zatim još jedan – „To je majmun“, „To je svinja“ i tako dalje. Jedan od mojih asistenata, koji nikad nije išao u školu rekao mi je: „Slušaj, Zeray. Ti ili ne znaš što tražiš ili tražiš na krivom mjestu.“ (Smijeh) I ja sam rekao: „Zašto?“ „Zato što tu ima slonova i lavova i ljudi su se bojali i otišli negdje drugdje. Idemo negdje drugdje.“ Pa... Bio je vrlo umoran, i to zbilja je naporno.
It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam, and you see the face here covered by sandstone. And here is actually the spinal column and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block, because she was buried by a river. What you have here seems to be nothing, but contains an incredible amount of scientific information that helps us explore what makes us human. This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor ever found in the history of paleoanthropology, an amazing piece of our long, long history. There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures, that's why I am not in.
Nakon mnogo napornog rada i frustrirajućih godina, pronašli smo Selam i vidite da je lice pokriveno pijeskom. Ovdje je, zapravo, kralježnica i cijeli torzo obložen pješčanom kockom zato što je bila pokopana pokraj rijeke. Ono što ovdje imate izgleda kao ništa, ali sadrži nevjerojatnu količinu znanstvenih informacija koje nam pomažu istražiti što nas to čini ljudima. To je najraniji i najpotpuniji dječji, ljudski predak ikad pronađen u povijesti paleoantropologije – nevjerojatan komad naše duge, duge povijesti. Ovo smo to troje ljudi i ja; ja slikam, zato me nema na slici.
How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand, but you are in the middle of nowhere? The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement, of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility, of making sure everything is safe.
Kako biste se vi osjećali na mome mjestu: da imate nešto izvanredno u svojim rukama, ali ste usred ničega? Osjećaj koji sam imao bila je duboka i tiha sreća i uzbuđenje, naravno, u pratnji s velikim osjećajem odgovornosti da osiguram da sve bude očuvano.
Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning, preparation and description, which was very long, as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block I just showed you in the previous slide. It took five years. In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years, but the labor was very long. And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone. And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism, who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there. And you see me worried and trying to protect my child, because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child, even a minister.
Ovdje je krupni plan fosila nakon pet godina čišćenja, pripreme i opisivanja – koje je bilo veoma dugo i morao sam izložiti kosti iz kocke pijeska koju sam vam pokazao na prošlom dijapozitivu. Za to je trebalo pet godina. Na neki način, bilo je to poput drugog rođenja za dijete nakon 3,3 milijuna godina, ali je porođaj trajao jako dugo. I ovdje je u realnoj veličini – to je sićušna kost. U sredini je ministar etiopijskog turizma koji je došao posjetiti Nacionalni muzej Etiopije dok sam tamo radio. Vidite kako sam zabrinut i pokušavam zaštititi svoje dijete jer nikoga ne ostavljate s ovom vrstom djeteta, čak ni ministra.
So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is. (Laughter) Once that was done, then it was possible to compare. We were able to tell that she belonged to the human family tree because the legs, the foot, and some features clearly showed that she walked upright, and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity. But in addition, if you compare the skull with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here, you see that you have vertical forehead. And you see that in humans, because of the development of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called. You don't see that in chimpanzees, and you don't see this very projecting canine. So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course, you do detailed analysis, and we know now that she belongs to the Lucy species, known as Australopithecus afarensis.
Nakon što ste to napravili, sljedeći korak jest saznati što je to. (Smijeh) Nakon što je to dovršeno, bilo je moguće usporediti. Bili smo u mogućnosti reći da je pripadala ljudskom obiteljskom stablu jer su noge, stopala i neka svojstva jasno pokazivala da je uspravno hodala, a uspravno hodanje oznaka je ljudskosti. Kao dodatak, ako usporedite lubanju s usporednom, starom lubanjom čimpanze i malog Georgea Busha ovdje, vidite da imate uspravno čelo, a to vidite kod ljudi zbog razvoja . prefrontalnog korteksa; to ne vidite kod čimpanze i ne vidite ovaj veoma izražen očnjak. Dakle, ona pripada našem obiteljskom stablu, ali unutar toga, naravno, napravite detaljnu analizu i sada znamo da pripada Lucy vrsti poznatoj kao Australopithecus afarensis.
The next exciting question is, girl or boy? And how old was she when she died? You can determine the sex of the individual based on the size of the teeth. How? You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon called sexual dimorphism, which simply means males are larger than females and males have larger teeth than the females. But to do that, you need the permanent dentition, which you don't see here, because what you have here are the baby teeth. But using the CT scanning technology, which is normally used for medical purposes, you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image showing you both the baby teeth here and the still-growing adult teeth here. So when you measure those teeth, it was clear that she turned out to be a girl with very small canine teeth. And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three. So, this girl died when she was about three, 3.3 million years ago.
