Let me start by asking you a question, just with a show of hands: Who has an iPhone? Who has an Android phone? Who has a Blackberry? Who will admit in public to having a Blackberry? (Laughter)
Saya mulai dengan pertanyaan, tolong angkat tangan: Siapa yang punya iPhone? Siapa yang punya Android? Siapa yang punya Blackberry Siapa yang mau secara terbuka mengaku punya Blackberry? (Tawa)
And let me guess, how many of you, when you arrived here, like me, went and bought a pay-as-you-go SIM card? Yeah? I'll bet you didn't even know you're using African technology. Pay-as-you-go was a technology, or an idea, pioneered in Africa by a company called Vodacom a good 15 years ago, and now, like franchising, pay-as-you-go is one of the most dominant forces of economic activity in the world.
Biar saya tebak, berapa dari kalian, ketika tiba disini, seperti saya, membeli SIM <i>card pay-as-you-go</i>? Ya? Pasti kalian tidak tahu kalian memakai teknologi dari Afrika. <i>Pay-as-you-go</i> adalah teknologi, atau ide, yang ditemukan di Afrika oleh perusahaan Vodacom sekitar 15 tahun lalu. Dan sekarang, seperti waralaba, <i>pay-as-you-go</i> adalah salah satu aktivitas ekonomi terbesar di dunia.
So I'm going to talk about innovation in Africa, which I think is the purest form, innovation out of necessity. But first, I'm going to ask you some other questions. You don't have to put your hands up. These are rhetorical.
Saya akan membahas Inovasi di Afrika, yang menurutku bentuk murni, inovasi dari kebutuhan. Pertama, saya punya beberapa pertanyaan. Kalian tidak perlu angkat tangan. Ini retorikal.
Why did Nikola Tesla have to invent the alternating current that powers the lights in this building or the city that we're in?
Mengapa Nikola Tesla harus menciptakan arus bolak-balik yang menyalakan lampu di gedung ini atau di kota ini?
Why did Henry Ford have to invent the production line to produce these Fords that came in anything as long as they were black?
Mengapa Henry Ford menciptakan sistem produksi untuk memproduksi mobil Ford yang berasal dari apapun yang berwarna hitam?
And why did Eric Merrifield have to invent the dolos? Blank stares. That is what a dolos looks like, and in the background, you can see Robben Island. This is a small dolos, and Eric Merrifield is the most famous inventor you've never heard of. In 1963, a storm ripped up the harbor in a small South African town called East London, and while he was watching his kids playing with toys made from oxen bones called dolosse, he had the idea for this. It's a bit like a huge jumping jack, and they have used this in every harbor in the world as a breakwater. The global shipping economy would not be possible without African technology like this.
Dan mengapa Eric Merrifield menciptakan dolos? Tidak tahu? Itulah bentuk dolos, dan di belakangnya, Anda dapat lihat Pulau Robben. Ini adalah sebuah dolos kecil, dan Eric Merrifield adalah penemu paling terkenal yang kalian tidak kenal. Di 1963, Badai mengancurkan dermaga di kota kecil di Afrika Selatan, London Timur, dan ketika menjaga anak-anaknya bermain mainan yang terbuat dari tulang lembu, <i>dolosse</i>, muncullah ide itu. itu seperti <i>jumping jack</i> besar, dan semua menggunakan ini di tiap dermaga di dunia untuk memecah ombak. Ekonomi perkapalan global tidak akan ada tanpa teknologi Afrika seperti ini.
So whenever you talk about Africa, you have to put up this picture of the world from space, and people go, "Look, it's the Dark Continent." Actually, it isn't. What it is is a map of innovation. And it's really easy to see where innovation's going on. All the places with lots of electricity, it isn't. (Laughter) (Applause) And the reason it isn't is because everybody's watching television or playing Angry Birds. (Laughter) (Applause)
Jadi setiap kalian membahas Afrika, kalian lihat foto dunia dari luar angkasa dan orang berkata, “Lihat, benua gelap.” Sebenarnya, bukan itu. Itu adalah peta inovasi. dan sangat mudah untuk melihat dimana inovasi terjadi. Semua tempat punya banyak aliran listrik tidak memiliki banyak inovasi. (Tawa) (Tepuk tangan) Dan penyebabnya karena semua orang menonton TV atau main Angry Birds. (Tawa) (Tepuk tangan)
So where it's happening is in Africa. Now, this is real innovation, not the way people have expropriated the word to talk about launching new products. This is real innovation, and I define it as problem-solving. People are solving real problems in Africa. Why? Because we have to. Because we have real problems. And when we solve real problems for people, we solve them for the rest of the world at the same time.
