This is a man-made forest. It can spread over acres and acres of area, or it could fit in a small space -- as small as your house garden. Age of this forest is just two years old. I have a forest in the backyard of my own house. It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
Ovu šumu je napravio čovek. Može se prostirati hekatirima zemlje, a može stati i u mali prostor, veličine dvorišta. Sve ove šume stare su dve godine. Imam šumu u svom dvorištu. Privlači veliki biodiverzitet.
(Bird call)
(Zvuk ptice)
I wake up to this every morning, like a Disney princess.
S ovim se budim svakog jutra, kao Diznijeva princeza.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
I am an entrepreneur who facilitates the making of these forests professionally. We have helped factories, farms, schools, homes, resorts, apartment buildings, public parks and even a zoo to have one of such forests. A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together. A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence. A forest, for me, is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it. It doesn't matter how big or small they are.
Ja sam preduzetnik i profesionalno se bavim uzgojem ovih šuma. Pomogli smo fabrikama, farmama, školama, domaćinstvima, hotelima, zgradama, parkovima, čak i zoo-vrtu da imaju jednu ovakvu šumu. Šuma nije izolovano parče zemlje na kojoj životinje zajedno žive. Šuma može da bude ključni deo urbanog postojanja. Za mene je šuma mesto s toliko puno drveća da jednostavno ne možeš kroz nju proći. Nebitno je da li su velike ili male.
Most of the world we live in today was forest. This was before human intervention. Then we built up our cities on those forests, like São Paulo, forgetting that we belong to nature as well, as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet. Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat. But not anymore for some of us. A few others and I today make these forests professionally -- anywhere and everywhere.
Veliki deo Zemlje gde danas živimo bio je pod šumama. To je bilo pre uplitanja ljudi. Onda smo izgradili gradove u tim šumama, kao na primer Sao Paulo, zaboravljajući da i mi pripadamo prirodi kao i 8,4 miliona drugih vrsta na planeti. Naše stanište prestalo je biti naše prirodno stanište. Ali ne i za neke od nas. Nekoliko ljudi i ja danas profesionalno gajimo šume, bilo gde na svetu.
I'm an industrial engineer. I specialize in making cars. In my previous job at Toyota, I learned how to convert natural resources into products. To give you an example, we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree, convert it into raw rubber and make a tire out of it -- the product. But these products can never become a natural resource again. We separate the elements from nature and convert them into an irreversible state. That's industrial production.
Industrijski sam inženjer. Bavim se pravljenjem automobila. Na prethodnom poslu u Tojoti naučio sam kako da pretvorim prirodne resurse u proizvod. Daću vam primer, uzeli bismo biljni sok brazilskog kaučukovca, pretvorili bi ga u sirovi kaučuk i od toga bi napravili proizvod – gumu. Ali ovi proizvodi nikad neće ponovo postati prirodni resurs. Odvajamo elemente iz prirode i pretvaramo ih u nešto što se ne može vratiti u početno stanje. To je industrijska proizvodnja.
Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way. The natural system produces by bringing elements together, atom by atom. All the natural products become a natural resource again. This is something which I learned when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house. And this was the first time I worked with nature, rather than against it. Since then, we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world. Every time we work at a new place, we find that every single element needed to make a forest is available right around us. All we have to do is to bring these elements together and let nature take over.
S druge strane, priroda funkcioniše potpuno suprotno. Prirodni sistem proizvodi tako što spaja elemente, atom po atom. Svaki prirodni proizvod može ponovo postati prirodni resurs. To sam naučio kad sam zasadio šumu u svom dvorištu. To je bio prvi put da sam nešto uradio zajedno s prirodom, a ne protiv nje. Od tad smo zasadili 75 takvih šuma u 25 gradova širom sveta. Svaki put kad radimo na novoj lokaciji naučimo da se svaki element potreban za šumu nalazi svuda oko nas. Ove elemente samo treba spojiti i dopustiti da ih priroda preuzme.
To make a forest we start with soil. We touch, feel and even taste it to identify what properties it lacks. If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact -- so compact, that water cannot seep in. We mix some local biomass available around, which can help soil become more porous. Water can now seep in. If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water, we will mix some more biomass -- some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse, so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.
Počinjemo sa zemljištem kad sadimo šumu. Opipavamo, dodirujemo ga, čak ga i probamo da bismo odredili koja svojstva mu fale. Zemljište koje se sastoji od sitnih supstanci jeste kompaktno, toliko kompaktno da voda ne može da prodre u njega. Pomešamo ga s domaćom biomasom dostupnoj na toj lokaciji i s njom zemljište postaje propustljivo. Onda može upiti vodu. Ako zemljište ne može da zadrži vodu, dodaćemo još biomase, vodoupijajućeg materijala, kao što je treset ili bagas da bi zemljište zadržalo vodu i ostalo vlažno.
To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition. What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it? We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil. That would be the industrial way. It goes against nature. We instead add microorganisms to the soil. They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally. They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil, so all they have to do is eat and multiply. And as their number grows, the soil starts breathing again. It becomes alive.
Da bi rasle, biljkama je potrebna voda, sunce i hrana. Šta se desi ako zemljište nema hrane? Ne dodajemo hranu direktno u zemljište. Tako bi se radilo u industriji. To je protivno prirodi. Umesto toga zemljištu dodajemo mikroorganizme. Oni prirodno proizvode hranu u zemljištu. Hrane se biomasom, koju smo dodali zemljištu, oni je samo jedu i razmnožavaju se. Kako njihov broj raste, zemljište počinje da diše. Oživljava.
