This is a man-made forest. It can spread over acres and acres of area, or it could fit in a small space -- as small as your house garden. Age of this forest is just two years old. I have a forest in the backyard of my own house. It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
Ovo je šuma koju je zasadio čovjek. Ona može pokrivati hektare zemlje, a može i zauzimati tek mali prostor veličine vašeg vrta. Ove šume stare su tek dvije godine. Ja imam šumu u dvorištu svoje kuće. U njoj živi raznolik živi svijet.
(Bird call)
(Pjev ptice)
I wake up to this every morning, like a Disney princess.
Svako jutro budi me ovaj zvuk, kao da sam princeza iz Disneyjevog crtića.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I am an entrepreneur who facilitates the making of these forests professionally. We have helped factories, farms, schools, homes, resorts, apartment buildings, public parks and even a zoo to have one of such forests. A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together. A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence. A forest, for me, is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it. It doesn't matter how big or small they are.
Ja sam poduzetnik i živim od toga da pomažem drugima da zasade takve šume. Dosad smo pomagali tvornicama, farmama, školama, kućanstvima, odmaralištima, stambenim naseljima, javnim parkovima, pa i zoološkom vrtu da zasade jednu takvu šumu. Šuma nije nužno izolirani komad zemlje gdje zajedno žive životinje. Šuma može biti sastavni dio gradskog života. Za mene je šuma mjesto tako gusto prekriveno drvećem da ne možete njime hodati. Nije važno koliko je to drveće veliko.
Most of the world we live in today was forest. This was before human intervention. Then we built up our cities on those forests, like São Paulo, forgetting that we belong to nature as well, as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet. Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat. But not anymore for some of us. A few others and I today make these forests professionally -- anywhere and everywhere.
Većina današnjeg svijeta nekad je bio prekriven šumom. Bilo je to prije nego što su se umiješali ljudi. A onda smo na tim mjestima sagradili gradove, kao što je São Paulo, a pritom smo zaboravili da smo i mi dio prirode, baš kao i 8,4 milijuna drugih vrsta na našem planetu. Tako smo prestali živjeti u svom prirodnom staništu. No za neke od nas to više nije tako. Ja i nekolicina drugih bavimo se sadnjom ovakvih šuma profesionalno. Sadimo ih posvuda.
I'm an industrial engineer. I specialize in making cars. In my previous job at Toyota, I learned how to convert natural resources into products. To give you an example, we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree, convert it into raw rubber and make a tire out of it -- the product. But these products can never become a natural resource again. We separate the elements from nature and convert them into an irreversible state. That's industrial production.
Ja sam industrijski inženjer. Izrađujem automobile. Na svom prijašnjem poslu u Toyoti naučio sam kako pretvoriti prirodne resurse u proizvode. Navest ću jedan primjer. Skupili bismo sok kaučukovca, od njega načinili sirovi kaučuk, te od njega izradili gumu, konačni proizvod. No ti proizvodi više nikad ne mogu postati prirodni resurs. Mi izdvajamo elemente iz prirode i pretvorimo ih u stanje iz kojeg više nema povratka. To se zove industrijska proizvodnja.
Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way. The natural system produces by bringing elements together, atom by atom. All the natural products become a natural resource again. This is something which I learned when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house. And this was the first time I worked with nature, rather than against it. Since then, we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world. Every time we work at a new place, we find that every single element needed to make a forest is available right around us. All we have to do is to bring these elements together and let nature take over.
No priroda funkcionira potpuno drugačije. Prirodni sustav stvara tako da spaja elemente, atom po atom. Sve što priroda stvara s vremenom opet postaje prirodni resurs. To sam naučio kad sam zasadio šumu u dvorištu iza svoje kuće. Tada sam prvi put surađivao s prirodom, umjesto radim protiv nje. Od tog smo vremena zasadili 75 takvih šuma u 25 gradova diljem svijeta. Svaki put kad radimo na nekom novom mjestu uvjerimo se da su svi elementi koji su potrebni da nastane šuma zapravo svuda oko nas. Mi samo moramo spojiti sve te elemente i dopustiti da priroda odradi svoje.
To make a forest we start with soil. We touch, feel and even taste it to identify what properties it lacks. If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact -- so compact, that water cannot seep in. We mix some local biomass available around, which can help soil become more porous. Water can now seep in. If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water, we will mix some more biomass -- some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse, so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.
Najprije ispitamo kakvo je tlo. Dodirujemo zemlju, pipamo je, pa čak i kušamo kako bismo ustanovili koja joj svojstva nedostaju. Ako se tlo sastoji od malenih čestica, postaje kompaktno, toliko kompaktno da ne može upiti vodu. Pomiješamo ga s kompostom koji je dostupan u tom kraju kako bi tlo moglo upiti više tekućine. Voda tada može prodrijeti u zemlju. Ako tlo ne može zadržati vodu, dodajemo još komposta, naprimjer treset ili bagasu, koji dobro upijaju vodu, kako bi tlo moglo zadržati vodu i ostati vlažno.
To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition. What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it? We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil. That would be the industrial way. It goes against nature. We instead add microorganisms to the soil. They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally. They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil, so all they have to do is eat and multiply. And as their number grows, the soil starts breathing again. It becomes alive.
Da bi biljke mogle rasti, treba im voda, Sunčeva svjetlost i hranjive tvari. No što ako u tlu nema hranjivih tvari? Ne dodajemo ih direktno u zemlju. Tako se radi u industriji. To nije prirodni proces. Umjesto toga dodajemo mikroorganizme u tlo. Oni prirodnim putem stvaraju hranjive tvari u tlu. Oni se hrane kompostom koji smo pomiješali sa zemljom, i to im omogućava da se razmnožavaju. Kako njihov broj raste, zemlja ponovno počinje disati. Ona ponovno postaje živa.
