So what's image got do with it? And I must say, I think Emeka is trying to send a lot of subliminal messages, because I'm going to keep harping on some of the issues that have come up. But I'm going to try and do something different, and try and just close the loop with some of my personal stories, and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that we've been talking about. So, Africa is a complex continent full of contradictions, as you can see. We're not the only ones.
これを見て何を思いますか? エメカはみなさんに多くのことを 訴えようとしたようで 私もその話題のいくつかを 繰り返します ただ私の試みとして 個人的な体験で肉付けして これまで論じてきた課題を まとめようと思います アフリカはたくさんの矛盾を 抱えています 他の国もそうですが
(Laughter)
(笑い)
(Applause)
(拍手)
And you know, it's amazing. I mean, we need a whole conference just devoted to telling the good stories about the continent. Just think about that, you know? And this is typically what we've been talking about, the role that the media plays in focusing just on the negative stuff. Now, why is that a problem? A typical disaster story: disease, corruption, poverty. And some of you might be standing here thinking, saying, "OK, you know, Ory, you're Harvard-educated, and all you privileged people come here, saying, 'Forget the poor people. Let's focus on business and the markets, and whatever.' " And they're all, "There's the 80 percent of Africans who really need help."
驚いたことに アフリカ大陸の よい面を語る会議に こんなにも時間が必要なのです どうしてでしょう? これはメディアに登場する 私達の抱える課題の 典型例です これがどうして問題なのか? アフリカの惨事といえば 病気 汚職 貧困です 皆さんは ハーバード大卒の恵まれた私は 貧乏人のことは忘れて お金儲けの 話をすると思うかもしれません アフリカ人の80%が 支援を必要としています
And I want to tell you that this is my story, OK? And it's the story of many of the Africans who are here. We start with poverty. I didn't grow up in the slums or anything that dire, but I know what it is to grow up without having money, or being able to support family. Euvin was talking about bellwether signs. The bellwether for whether our family was broke or not was breakfast. You know, when things were good, we had eggs and sausages. When things were bad, we had porridge. And like many African families, my parents could never save because they supported siblings, cousins, you know, their parents, and things were always dicey. Now, when I was born, they realized they had a pretty smart kid, and they didn't want me to go to the neighborhood school, which was free.
これは私の体験でもありながら 他のアフリカ人にも共通する話です 貧困については スラム育ちでない私でも 貧乏生活や家族を支えるのが どんなに大変な事かは分かります 指標の話が先ほどありましたが 家庭の経済状況の指標は朝食です 卵や肉がでればいいですが 苦しいときは おかゆだけ 他の家のように 私の両親も 身内の暮らしを支えるので 貯金はなく 経済的に不安定な生活でした 私が賢いと気付いた両親は 無料で通える近所の学校へは 行かせなかった
And they adopted a very interesting approach to education, which was they were going to take me to a school that they can barely afford. So they took me to a private, Catholic, elementary school, which set the foundation for what ended up being my career. And what happened was, because they could afford it sometimes, sometimes not, I got kicked out pretty much every term. You know, someone would come in with a list of the people who haven't paid school fees, and when they started getting pretty strict, you had to leave, until your school fees could be paid. And I remember thinking, I mean, why don't these guys just take me to a cheap school? Because you know, as a kid you're embarrassed and you're sensitive, and everyone knows you guys don't have money. But they kept at it, and I now understand why they did what they did.
教育熱心だった両親は 興味深いことに 我が家の家計ではとても許されない カトリック学校へ入学させました それで私の現在があるわけです 小学校では 授業料が払えなくなって よく追い出されました 授業料を払えない生徒のリストを持った 職員がやって来て 授業料を払うまで 来るなと言われるのです だったら地元の学校に 通えば良いのにと思っていました 貧乏だと分かるのは 恥ずかしかったのです 幼い頃は 周りを気にしますから でも両親は家計が苦しくても 私を私立校へ通わせたのです
They talk about corruption. In Kenya, we have an entrance exam to go into high school. And there's national schools, which are like the best schools, and provincial schools. My dream school at that time was Kenya High School, a national school. I missed the cutoff by one point. And I was so disappointed, and I was like, "Oh my God, you know, what am I going to do?" And my father said, "OK, listen. Let's go and try and talk to the headmistress. You know, it's just one point. I mean, maybe she'll let you in if that slot's still there." So we went to the school, and because we were nobodies, and because we didn't have privilege, and because my father didn't have the right last name, he was treated like dirt. And I sat and listened to the headmistress talk to him, saying, you know, who do you think you are? And, you know, you must be joking if you think you can get a slot. And I had gone to school with other girls, who were kids of politicians, and who had done much, much worse than I did, and they had slots there. And there's nothing worse than seeing your parent being humiliated in front of you, you know? And we left, and I swore to myself, and I was like, "I'm never, ever going to have to beg for anything in my life." They called me two weeks later, they're like, oh, yeah, you can come now. And I told them to stuff it.
