There's an ancient and universal concept that words have power, that spells exist, and that if we could only pronounce the right words, then -- whoosh! -- you know, an avalanche would come and wipe out the hobbits, right? So this is a very attractive idea, because we're very lazy, like the Sorcerer's Apprentice, or the world's greatest computer programmer. This idea has a lot of traction with us.
Postoji staro i univerzalno verovanje da reči imaju moć, da čini postoje i da, ako bismo samo mogli da izgovorimo prave reči, tada bi se, znate, odjednom pojavilo čudo koje bi eliminisalo sve hobite, zar ne? Ovo je veoma privlačna ideja s obzirom da smo veoma lenji, kao učenik čarobnjaka ili najbolji svetski programer. Ova ideja nas veoma privlači.
We love the idea that words, when pronounced, are little more than pure information, but they evoke physical action in the real world that helps us do work. So, of course, with lots of programmable computers and robots around, this is an easy thing to picture.
Sviđa nam se ideja da su izgovorene reči nešto malo više od čiste informacije, da one bude određene fizičke akcije u stvarnom svetu koje nam pomažu da uradimo posao. Naravno, uz mnogo programiranih računara i robota oko nas, to je lako zamisliti. Koliko vas zna o čemu pričam?
How many of you know what I'm talking about? Raise your right hand. How many don't know what I'm talking about? Raise your left hand. So that's great. So that was too easy. You guys have very insecure computers, OK? So now the thing is, this is a different kind of spell. This is a computer program made of zeros and ones. It can be pronounced on a computer, does something like this. The important thing is we can write it in a high-level language.
Podignite desnu ruku. OK. A koliko vas ne zna o čemu pričam? Podignite levu ruku. To je odlično. Ovo je bilo lako. Vi imate nesigurne računare, u redu? Stvar je u tome što je ovo drukčija vrsta magije. Ovo je računarski program napisan nulama i jedinicama. To može biti izgovoreno na računaru. Ovako nešto čini. Važno je to da možemo da pišemo na visoko-sofisticiranom jeziku.
A computer magician can write this thing. It can be compiled into zeros and ones and pronounced by a computer. And that's what makes computers powerful, these high-level languages that can be compiled. And so, I'm here to tell you, you don't need a computer to actually have a spell. In fact, what you can do at the molecular level is that if you encode information -- you encode a spell or program as molecules -- then physics can actually directly interpret that information and run a program.
Računarski čarobnjak može napisati ovu stvar. To može biti prevedeno u nule i jedinice i računar to može izgovoriti. To je ono što računare čini moćnim: prevodi ovih veoma složenih jezika. Ovde sam da bih vam saopštio da vam nije potreban računar kako biste bacali čini. U principu, na molekularnom nivou vi možete kodirati informaciju -- kodirate čin ili program kao molekul -- a potom, fizika može direktno da prevede tu informaciju i pokrene program. To je ono što se dešava sa proteinima.
It's what happens in proteins. When this amino-acid sequence gets pronounced as atoms, these little letters are sticky for each other. It collapses into a three-dimensional shape that turns it into a nanomachine that actually cuts DNA. The interesting thing is that if you change the sequence, you change the three-dimensional folding. You get, now, a DNA stapler, instead. These are the kind of molecular programs we want to be able to write. The problem is, we don't know the machine language of proteins or have a compiler for proteins.
Kada se sekvenca amino kiselina pročita u vidu atoma, ova mala slova se prosto lepe jedno za drugo. Formiraju trodimenzionalni oblik koji se pretvori u nanomašinu koja, u principu, seče DNK. Zanimljivo je to da ako promenite sekvencu, vi promenite trodimenzionalni oblik. Dobijete umesto toga DNK spajalicu. Ovo su tipovi molekularnih programa koje želimo da napišemo, ali je problem u tome što ne poznajemo mašinski jezik proteina. Nemamo prevodioca za proteine.
So I've joined a growing band of people that try to make molecular spells using DNA. We use DNA because it's cheaper, it's easier to handle, it's something we understand really well -- so well, in fact, that we think we can actually write programming languages for DNA and have molecular compilers.
Upravo sam se pridružio rastućoj grupi ljudi koja pokušava da napravi molekularne čini koristeći DNK. Koristimo DNK jer je jeftinija. Lakša je za upotrebu. To je nešto što veoma dobro razumemo. Razumemo to toliko dobro, da u prinicipu, mislimo da smo u stanju da napišemo programski jezik za DNK i imamo molekularne prevodioce. Tako da mislimo da možemo to da uradimo. Jedno od mojih prvih
So then, we think we can do that. One of my first questions doing this was: How can you make an arbitrary shape or pattern out of DNA? I decided to use a type of DNA origami, where you take a long strand of DNA and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want. So here's a shape. I actually spent about a year in my home in my underwear, coding, like Linus [Torvalds], in that picture before. This program takes a shape and spits out 250 DNA sequences. These short DNA sequences are what are going to fold the long strand into this shape that we want to make. So you send an e-mail with these sequences in it to a company, and the company pronounces them on a DNA synthesizer, a machine about the size of a photocopier. And they take your e-mail, and every letter in your e-mail, they replace with a 30-atom cluster -- one for each letter, A, T, C and G in DNA.
