It's very, very difficult to speak at the end of a conference like this, because everyone has spoken. Everything has been said. So I thought that what may be useful is to remind us of some of the things that have gone on here, and then maybe offer some ideas which we can take away, and take forward and work on. That's what I'd like to try and do. We came here saying we want to talk about "Africa: the Next Chapter." But we are talking about "Africa: the Next Chapter" because we are looking at the old and the present chapter -- that we're looking at, and saying it's not such a good thing. The picture I showed you before, and this picture, of drought, death and disease is what we usually see. What we want to look at is "Africa: the Next Chapter," and that's this: a healthy, smiling, beautiful African. And I think it's worth remembering what we've heard through the conference right from the first day, where I heard that all the important statistics have been given -- about where we are now, about how the continent is doing much better. And the importance of that is that we have a platform to build on.
非常に難しいことですが 会議の最終日の総括をしたいと思います 全員が話し終わったところで 大切なことは ここで話されたことを心にとめ 持ち帰った考えを提案し さらに それを実行することです 私もそうしようと思います 「アフリカの新たな章」について話しに来ました それはなぜかと言うと 悪いことに私達は過去や現在ばかりを 見ているからです これは私達がいつも目にしている 干ばつ 死 病気の写真ですが 「アフリカの次章」で目にするのは 健康で 笑顔の 美しいアフリカ人です 今日までに聞いたことを 覚えておいて下さい これはとても重要な アフリカは現在どこに位置し どうしたらより良くなるかの統計です アフリカには基盤はあります
So I'm not going to spend too much time -- just to show you, refresh your memories that we are here for "Africa: the Next Chapter" because for the first time there really is a platform to build on. We really do have it going right that the continent is growing at rates that people had thought would not happen. After decades of 2 percent, we are now at 5 percent, and it's going to -- projected -- 6 and 7 percent even. And inflation has come down. External debt -- something that I can tell you a long story about because I personally worked on one of the biggest debts on the continent -- has come down dramatically. You know, as you can see, from almost 50 billion down to about 12 or 13 billion. Now this is a huge achievement.
今は詳しく触れずに 紹介だけにしておきます 実際にアフリカは しっかりした基盤があります これを良い方に向けるべきです アフリカは急成長していて 現在は5%の成長率です 今後は6%から7%の予想です インフレは落ち着きました 私が働いた国では 巨額の対外債務を抱えていましたが 現在は債務も激減し 500億ドルから 120から130億ドルになったのです これは大成功です
You know, we've built up reserves. Why is that important? It's because it shows off our economies, shows off our currencies and gives a platform on which people can plan and build, including businesses. We've also seen some evidence that all this is making a difference because private investment flows have increased. I want to remind you again -- I know you saw these statistics before -- from almost 6 billion we are now at about 18 billion. In 2005, remittances -- I just took one country, Nigeria skyrocketing -- skyrocketing is too dramatic, but increasing dramatically. And in many other countries this is happening. Why is this important? Because it shows confidence. People are now confident to bring -- if your people in the diaspora bring their money back, it shows other people that, look, there is emerging confidence in your country. And instead of an outflow, you are now getting a net inflow.
また 準備金の増加も大切です 経済や通貨の強さを示し ビジネスを計画 構築する基盤が得られます 変化しつつあることの証拠として 民間投資が増加しています 繰り返しますが 統計では 約60億だった投資が 現在は約180億です 2005年はナイジェリアでも 海外からの送金額が驚くほどの勢いで 急激に増加しつつあります 他の国も同じです この現象の意義は 外国で暮らす人々が安心して 出身国へ送金するなら 他の人々にとって 国への信用が生まれ 純流入につながります
Now, why is all this important, to have to go really fast? It's important that we build this platform, that we have the president, Kikwete, and others of our leaders who are saying, "Look, we must do something different." Because we are confronted with a challenge. 62 percent of our population is below the age of 24. What does this mean? This means that we have to focus on how our youth are going to be engaged in productive endeavor in their lives. You have to focus on how to create jobs, make sure they don't fall into disease, and that they get an education. But most of all that they are productively engaged in life, and that they are creating the kind of productive environment in our countries that will make things happen. And to support this, I just recently -- one of the things I've done since leaving government is to start an opinion research organization in Nigeria. Most of our countries don't even have any opinion research. People don't have voice. There is no way you can know what people want.