汚職についてですが ケニアで高校に行くには入学試験があり 最高レベルの国立高校と 州立の高校とがあります 国立のケニア高校を 受けた私は 1点差で落ち とてもがっかりしました どうしようかと思っていると 父親がきて 1点足りないだけなら 校長先生に話せば 入れるだろうと言いました 父と学校へ行きましたが 父はごく普通の市民で何の役職もなく 立派な一族の出でもなかったので 酷い扱いをされました 校長が父親に向かって言うのです 何ですって? 空きがあれば娘さんが入学できると お考えですか? 同級生だった政治家の娘達は 私よりずっと成績が悪くても 国立高校に進学しました 親が自分の前で バカにされるのは 嫌な気分でした それで決心しました どんな時も 他人に頼ったり しないとね 後に合格の連絡があっても 「他の人を入れて」と言ってしまいました
(Laughter) (Applause)
(笑い)(拍手)
Final story, and I sort of have to speak quickly. Disease. My father, who I've been talking about, died of AIDS in 1999. He never told anyone that he had AIDS, his fear of the stigma was so strong. And I'm pretty much the one who figured it out, because I was a nerd. And I was in the States at the time, and they called me. He was very sick, the first time he got sick. And he had Cryptococcal meningitis. And so I went on to Google, Cryptococcal meningitis, you know. Because of doctor-patient privilege, they couldn't really tell us what was going on. But they were like, you know, this is a long-term thing. And when I went online and looked at the infectious -- read about the disease, I pretty much realized what was going on.
次は病気の話を 手短に 父は1999年にエイズで亡くなりました 不名誉な病気なので 病名をずっと隠していましたが 当時アメリカに住んで勉強していた私には 分かりました 最初に発病したとき電話で 薬の名前をきいたので オンラインで調べたのです 医者から詳しい説明は されませんでしたが 簡単には直らない感じでした インターネットで父の病気についての 記事をたくさん読んで その後の経過が分かりました
The first time he got sick, he recovered. But what happened was that he had to be on medication that, at that time -- Diflucan, which in the States is used for yeast infections -- cost 30 dollars a pill. He had to be on that pill for the rest of his life. You know, so money ran out. He got sick again. And up until that time, he had a friend who used to travel to India, and he used to import, bring him, could get him a generic version of it. And that kept him going. But the money ran out. He got sick again. He got sick on a Friday. At that time, there was only one bank that had ATMs in Kenya, and we could not get cash. The family couldn't get cash for him to start the treatment until Monday. The hospital put him on a water drip for three days. And finally, we figured, well, OK, we'd better just try and take him to a public hospital. At least he'll get treated while we try to figure out the money situation. And he died when the ambulance was coming to the hospital to take him.
最初の症状は落ち着いたものの 投薬が必要になりました 米国の企業が開発した薬は 一錠あたり30ドルもしましたが 飲み続けなければ 命にかかわります お金が続かなくなって 病気が再発しました インドへよく旅行する父の友人に 安い後発製品を手に入れてもらい それを飲むことで 何とか生きながらえていましたが それも買えなくなり 金曜日に 症状が出ました しかし当時はATMもなく 私たち家族は現金が手元になかったので 月曜日まで治療ができません 病院の点滴台で3日間寝かされるだけ ならば公立の病院に行き 治療してもらおうと 家族で決めて お金の相談をしました しかし 救急車は間に合わず 結局 父は亡くなりました
And, you know, now, imagine if -- and I could go on and on -- imagine if this is all you know about me. How would you look at me? With pity, you know. Sadness. And this is how you look at Africa. This is the damage it causes. You don't see the other side of me. You don't see the blogger, you don't see the Harvard-educated lawyer, the vibrant person, you know? And I just wanted to personalize that. Because we talk about it in big terms, and you wonder, you know, so what? But it's damaging. And I'm not unique, right? Imagine if all you knew about William was the fact that he grew up in a poor village. And you didn't know about the windmill, you know? And I was just moved. I was actually crying during his presentation. He was like, I try and I make. I was like Nike should hire him, you know, "Just do it!"