Jadi, itu terjadi di Afrika. Nah, ini inovasi yang sebenarnya, bukan seperti orang yang mengubah arti kata ini saat peluncuran produk baru. Ini inovasi sebenarnya, saya menyebutnya memecahkan masalah. Mereka benar-benar memecahkan masalah di Afrika. Kenapa? Karena memang harus. Karena kita punya masalah. Dan ketika kita memecahkan masalah seseorang, kita memecahkannya untuk seluruh dunia dalam waktu yang sama.
So in California, everybody's really excited about a little square of plastic that you plug into a phone and you can swipe your credit card, and people say, "We've liberated the credit card from the point of sale terminal." Fantastic. Why do you even need a credit card? In Africa, we've been doing that for years, and we've been doing it on phones like this. This is a picture I took at a place called Kitengela, about an hour south of Nairobi, and the thing that's so remarkable about the payment system that's been pioneered in Africa called M-Pesa is that it works on phones like this. It works on every single phone possible, because it uses SMS. You can pay bills with it, you can buy your groceries, you can pay your kids' school fees, and I'm told you can even bribe customs officials. (Laughter) Something like 25 million dollars a day is transacted through M-Pesa. Forty percent of Kenya's GDP moves through M-Pesa using phones like this.
Di California, semua orang jadi tertarik pada plastik kotak kecil yang dipasang di telepon seluler dan kalian bisa menggesek kartu kredit dan orang berkata, “Kita telah membebaskan kartu kredit dari mesin kasir.” Hebat, tetapi mengapa kalian masih butuh kartu kredit? Di Afrika, kami sudah melakukannya selama bertahun-tahun, dan melalui telepon seperti ini. Foto ini saya ambil di tempat bernama Kitengela, sekitar satu jam ke selatan Nairobi, dan hal terhebat tentang sistem pembayaran yang ditemukan di Afrika bernama M-Pesa adalah itu bekerja di telepon seluler seperti ini. Itu bekerja di telepon seluler apapun, karena memakai SMS. Kalian bisa bayar tagihan, belanja harian, membayar biaya sekolah anak, dan saya dengar bahkan bisa untuk menyuap petugas bea cukai. (Tawa) Transaksi berjumlah sekitar 25 juta dolar terjadi lewat M-Pesa setiap hari. Sebanyak 40 persen PDB Kenya bergerak lewat M-Pesa dengan telepon seluler seperti ini
And you think this is just a feature phone. Actually it's the smartphone of Africa. It's also a radio, and it's also a torch, and more than anything else, it has really superb battery life. Why? Because that's what we need. We have really severe energy problems in Africa. By the way, you can update Facebook and send Gmail from a phone like this.
Kalian kira ini hanya telepon seluler biasa. Itu adalah smartphone di Afrika. Itu juga radio, dan juga senter, dan dari semua itu, dia punya baterai yang sangat awet. Mengapa? Karena itu yang kami butuh. Kami punya masalah energi yang serius di Afrika. Oh ya, kalian bisa memperbarui Facebook dan mengirim Gmail dengan telepon ini.
So we have found a way to use the available technology to send money via M-Pesa, which is a bit like a check system for the mobile age. I come from Johannesburg, which is a mining town. It's built on gold. This is a picture I Instagrammed earlier. And the difference today is that the gold of today is mobile. If you think about the railroad system in North America and how that worked, first came the infrastructure, then came the industry around it, the brothels -- it's a bit like the Internet today, right? — and everything else that worked with it: bars, saloons, etc. The gold of today is mobile, and mobile is the enabler that makes all of this possible.
Kami menemukan cara untuk memanfaatkan teknologi yang ada dan mengirim uang via M-Pesa, yang serupa dengan sistem cek untuk era <i>mobile</i>. Saya berasal dari Johannesburg, kota pertambangan. Dibangun di atas emas. Ini foto yang saya unggah ke Instagram tadi. Bedanya, emas itu zaman sekarang adalah telepon seluler. Bila kalian amati sistem rel di Amerika dan cara kerjanya, pertama infrastrukturnya dibangun, lalu industri muncul di sekitarnya, rumah bordil— seperti internet sekarang, kan?— dan apapun yang berkaitan: bar, salons, dan lainnya. Emas masa kini adalah telepon seluler, dan ia adalah alat yang membuat semuanya bisa terjadi.