We survey the native tree species of the place. How do we decide what's native or not? Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native. That's the simple rule. We survey a national park to find the last remains of a natural forest. We survey the sacred groves, or sacred forests around old temples. And if we don't find anything at all, we go to museums to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago. We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place, to identify the tree species belonging there.
Istražujemo koje biljke rastu na određenom mestu. Kako odlučujemo šta je domaće, a šta ne? Sve što je nastalo pre uplitanja ljudi jeste domaće. To je jednostavno pravilo. Pretražujemo nacionalne parkove da bismo pronašli poslednje ostatke prirodne šume. Pretražujemo svete šumarke ili svete šume koje se nalaze oko hramova. Ako ništa ne pronađemo, odemo u muzeje da bismo našli seme ili drvo koje već odavno tamo postoji. Pregledamo stare slike, pesme i književnost tog mesta da bismo odredili koje biljke tamo rastu.
Once we know our trees, we divide them in four different layers: shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer. We fix the ratios of each layer, and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix. If we are making a fruit forest, we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees. It could be a flowering forest, a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees, or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.
Kad saznamo za drveće, delimo ga u četiri grupe: žbunje, nisko drveće, drveće i krošnje. Određujemo razmeru svake grupe i onda odlučujemo o procentu svake vrste drveta u grupi. Ako sadimo šumu s voćem, procenat drveća s plodovima je veći. Može se zasaditi šuma s cvećem, šuma koja privlači puno ptica ili pčela, ali i domaća, divlja, zimzelena šuma.
We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them. We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer are not planted next to each other, or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall. We plant the saplings close to each other. On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch, so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist. When it's cold, frost formation happens only on the mulch, so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside. The soil is very soft -- so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily, rapidly.
Sakupljamo seme i od njega dobijamo sadnice. Ne sadimo drveće koje pripada istoj grupi jedno pored drugog. U suprotnom, kad porastu, boriće se za isto mesto na vrhu. Sadnice sadimo blizu jedne drugih. Debeo sloj đubriva je na površini tako da kad je napolju vruće zemljište bude vlažno. Kad zahladni, inje se sakuplja samo na đubrivu, a zemljište i dalje diše, iako je napolju ledeno. Zemljište je veoma mekano, toliko mekano da korenje može lako da prodre kroz njega za kratko vreme.
Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing, but it's growing under the surface. In the first three months, roots reach a depth of one meter. These roots form a mesh, tightly holding the soil. Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots. So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree, these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree. Whenever it rains, magically, mushrooms appear overnight. And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.
Na početku šuma kao da ne raste, ali raste ispod površine. Tokom prva tri meseca korenje raste u dubinu od jednog metra. Korenje stvara mrežu, koja čvrsto drži zemljište. Mikrobi i gljive žive na ovoj mreži od korenja. Ako hrana nije dostupna u blizini drveta, ovi mikrobi dostavljaju drvetu hranu. Kad pada kiša, kao magijom, pečurke se pojave tokom noći. To znači da zemljište ispod njih ima zdravu mrežu gljiva.
Once these roots are established, forest starts growing on the surface. As the forest grows we keep watering it -- for the next two to three years, we water the forest. We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees, so we remove the weeds growing on the ground. As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight. Eventually, the forest becomes so dense that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore. Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.
Kad korenje sazri, šuma počinje da raste na površini. Dokle god ona raste, zalivamo je. Zalivamo je sledeće dve-tri godine. Cilj nam je da sva voda i hranljivo zemljište budu dostupni šumi, pa čupamo korov. Kako šuma raste, ona zaustavlja svetlost. Na kraju šuma postaje toliko gusta da sunce ne može da dopre na zemlju. Korov više ne raste jer je i njemu potrebna svetlost.
At this stage, every single drop of water that falls into the forest doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere. This dense forest condenses the moist air and retains its moisture. We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest. And even without watering, the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark. Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor, it immediately starts decaying. This decayed biomass forms humus, which is food for the forest. As the forest grows, more leaves fall on the surface -- it means more humus is produced, it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger. And this forest keeps growing exponentially.
U ovoj fazi nijedna kapljica vode koja padne u šumu neće ispariti u atmosferu. Ove guste šume kondenzuju vlažan vazduh i zadržavaju vlažnost. Postepeno smanjujemo šumu i više je ne zalivamo. Čak i bez vode zemlja u šumi je vlažna, a nekad bude i mračno. Sad, kad i jedan list padne na zemlju, odmah počinje da truli. Ova trula biomasa stvara humus, a to je hrana za šumu. Kako šuma raste, sve više lišća pada na zemlju, a to znači da ima više humusa i da ima više hrane za još veći rast šume. I ova šuma nastavlja da sve brže raste.
Once established, these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again -- probably forever. In a natural forest like this, no management is the best management. It's a tiny jungle party.
Kad porastu, ove šume se iznova regenerišu, verovatno u nedogled. Za ovakvu prirodnu šumu najbolje je da se ne uređuje. Ona postaje jedna mala džungla.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
This forest grows as a collective. If the same trees -- same species -- would have been planted independently, it wouldn't grow so fast. And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest in just 10 years.
Šuma raste kao jedna zajednica. Ako se isto drveće, iste vrste, zasadi nezavisno jedno od drugog, šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla. Ovako mi stvorimo šumu staru sto godina za samo jednu deceniju.
Thank you very much.
Mnogo vam hvala.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)