まだまだいくらでも お話できます これを聞いて 皆さんは 私のことを見ながら かわいそうだと同情するでしょう アフリカも同情されているのです それで損をしているのは 私がブロガーであるとか ハーバード大卒の弁護士で 活発な人柄だ という面が見過ごされることです 個人的に考えてみましょう 話が大きくなると 他人事にしか思えず いい面も見えません 私だけではなく あなたの知人にも 貧しい村で育った少年がいる 風車のことは知らなくても 話を聞いただけで 私は泣いてしまいました 挑戦して成し遂げた彼は ナイキに就職できますね
(Laughter)
(笑い)
And this is, again, the point I'm trying to make. When you focus just on the disasters -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- we're ignoring the potential. So, what is to be done? First of all, Africans, we need to get better at telling our stories. We heard about that yesterday. We had some of them this morning. And this is an example, you know, blogging is one way of doing that. Afrigator is an aggregator of African blogs that was developed in South Africa. So we need to start getting better. If no one else will tell our stories, let's do it. And going back to the point I was trying to make, this is the Swahili Wikipedia. Swahili is spoken by about 50 million people in East Africa. It only has five contributors. Four of them are white males -- non-native speakers. The other person is -- Ndesanjo, if you're here, stand up -- is a Tanzanian, [the] first Swahili blogger. He's the only African who's contributing to this.
要するに人々は 惨事にばかり目を向け (笑い)(拍手) 可能性を見ようとしないのです ではどうすれば良いのか 先ず最初に 自分達の体験を話しましょう アフリカでいつも 見聞きすることを 伝えるのです ブログも有効です アフリカ人のブログを集めた 南アのサイトがあります 私達の発展のために 自分から現状を話しましょう これはスワヒリ語の ウィキペデイアです アフリカで5000万人が話す言葉なのに 書いているのは5人だけ そのうち4人は白人男性です もう1人は ここにいるかもしれませんが タンザニア人ブロガーです アフリカ人は彼だけです
People, please. We can't whine and complain the West is doing this. What are we doing? Where are the rest of the Swahili speakers? Why are we not generating our own content? You know, it's not enough to complain. We need to act. Reuters now integrates African blogs into their coverage of Africa. So, that's a start, and we've heard of all their other initiatives. The cheetah generation. The aid approach, you know, is flawed. And after all the hoopla of Live 8, we're still not anywhere in the picture. No, you're not.
しかし西洋人が書いていることを 非難してはいけません スワヒリ語を話す他の人も 声を上げるのです 自分の国を創るために 批判ではなく行動するのです ロイターはアフリカ欄の充実のため アフリカ人のブログを集めています 他にも今までに いろいろな活動がありました 偽の援助をもちかけて 気を引いた「チーター ジェネレーション」 ライブ8もありましたね それでも良い将来は見えません あなたは違いますから
(Laughter)
(笑い)
But the point I'm trying to make, though, is that it's not enough for us to criticize. And for those of you in the diaspora who are struggling with where should I be, should I move back, should I stay? You know, just jump. The continent needs you. And I can't emphasize that enough, you know. I walked away from a job with one of the top firms in D.C., Covington and Burling, six figures. With two paychecks, or three paychecks, I could solve a lot of my family's problems. But I walked away from that, because my passion was here, and because I wanted to do things that were fulfilling. And because I'm needed here, you know? I probably can win a prize for the most ways to use a Harvard Law School degree because of all the things I'm doing.