Sljedeće uzbudljivo pitanje jest je li to djevojčica ili dječak i koliko je godina imala/imao kad je umrla/umro. Spol pojedinca možete odrediti na osnovi veličine zuba. Kako? Znate, kod primata postoji fenomen zvan spolni dismorfizam, koji jednostavno znači da su muškarci veći od žena i da muškarci imaju veće zube od žena. Ali, kako biste to učinili, treba vam trajno zubalo koje ovdje ne vidite jer ovo što ovdje imamo su mliječni zubi. Koristeći tehnologiju CT skeniranja, koja se inače koristi u medicinske svrhe, možete ući duboko u zube i dobiti ovu lijepu sliku koja vam pokazuje oboje – mliječne zube ovdje i zube odrasle osobe koji još rastu ovdje. I kada izmjerite te zube, postaje jasno da je ona počinjala biti djevojčica s veoma malim očnjacima. I da biste znali koliko je bila stara kada je umrla, ono što trebate učiniti jest napraviti informiranu procjenu i reći koliko bi vremena trebalo da bi se stvorila ovakva količina zubi i odgovor je bio tri. Dakle, ova je djevojčica umrla kad je imala otprilike 3 godine, prije 3,3 milijuna godina.
So, with all that information, the big question is -- what do we actually -- what does she tell us? To answer this question, we can phrase another question. What do we actually know about our ancestors? We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved, how they walked around, and how they lived and grew up. And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton are included: first, this skeleton documents, for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago.
Sa svim tim informacijama, veliko je pitanje – što mi zapravo – što nam ona zapravo govori? Kako bismo odgovorili na to pitanje, možemo oblikovati još jedno pitanje – što zapravo znamo o našim pretcima? Želimo znati kako su izgledali, kako su se ponašali, kako su hodali naokolo i kako su živjeli i odrastali. I među odgovorima koje možete dobiti iz ovog kostura uključeno je – prvo, ovaj kostur po prvi put dokumentira kako je dijete izgledalo prije tri milijuna godina.
And second, she tells us that she walked upright, but had some adaptation for tree climbing. And more interesting, however, is the brain in this child was still growing. At age three, if you have a still-growing brain, it's a human behavior. In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent. That's why they can cope with their environment very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway. But in humans, we continue to grow our brains. That's why we need care from our parents. But that care means also you learn. You spend more time with your parents. And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood, which is this extended dependence of human children on their family or parents. So, the still-growing brain in this individual tells us that childhood, which requires an incredible social organization, a very complex social organization, emerged over three million years ago.
I drugo, govori nam da je uspravno hodala, ali je imala prilagodbu za penjanje po drvetu. I još zanimljivije, kako god, jest da je mozak u ovom djetetu još rastao. U trećoj godini, ako vam mozak još uvijek raste, to je ljudsko ponašanje. Kod čimpanzi je s tri godine oblikovano više od 90 posto mozga. Zato se veoma lako mogu nositi sa svojim okolišem nakon rođenja – brže od nas, kako god. No kod ljudi... Naš mozak nastavlja rasti. Zato nam treba briga naših roditelja, ali ta briga također znači da učite. Provodite više vremena sa svojim roditeljima. I to je veoma karakteristično za ljude i zove se djetinjstvo, a to je produžena ovisnost ljudskog djeteta o svojoj obitelji ili roditeljima. Dakle, rastući mozak u ovoj jedinki govori nam da se djetinjstvo, koje treba nevjerojatnu socijalnu organiziranost, vrlo kompliciranu socijalnu organiziranost, pojavilo prije više od tri milijuna godina.
So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history, Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account on what makes us human. But not everything was human, and I will give you a very exciting example. This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here. It supports your tongue from behind. It's, in a way, your voice box. It determines the type of voice you produce. It was not known in the fossil record, and we have it in this skeleton. When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like. So if you were there 3.3 million years ago, to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother, she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human. Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature. What does that tell us?" You know, that is very exciting for us, because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively, and that evolution is in the making.
Dakle, samim time što je na vrhu naše evolucijske povijesti, Selam ujedinjuje sve nas i daje nam jedinstven izvještaj o tome što nas čini ljudima. Ali nije sve bilo ljudsko i dat ću vam jedan jako zanimljiv primjer. Ovo se zove jezična kost. To je kost koja je upravo ovdje. Podupire vaš jezik sa stražnje strane. Na neki način, to je vaša glasovna kutija. Određuje vrstu zvuka koju proizvodite. Nije bila poznata u fosilnom zapisu, a imamo je na ovom kosturu. Kada smo analizirali ovu kost, bilo je jasno kako je jako slična čimpanzi. Dakle, da ste bili tamo prije 3,3 milijuna godina i čuli ovo dijete kako plače za svojom majkom, zvučalo bi više poput čimpanze nego poput čovjeka. Možda se pitate: „Dakle, vidite ovo svojstvo majmuna, ljudsko svojstvo, svojstvo majmuna. Što nam to govori?“ Znate, to je jako uzbudljivo za nas jer nam pokazuje kako su se stvari mijenjale sporo i postupno i kako je evolucija u tijeku.