今重要なことは 急がず 基盤を構築することです 大統領と他の指導者たちが 別のことをして 解決したいのは 国民の62%が24歳以下という事実です ここで問題になるのは 若い人々をどのように 生産活動に就かせるか 雇用や健康や教育を どう保証するかです 生産的な生活のための 生産環境を構築することは 将来的には可能でしょう 政府の仕事を離れた私は 世論調査の 組織を設立しました アフリカの国では 世論調査も 国民の発言権もなく 民意が分かりません
One of the things we asked them recently was what's their top issue. Like in every other country where this has been done, jobs is the top issue. I want to leave this up here and come back to it. But before I get to this slide, I just wanted to run you through this. And to say that for me, the next stage of building this platform that now enables us to move forward -- and we mustn't make light of it. It was only 5, 6, 7 years ago we couldn't even talk about the next chapter, because we were in the old chapter. We were going nowhere. The economies were not growing. We were having negative per capita growth. The microeconomic framework and foundation for moving forward was not even there. So let's not forget that it's taken a lot to build this, including all those things that we tried to do in Nigeria that Dele referred to. Creating our own program to solve problems, like fighting corruption, building institutions, stabilizing the micro economy.
国民に尋ねると 調査した国はどこでも同じで 仕事が最大の問題です これについては後で述べます ここでちょっと考えて欲しいのですが 構築した基盤が次の段階で 前進を可能にすることを 忘れないで下さい ほんの5年から7年前には アフリカは古い章の中にいたのです 進むこともできず 経済は停滞していて 個人ではマイナス成長でした マクロ経済の枠組も 存在しませんでした ですから私達は いろいろやりました 問題解決プログラムの作成や マクロ経済制度の安定化などです
So now we have this platform we can build on. And it brings us to the debate that has been going on here: aid versus private sector, aid versus trade, etc. And someone stood up to say that one of the frustrating things is that it's been a simplistic debate. And that's not what the debate should be about. That's engaging in the wrong debate. The issue here is how do we get a partnership that involves government donors, the private sector and ordinary African people taking charge of their own lives? How do we combine all this? To move our continent forward, to do the things that need doing that I talked about -- getting young people employed. Getting the creative juices flowing on this continent, much of what you have seen here. So I'm afraid we've been engaging a little bit in the wrong debate. We need to bring it back to say, what is the combination of all these factors that is going to yield what we want? (Applause)
今は基盤があります この前提で ここで議論してきたのは 援助対民間部門や援助対貿易などについてです ある人から「議論が単純すぎる」と 言われたのですが これを討論してどうするのでしょう 私達の討論は間違っていました 政府や民間部門や 生活がかかっている一般の人々と どう協力していくのか その組み合わせが今の問題なのです アフリカの前進には 想像力のある若者を 雇用する必要があることは 今まで ここで見てきました 間違った議論から 戻って 考えるべきは 私達が望むものを作るのに 全ての要素をどう組み合わせるかです(拍手)
And I want to tell you something. For me, the issue about aid -- I don't think that Africans need to now go all the way over to the other side and feel bad about aid. Africa has been giving the other countries aid. Mo Ibrahim said at a debate we were at that he dreams one day when Africa will be giving aid. And I said, "Mo, you're right. We have -- no, but we've already been doing it! The U.K. and the U.S. could not have been built today without Africa's aid."
もうひとつ述べたいのは 私にとっての援助の問題です アフリカは別の方向へ進む必要も 援助が悪いと感じる必要も ありません ある人に「援助するアフリカになる」と 言われたとき 私は 「すでにそうです」と答えました 「アフリカの援助なしに 今の英米はありません」
(Applause)
(拍手)
It is all the resources that were taken from Africa, including human, that built these countries today! So when they try to give back, we shouldn't be on the defensive. The issue is not that. The issue is how are we using what has been given back. How are we using it? Is it being directed effectively? I want to tell you a little story. Why I don't mind if we get aid, but we use it well. From 1967 to '70, Nigeria fought a war -- the Nigeria-Biafra war. And in the middle of that war, I was 14 years old. We spent much of our time with my mother cooking. For the army -- my father joined the army as a brigadier -- the Biafran army. We were on the Biafran side. And we were down to eating one meal a day, running from place to place, but wherever we could help we did. At a certain point in time, in 1969, things were really bad. We were down to almost nothing in terms of a meal a day. People, children were dying of kwashiorkor. I'm sure some of you who are not so young will remember those pictures. Well, I was in the middle of it.