pitanja je bilo kako se može napraviti proizvoljan oblik ili šablon od DNK? Odlučio sam se da koristim nešto kao DNK origami, gde prosto uzmete dug lanac DNK i savijete ga u bilo koji oblik ili šablon koji želite. Ovo je oblik. Proveo sam otprilike oko godinu dana u svojoj kući, u svom donjem vešu praveći kod, kao kod Linusa Torvaldsa - na slici od malo pre. Ovaj program formira oblik i izbaci 250 DNK sekvenci. Te kratke DNK sekvence će saviti ovaj dugi lanac u oblik koji mi želimo da ima. Vi samo pošaljete elektronsko pismo sa ovim sekvencama kompaniji i ono što oni urade -- kompanija ubaci sekvence u mašinu za sintezu DNK. To je mašina veličine mašine za fotokopiranje. Potom, oni uzmu vaše elektronsko pismo i svako slovo u njemu zamene grupom od 30 atoma -- jednom za svako slovo, A, T, C i G u DNK. Nanižu ih u traženoj sekvenci,
They string them up in the right sequence, and then they send them back to you via FedEx. So you get 250 of these in the mail in little tubes. I mix them together, add a little bit of salt water, and then add this long strand I was telling you about, that I've stolen from a virus. And then what happens is, you heat this whole thing up to about boiling. You cool it down to room temperature, and as you do, those short strands do the following thing: each one of them binds that long strand in one place, and then has a second half that binds that long strand in a distant place, and brings those two parts of the long strand close together so they stick together.
i pošalju vam ih FedEx-om. Tako da dobijete 250 kopija toga u malim tubama poštom. Pomešam sve to i dodam malo slane vode, a potom ubacim ovaj dug lanac o kojem sam vam pričao, a koji sam ukrao od virusa. A potom podgrejete sve zajedno do tačke ključanja. Ohladite zatim do sobne temperature i dok to činite ovi mali lanci čine sledeće: svaki od njih se veže za jedno mesto na dugom lancu, a drugim krajem se veže za taj isti dugi lanac na udaljenom mestu, tako da prosto približi dva dela dugog lanca i drži ih na okupu.
So the net effect of all 250 of these strands is to fold the long strand into the shape you're looking for. It'll approximate that shape. We do this for real, in the test tube. In each little drop of water, you get 50 billion of these guys. With a microscope, you can see them on a surface. The neat thing is if you change the sequence and change the spell, just change the sequence of the staples, you can make a molecule that looks like this. And, you know, he likes to hang out with his buddies. A lot of them are actually pretty good.
Zajednički efekat svih tih 250 kratkih lanaca je da saviju dugi lanac u oblik koji ste vi želeli. To je otprilike taj oblik. Mi zaista ovo radimo u test-tubicama. U svakoj kapljici vode se nalazi oko 50 milijardi ovih delova. Ukoliko pogledate to pod mikroskopom uočićete ih na površini. Finoća je u tome da ukoliko promenite sekvencu i promenite čin, vi samo promenite sekvencu spajalice. Možete napraviti molekul koji izgleda ovako i znate prosto voli da se druži sa drugarima, zar ne? Mnogi su veoma dobri.
If you change the spell again, you change the sequence again, you get really nice, 130-nanometer triangles. If you do it again, you can get arbitrary patterns. So on a rectangle, you can paint patterns of North and South America, or the words, "DNA."
Ukoliko promenite čin, vi ponovo promenite sekvencu. Dobijete veoma lepe trouglove od 130 nanometara. Ukoliko ponovite to, možete dobiti proizvoljne šablone. Tako da na kvadratu možete naslikati konture Severne i Južne Amerike ili reči "DNK". To je DNK origami. To je jedan način. Postoji mnogo načina da
So that's DNA origami. That's one way. There are many ways of casting molecular spells using DNA. What we really want to do in the end is learn how to program self-assembly so we can build anything, right? We want to be able to build technological artifacts that are maybe good for the world. We want to learn how to build biological artifacts, like people and whales and trees. And if it's the case that we can reach that level of complexity, if our ability to program molecules gets to be that good, then that will truly be magic.
bacite molekularne čini koristeći DNK. Naš krajnji cilj je da naučimo kako da napravimo programe koji mogu da naprave bilo šta, u redu? Želimo da napravimo tehnološke izume koji bi možda bili dobri za svet. Hoćemo da naučimo kako da napravimo biološke artefakte, kao što su ljudi ili kitovi ili drveće. Ukoliko postoji mogućnost da mi dosegnemo taj nivo kompleksnosti, ukoliko naša sposobnost da programiramo molekule postane toliko dobra, to će zaista biti prava magija. Hvala vam mnogo.
Thank you very much.
(Aplauz)
(Applause)