So what are some of the things that you can do with it? Well, this is by a guy called Bright Simons from Ghana, and what you do is you take medication, something that some people might spend their entire month's salary on, and you scratch off the code, and you send that to an SMS number, and it tells you if that is legitimate or if it's expired. Really simple, really effective, really life-saving. In Kenya, there's a service called iCow, which just sends you really important information about how to look after your dairy. The dairy business in Kenya is a $463 million business, and the difference between a subsistence farmer and an abundance farmer is only a couple of liters of milk a day. And if you can do that, you can rise out of poverty. Really simple, using a basic phone. If you don't have electricity, no problem! We'll just make it out of old bicycle parts using a windmill, as William Kamkwamba did. There's another great African that you've heard that's busy disrupting the automobile industry in the world. He's also finding a way to reinvent solar power and the electricity industry in North America, and if he's lucky, he'll get us to Mars, hopefully in my lifetime. He comes from Pretoria, the capital of [South Africa], about 50 kilometers from where I live. So back to Joburg, which is sometimes called Egoli, which means City of Gold. And not only is mobile the gold of today, I don't believe that the gold is under the ground. I believe we are the gold. Like you've heard the other economists say, we are at the point where China was when its boom years began, and that's where we're going.
Apa yang bisa kalian lakukan dengannya? Ini dilakukan seseorang bernama Bright Simons dari Ghana, dan yang kalian lakukan adalah membeli obat, bagi sebagian orang bisa seharga gaji sebulan, dan kalian gesek kodenya, lalu kirim SMS, dan kalian akan tahu itu asli atau itu sudah kadaluarsa. Sangat sederhana, efektif, dan penyelamat hidup. Di Kenya, ada layanan bernama iCow, yang akan memberi informasi penting tentang cara menjalankan usaha susu. Bisnis susu di Kenya adalah bisnis senilai $463 juta, dan perbedaan antara peternak kecil dan besar adalah hanya beberapa liter susu per hari. Jika kalian tahu caranya, kalian bisa keluar dari kemiskinan. Sangat simpel, dengan hape biasa. Bila kalian tidak punya listrik, tidak masalah! Kami bisa buat dari bagian sepeda tua dengan tenaga kincir angin, seperti William Kamkwamba. Ada orang hebat Afrika lain kalian tahu yang sibuk mengubah industri mobil dunia. Dia juga sedang mencari cara membangkitkan energi surya dan industri energi listrik di Amerika Utara, dan bila dia beruntung, dia akan membawa kita ke Mars, Semoga saya masih hidup. Dia berasal dari Pretoria, ibu kota [Afrika Selatan] sekitar 50 kilometer dari tempat tinggal saya. Kembali ke Joburg, kadang disebut Egoli, yang artinya Kota Emas. bukan hanya telepon seluler yang seperti emas zaman sekarang, Bagi saya emas tidak di bawah tanah. Kita adalah emas itu. Seperti kata seorang ahli ekonomi, kita di titik seperti Tiongkok dahulu ketika tahun kejayaan dimulai, kita mengarah kesana.
So, you hear the West talk about innovation at the edge. Well, of course it's happening at the edge, because in the middle, everybody's updating Facebook, or worse still, they're trying to understand Facebook's privacy settings. (Laughter) This is not that catchy catchphrase. This is innovation over the edge.
Kalian tahu pepatah Barat tentang “inovasi di pinggiran”. Tentu itu terjadi di pinggiran, karena di tengah-tengah itu, semua sibuk mempebarui status Facebook, atau lebih parah, mereka berusaha memahami pengaturan privasi Facebook. (Tawa) Ini bukan slogan yang menarik. Ini inovasi gila-gilaan.
So, people like to call Africa a mobile-first continent, but actually it's mobile-only, so while everybody else is doing all of those things, we're solving the world's problems. So there's only one thing left to say.
Orang suka menyebut Afrika benua <i>mobile</i> pertama, tapi memang hanya ada <i>mobile</i>. Jadi, ketika orang lain melakukan hal-hal itu, kami memecahkan masalah dunia. Dan oleh karena itu, kami tinggal katakan.
["You're welcome"] (Laughter)
[“Sama-sama”] (Tawa)
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)