アフリカの資源や人間が 現在の国を構築したのです! お返しをしてくれるなら 素直に受けましょう 問題になるのは 返されたものの使い方です 私達はどう使っているのか 直接 効果的でしょうか? 援助を受けるかではなく 有効利用できるかが問題だと感じる理由があります 1967年から70年 ナイジェリアは戦争中で 私は料理担当でした 父はビアフラ軍に入隊し 准将をしていました 一日一食で 次から次へ 場所を移動しました 1969年のある日 情勢がとても悪化し 一日一食もできなくなって 人々が死にました 年輩のみなさんは 記憶していると思いますが 私はその中にいました
In the midst of all this, my mother fell ill with a stomach ailment for two or three days. We thought she was going to die. My father was not there. He was in the army. So I was the oldest person in the house. My sister fell very ill with malaria. She was three years old and I was 15. And she had such a high fever. We tried everything. It didn't look like it was going to work. Until we heard that 10 kilometers away there was a doctor, who was looking at people and giving them meds. Now I put my sister on my back -- burning -- and I walked 10 kilometers with her strapped on my back. It was really hot. I was very hungry. I was scared because I knew her life depended on my getting to this woman. We heard there was a woman doctor who was treating people. I walked 10 kilometers, putting one foot in front of the other. I got there and I saw huge crowds. Almost a thousand people were there, trying to break down the door. She was doing this in a church. How was I going to get in?
母が数日間 胃の病気になって 亡くなりかけました 父は軍にいて いません 家族では私が最年長でした 妹が重いマラリアにかかったとき 彼女は3歳 私は15歳でした 妹は高熱を出し 看病しても 治る気配がありません 10キロ先の医者なら診察して 薬をもらえると聞いて 高熱の妹を背中に背負い 10キロ歩きました 暑さと空腹で とてもつらかったけど 妹の命は私にかかっていました 治療のために 10キロ歩きました そこに着くと 大勢が 診療している教会のドアを こじ開けようとしていたのです
I had to crawl in between the legs of these people with my sister strapped on my back, find a way to a window. And while they were trying to break down the door, I climbed in through the window, and jumped in. This woman told me it was in the nick of time. By the time we jumped into that hall, she was barely moving. She gave a shot of her chloroquine -- what I learned was the chloroquine then -- gave her some -- it must have been a re-hydration -- and some other therapies, and put us in a corner. In about two to three hours, she started to move. And then they toweled her down because she started sweating, which was a good sign. And then my sister woke up. And about five or six hours later, she said we could go home. I strapped her on my back. I walked the 10 kilometers back and it was the shortest walk I ever had. I was so happy -- (Applause) -- that my sister was alive! Today she's 41 years old, a mother of three, and she's a physician saving other lives.
私は妹を背負ったまま 足の間をはって 窓の方へ 進むと ドアをこじ開けずに 窓から中に入りました 医者は間一髪だと言いました 妹は ほとんど動きませんでした クロロキンの注射を打たれました 水分補給も必要でした 隅に行き数時間すると 妹の体が動きました 汗をかいていたので 私は妹の身体を拭いてあげました すると妹は起き上がったのです 5‐6時間後 もう平気だと言われ 妹を背負って家に帰りました 今度は10キロの道も短く感じました 妹が回復し(拍手)とても嬉しかった 現在 妹は母親になり 医者をしています
Why am I telling that? I'm telling you that because -- when it is you or your person involved -- you don't care where -- whether it's aid. You don't care what it is! (Applause) You just want the person to be alive! And now let me become less sentimental, and say that saving lives -- which some of the aid we get does on this continent -- when you save the life of anyone, a farmer, a teacher, a mother, they are contributing productively into the economy. And as an economist, we can also look at that side of the story. These are people who are productive agents in the economy. So if we save people from HIV/AIDS, if we save them from malaria, it means they can form the base of production for our economy. And by the same token -- as someone said yesterday -- if we don't and they die, their children will become a burden on the economy. So even from an economic standpoint, if we leave the social and the humanitarian, we need to save lives now. So that's one of the reasons, from a personal experience, that I say let's channel these resources we get into something productive. However, I will also tell you that I'm one of those who doesn't believe that this is the sole answer. That's why I said the debate has to get more sophisticated. You know, we have to use it well.