We survey the native tree species of the place. How do we decide what's native or not? Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native. That's the simple rule. We survey a national park to find the last remains of a natural forest. We survey the sacred groves, or sacred forests around old temples. And if we don't find anything at all, we go to museums to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago. We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place, to identify the tree species belonging there.
Uvijek istražimo koje su autohtone vrste drveća na tom području. Kako znamo koje su vrste autohtone? To su vrste koje su postojale prije ljudske intervencije. To je jednostavno pravilo. Pretražujemo nacionalni park kako bismo pronašli ostatke prirodne šume. Pregledavamo svete lugove ili svete šume u blizini hramova. Ako ondje ne uspijemo ništa pronaći, idemo u muzeje kako bismo vidjeli sjemenke ili ostatke drveća koje je ondje davno raslo. Gledamo stare slike i čitamo stare pjesme i literaturu iz tog kraja kako bismo pronašli vrste drveća koje ondje rastu.
Once we know our trees, we divide them in four different layers: shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer. We fix the ratios of each layer, and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix. If we are making a fruit forest, we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees. It could be a flowering forest, a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees, or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.
Kad to saznamo, podijelimo ih u četiri različita sloja: sloj grmlja, nisko drveće, šumski sloj i izdignuti sloj. Odredimo kakav će biti omjer pojedinog sloja i odlučimo koliki će biti postotak svake vrste drveća. Ako sadimo šumu u kojoj će prevladavati voćke, tada posadimo više voćaka. Ponekad sadimo šumu s puno cvijeća, koja privlači mnoštvo ptica ili pčela, ili jednostavno zimzelenu šumu koja inače raste na tom području.
We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them. We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer are not planted next to each other, or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall. We plant the saplings close to each other. On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch, so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist. When it's cold, frost formation happens only on the mulch, so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside. The soil is very soft -- so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily, rapidly.
Skupljamo sjemenje i iz njih dobivamo sadnice. Vodimo brigu o tome da drveće koje pripada istom sloju ne sadimo jedno do drugog jer će se tada boriti za isti prostor kad počnu rasti u visinu. Mladice sadimo jednu do druge. Površinu zemlje prekrijemo debelim slojem malča kako bi zemlja ostala vlažna kad je vani vruće. Kad je hladno, led se zadržava samo na malču tako da zemlja može i dalje disati iako je vani ispod nule. Takva je zemlja jako mekana, toliko mekana da se korijenje može lako probiti, i to vrlo brzo.
Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing, but it's growing under the surface. In the first three months, roots reach a depth of one meter. These roots form a mesh, tightly holding the soil. Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots. So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree, these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree. Whenever it rains, magically, mushrooms appear overnight. And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.
Isprva se čini kao da šuma ne raste, ali ona raste ispod zemlje. U prva tri mjeseca korijenje dosegne dubinu od jednog metra. To korijenje stvara mrežu koja zemlju čini kompaktnom. Mikrobi i gljive nastanjuju cijelu tu mrežu korijenja. Ako u blizini drveta nema neke hranjive tvari, ti će se mikrobi pobrinuti da ih drvo dobije. Kad god pada kiša, gljive čarobno izrastu preko noći. A to znači da ispod zemlje postoji čitava mreža gljiva.
Once these roots are established, forest starts growing on the surface. As the forest grows we keep watering it -- for the next two to three years, we water the forest. We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees, so we remove the weeds growing on the ground. As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight. Eventually, the forest becomes so dense that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore. Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.
Kad se korijenje razgrana, šuma počinje rasti u visinu. Dok šuma raste, mi je navodnjavamo, i to još naredne dvije do tri godine. Želimo da drveće iskoristi svu vodu i hranjive tvari, pa čupamo korijenje koje naraste. Kako šuma raste, tako ona sve više zaklanja Sunce. Naposljetku šuma postane toliko gusta da Sunčeva svjetlost ne može više prodrijeti do tla. Tada više korov ne može rasti jer i njemu treba Sunčeva svjetlost.
At this stage, every single drop of water that falls into the forest doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere. This dense forest condenses the moist air and retains its moisture. We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest. And even without watering, the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark. Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor, it immediately starts decaying. This decayed biomass forms humus, which is food for the forest. As the forest grows, more leaves fall on the surface -- it means more humus is produced, it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger. And this forest keeps growing exponentially.
U toj fazi svaka kapljica vode koja padne na šumu ne isparava natrag u atmosferu. Takva gusta šuma kondenzira vlažan zrak i zadržava vlagu koju on sadrži. S vremenom sve manje navodnjavamo šumu i na koncu je prestanemo navodnjavati. No čak i bez toga tlo ostaje vlažno, a ponekad čak postane i tamno. Kad neki list padne na tlo, on odmah počinje trunuti. Takva biomasa stvara humus, koji je hrana za šumu. Kako šuma raste, tako na tlo pada više lišća, što znači da se stvara više humusa i još više hrane kako bi šuma mogla napredovati. Takva šuma raste sve brže i brže.
Once established, these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again -- probably forever. In a natural forest like this, no management is the best management. It's a tiny jungle party.
Kad narastu, te se šume uvijek iznova obnavljaju, i to vjerojatno unedogled. U ovakvoj prirodnoj šumi najbolje je ništa ne dirati. To je jedna mala džungla.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
This forest grows as a collective. If the same trees -- same species -- would have been planted independently, it wouldn't grow so fast. And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest in just 10 years.
Ova šuma raste kao jedna zajednica. Ako se drveće, iste vrste posade neovisno jedna o drugoj, ta šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla. Tako mi stvaramo stogodišnju šumu u samo deset godina.
Thank you very much.
Puno vam hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)