To summarize the significance of this fossil, we can say the following. Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors came essentially from adult individuals because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing. They don't preserve well, as you know. So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors, on how they looked like, how they behaved, was kind of biased toward adults. Imagine somebody coming from Mars and his job is to report on the type of people occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies, the children, and he goes back and reports. Can you imagine how much biased his report would be? That's what somehow we were doing so far in the absence of the fossil children, so I think the new fossil fixes this problem.
Kako bismo rezimirali značaj ovog fosila, možemo reći sljedeće: do sada, znanje koje smo imali o našim precima uglavnom je došlo od odraslih jedinki zbog fosila, dječjih fosila koji su nedostajali. Nisu dobro očuvani, kao što znate. Dakle, znanje koje smo imali o našim precima, o tome kako su izgledali i kako su se ponašali jest na neki način bilo pristrano prema odraslima. Zamislite nekog tko dolazi s Marsa i posao mu je da izvijesti o vrsti ljudi koja je zauzela naš planet Zemlju, a vi sakrijete sve bebe i djecu i on se vrati natrag i izvijesti tako. Možete li zamisliti kako bi njegov izvještaj bio pristran? To je ono što smo mi, na neki način, do sada bili radili u nedostatku dječjih fosila pa smatram da novi fosil rješava problem.
So, I think the most important question at the end is, what do we actually learn from specimens like this and from our past in general? Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount of scientific information as to what makes us human, you know, the many human ancestors that have existed over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 -- they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications that we, Homo sapiens, have today. But if this species, ancient species, would travel in time and see us today, they would very much be very proud of their legacy, because they became the ancestors of the most successful species in the universe. And they were probably not aware of this future legacy, but they did great. Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more. So the question is, are we up to the challenge? And can we really do better than these primitive, small-brained ancestors?
Dakle, mislim da je na kraju najvažnije pitanje što zapravo možemo naučiti od ovakvog primjerka i općenito od naše povijesti. Naravno, kao dodatak u izvlačenju ovog velikog broja znanstvenih informacija, poput toga što nas čini ljudima, znate, mnogo ljudskih predaka koji su postojali prije više od 6 milijuna godina – a ima ih više od 10 - nije imalo znanje, tehnologiju i sofisticiranost koju mi Homo sapiensi danas imamo. Ali da je ta vrsta, drevna vrsta, mogla putovati kroz vrijeme i vidjeti nas danas, bila bi vrlo ponosna na svoje nasljedstvo jer je postala pretkom najuspješnije vrste u svemiru. Oni vjerojatno nisu bili svjesni ovog, budućeg naraštaja, ali odlično su to obavili. Pitanje je jesmo li mi Homo sapiensi danas u položaju da odlučimo o budućnosti našeg planeta, možda čak i više od toga. Dakle, pitanje je jesmo li dorasli izazovu i možemo li učiniti bolje od tih primitivnih, maloumnih predaka?
Among the most pressing challenges that our species is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa. Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people to talk about this. Still, in my opinion, we have two choices. One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa, carrying guns, that depends on other people forever, or to promote an Africa which is confident, peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems and great values at the same time. I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are. And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa.
Među izazovima koji izazivaju najveći pritisak s kojima je naša vrsta suočena danas kronični su problemi u Africi. Nepotrebno ih je ovdje nabrajati, a i postoji mnogo kompetentnijih ljudi s kojima se o tome može razgovarati. Ipak, moje je mišljenje da imamo dva izbora: jedan je da nastavimo gledati siromašnu, bolesnu i plačnu Afriku – noseći pištolje – koja zauvijek ovisi o drugim ljudima ili promovirati Afriku kao sigurnu, mirnu, neovisnu, ali svjesni njezinih velikih problema i velikih vrijednosti istovremeno. Ja sam za drugu opciju i siguran sam kako mnogi od vas jesu. I ključ je u tome da promoviramo pozitivan afrički stav prema Africi.
That's because we Africans concentrate -- I am from Ethiopia, by the way -- we concentrate too much on how we are seen from elsewhere, or from outside. I think it's important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves. That's what I call positive African attitude. So finally, I would like to say, so let's help Africa walk upright and forward, then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species.
To je zato što se mi Afrikanci koncentriramo – usput, ja sam iz Etiopije – previše se koncentriramo na to kako nas drugi vide. Mislim kako je važno promovirati pozitivniji način gledanja na nas same. To je ono što zovem afričkim – pozitivnim afričkim stavom. Konačno, volio bih reći: pomozimo Africi da hoda uspravno i naprijed – tada ćemo svi moći biti ponosni na naše buduće nasljednike kao vrstu.
Thank you.
Hvala vam!
(Applause)
(Pljesak)