分かって欲しいのは 批判だけではダメだということです 祖国を離れて暮らし 将来は故郷に戻るか 外国にとどまるか 悩んでいるならば 祖国に戻ってください アフリカにはあなたが必要です いいですか 私はワシントンDCの一流企業で 働いていました 給料も良かったので 家族にかなり仕送りしていました しかし私は会社を辞めました 私が必要とされている場所で 役に立つ事をしたかったのです ハーバード法学部を出て 私が今していることは とても立派な仕事です
One is because I'm pretty aggressive, and I try and find, you know, opportunities. But there is such a need, you know? I'm a corporate lawyer most of the time for an organization called Enablis that supports entrepreneurs in South Africa. We're now moving into East Africa. And we give them business development services, as well as financing loan and equity. I've also set up a project in Kenya, and what we do is we track the performance of Kenyan MPs. My partner, M, who's a tech guru, hacked WordPress. It costs us, like, 20 dollars a month just for hosting. Everything else on there is a labor of love. We've manually entered all the data there. And you can get profiles of each MP, questions they've asked in parliament. We have a comment function, where people can ask their MPs questions. There are some MPs who participate, and come back and ask.
積極的に チャンスを生かし 知識を役立てています 普段は 顧問弁護士として 南アや東アフリカの 起業家を支援しています 融資や株式発行を通じて 事業の発展を助けているのです ケニアでは国会議員の 実績追跡プロジェクトを 立ち上げました 仲間のMが用意したサーバー費用に 月に20ドルかかりますが その他の作業はみんな無償で ひとつひとつデータを入力しました 各人の経歴や国会質問などが 調べられます コメント欄に 質問を書き込めば 国会で質問してくれる 議員もいます
And basically, we started this because we were tired of complaining about our politicians. You know, I believe that accountability stems from demand. You're not just going to be accountable out of the goodness of your heart. And we as Africans need to start challenging our leaders. What are they doing? You know, they're not going to change just out of nowhere. So we need new policies, we need -- where's that coming from, you know? Another thing is that these leaders are a reflection of our society. We talk about African governments like they've been dropped from Mars, you know? They come from us. And what is it about our society that is generating leaders that we don't like? And how can we change that? So Mzalendo was one small way we thought we could start inspiring people to start holding their leaders accountable. Where do we go from here? I believe in the power of ideas. I believe in the power of sharing knowledge.
これまでは政治家を批判することに 国民は疲れきっていました 国民が要求しなければ政治家は説明しません 政治家の良心に期待しても 無駄です アフリカ人も議員の行動に 注目しましょう 今のままでは 何も変わりません 私達に必要な新しい政策 それは誰が作るのか? 国の指導者達は 社会を映す鏡なのです アフリカの政府で 会議をするのは火星人ではなく 私達と同じ人間です 国民が嫌う政治家を選ぶ社会を 変えるためには? 指導者に説明責任を果たさせるように 「ムザレンド」は国民の教育を始めています お集まりのみなさん 意見を共有するのは 素晴らしいことです
And I'd ask all of you, when you leave here, please just share, and keep the ideas that you've gotten out of here going, because it can make a difference. The other thing I want to urge you to do is take an interest in the individual. I've had lots of conversations about things I think need to be happening in Africa. People are like, "OK, if you don't do aid, I'm a bleeding heart liberal, what can I do?" And when I talk about my ideas, they're like, "BBut it's not scalable, you know. Give me something I can do with Paypal." It's not that easy, you know? And sometimes just taking an interest in the individual, in the fellows you've met, and the businesspeople you've met, it can make a huge difference, especially in Africa, because usually the individual in Africa carries a lot of people behind them. Practically. I mean, when I was a first-year student in law school, my mom's business had collapsed, so I was supporting her. My sister was struggling to get through undergrad. I was helping her pay her tuition. My cousin ran out of school fees, and she's really smart. I was paying her school fees.
みなさんが帰宅され ここで得た知恵を 誰かに話してもらうことで 将来が変わるかもしれません そしてまたぜひとも 個人の話に耳を傾けてください アフリカに必要なことを いろいろ話しましたが 私は援助活動はしない 血気盛んなリベラル派だと 思われそうです 確かに私の考えを お金で計るのは 難しいことです しかしたまには仲間や同僚の意見に 耳を傾けてください だいぶ考えが変わるはずです アフリカの人々は 支えあって生活しています 私がロースクールの一年生のとき 母が失業し 私が母を手伝いました 私は大学生の妹の 学費を払い 貧しかった優秀ないとこの 学費を払いました
A cousin of mine died of AIDS, left an orphan, so we said, well, what are we going to do with her? You know, she's now my baby sister. And because of the opportunities that were afforded to me, I am able to lift all those people. So, don't underestimate that. An example. This man changed my life. He's a professor. He's now at Vanderbilt. He's an undergrad professor, Mitchell Seligson. And because of him, I got into Harvard Law School, because he took an interest. I was taking a class of his, and he was just like, this is an overeager student, which we don't normally get in the United States, because everyone else is cynical and jaded. He called me to his office and said, "What do you want to do when you grow up?" I said, "I want to be a lawyer." And he was like, "Why? You know, we don't need another lawyer in the United States." And he tried to talk me out of it, but it was like, "OK, I know nothing about applying to law school, I'm poli-sci Ph.D. But, you know, let's figure out what I need you to do, what I need to do to help you out."
いとこがエイズで亡くなると 残された子どもを 母が引き取りました 私はこれらの人々を 救えたからです そうした事が大切なのです 私の人生を変えたのは バンダービルト大学の ミッチェル教授でした 教授に ハーバード進学を 勧められました とても熱心に授業を聴いていたので 冷めた態度の米国人の中で 目立ってしまい 個人的に呼び出されました 進路をきかれて 弁護士になりたいと 私が言うと 米国は弁護士が多すぎるのに どうしてかと言われ 理由を話しました 教授は政治学専攻で法学部は 分からないが できる限りの協力を 約束してくれました
It was like, "Where do you want to go?" And to me at that time university -- I was at University of Pitts for undergrad, and that was like heaven, OK, because compared to what could have been in Kenya. So I'm like, "Yeah, I'm just applying to Pitt for law school." He was like, "Why? You know, you're smart, you have all these things going for you." And I'm like, "Because I'm here and it's cheap, and you know, I kind of like Pittsburgh." Like, that's the dumbest reason I've ever heard for applying to law school. And, you know, so he took me under his wing, and he encouraged me. And he said, "Look, you can get into Harvard, you're that good, OK? And if they don't admit you, they're the ones who are messed up." And he built me up, you know? And this is just an illustration.
どの学校が良いか 尋ねられた私は 当時通っていた大学は ケニアの大学に比べれば 天国のようだったので そこの名前を言いました すると教授は 君はもっと賢いのにと言ったのです でも 学費も安いし 土地柄も好きだと言うと そんな受験生なんて 聞いたことがないと言われました そして教授は私をこう励ましてくれました 「あなたほど優秀なら ハーバードに入れる 君を入学させないなら 向こうが間違っている」 それでその気になりました これは ほんの一例で
You can meet other individuals here. We just need a push. That's all I needed was a push to go to the next level. Basically, I want to end with my vision for Africa, you know? A gentleman spoke yesterday about the indignity of us having to leave the continent so that we can fulfill our potential. You know, my vision is that my daughter, and any other African child being born today, can be whoever they want to be here, without having to leave. And they can have the possibility of transcending the circumstances under which they were born. That's one thing you Americans take for granted, you know? That you can grow up, you know, not so good circumstances, and you can move. Just because you are born in rural Arkansas, whatever, that doesn't define who you are. For most Africans today, where you live, or where you were born, and the circumstances under which you were born, determine the rest of your life. I would like to see that change, and the change starts with us. And as Africans, we need to take responsibility for our continent. Thank you.
ここにいる他の人も ほんの一歩 踏み出せば 次の段階に進めるのです 最後に私が描くアフリカ像をお話します 昨日 一人の紳士が アフリカ大陸を離れざるを得なかったことで 才能を発揮できたと言いました 私は娘を含めた アフリカ人の子ども達に アフリカを離れることなく やりたい仕事をし 生まれた環境から抜け出して 上のレベルに行って欲しい 米国人なら誰でも 生まれた環境が悪ければ 引っ越せばいいと考えます アーカンサス生まれと言うことに 深い意味はない しかし多くのアフリカ人にとっては 生まれた環境によって人生が 決まってしまうのです この状況を変えて下さい 私達が変えるのです アフリカ人として責任を持ちましょう ありがとう
(Applause)
(拍手)