こういうことです あなたや家族が苦しんでいるのなら 場所は関係ありません 援助の定義は関係ありません!(拍手) その人が生きることだけを望むのが援助です! アフリカには援助によって 救われる命があります そして誰かの命を救うのは 生産性を上げます 経済学者として別の側面も見えます 生産性向上のため エイズやマラリアの人を治療すれば 経済基盤が形成できます しかし同様の状況を放置すれば 病人は死亡し 遺児が経済的負担になる 社会的で人道的立場でなくとも 経済の立場からも 命を守ることが必要です そして こうした人的資源を 生産的なものに向けようと思うのです しかし私は これが唯一の答えと 思ってはいません 高度な議論が必要です 私達は援助を上手く使う必要があるのです
What has happened in Europe? Do you all know that Spain -- part of the EU -- got 10 billion dollars in aid from the rest of the EU? Resources that were transferred to them -- and were the Spanish ashamed of this? No! The EU transferred 10 billion. Where did they use it? Have you been to southern Spain lately? There are roads everywhere. Infrastructure everywhere. It is on the back of this that the whole of southern Spain has developed into a services economy. Did you know that Ireland got 3 billion dollars in aid? Ireland is one of the fastest-growing economies in the European Union today. For which many people, even from other parts of the world, are going there to find jobs. What did they do with the 3 billion dollars in aid? They used it to build an information superhighway, gain infrastructure that enables them to participate in the information technology revolution, and to create jobs in their economy. They didn't say, "No, you know, we're not going to take this." Today, the European Union is busy transferring aid. My frustration is if they can build infrastructure in Spain -- which is roads, highways, other things that they can build -- I say then, why do they refuse to use the same aid to build the same infrastructure in our countries? (Applause)
ヨーロッパで起こったことですが EUの加盟国スペインは 他の加盟国から100億ドルの援助を受け スペインはその資源を 恥ずかしいとは考えなかった どう使ったのでしょう? スペイン南部はどこでも道路があり インフラが整っているので 南部全体で サービス業が 発展しました 30億ドルの援助を受け アイルランドは経済を発展させました 世界中から多くの人々が 職を求め集まります 援助の使い方は? 情報ハイウエイを構築し 情報技術革命に使うための インフラを 整備したのです 雇用も創出されました 援助を受けたからです 今もEUは援助をしています もしもスペインで インフラが構築できるなら なぜEUはアフリカを 援助しないのですか?(拍手)
When we ask them and tell them what we need, one of my worries today is that we have many foundations now. Now we talk about the World Bank, IMF, and accountability, all that and the EU. We also have private citizens now who have a lot of money -- some of them in this audience, with private foundations. And one day, these foundations have so much money, they will overtake the official aid that is being given. But I fear -- and I'm very grateful to all of them for what they are trying to do on the continent -- but I'm also worried. I wake up with a gnawing in my belly because I see a new set of aid entrepreneurs on the continent. And they're also going from country to country, and many times trying to find what to do. But I'm not really sure that their assistance is also being channeled in the right way. And many of them are not really familiar with the continent. They are just discovering. And many times I don't see Africans working with them. They are just going alone! (Applause)
私達から要求しなくとも 援助の財団は多いです 世界銀行 IMF などや EUもそうです 多額のお金を所有している一般市民もいます ここにも おられますね 私的援助は公的援助を 上回るほどです みなさんがアフリカでしていることに 感謝していますが 心配で 胃が痛むこともあります 援助起業家である彼らは 国から国へ渡り歩き 何度も すべきことを見つけようとしています しかし私はその支援が 正しい方向か全く確信が持てません 大陸は投資先の 一つに過ぎず アフリカ人と働くことも していないようです(拍手)
And many times I get the impression that they are not really even interested in hearing from Africans who might know. They want to visit us, see what's happening on the ground and make a decision. And now I'm maybe being harsh. But I worry because this money is so important. Now, who are they accountable to? Are we on their boards when they make decisions about where to channel money? Are we there? Will we make the same mistake that we made before? Have our presidents and our leaders -- everyone is talking about -- have they ever called these people together and said, "Look, your foundation and your foundation -- you have so much money, we are grateful. Let's sit down and really tell you where the money should be channeled and where this aid should go." Have we done that? The answer is no. And each one is making their own individual effort. And then 10 years from now, billions will again have gone into Africa, and we would still have the same problems.
実際に投資企業家達は アフリカ人の話を聞こうとさえしません 私達から現地の事を知り 行動を決定します 手短にお話します お金は重要です 投資家は私達に責任を果たすでしょうか? 資金の投資先の決定に 私達は参加していますか? 私達は過ちを繰り返すのでしょうか? 大統領や指導者達は 人々を集めて 「あなたがたには資金という ありがたい基盤がある 資金をどこに援助すべきか 教えよう」と 言った事はありませんでした バラバラに援助しているから また数10億が投資されても 同じ問題を抱えてしまうでしょう
This is what gives us the hopeless image. Our inability to take charge and say to all these people bringing their money, "Sit down." And we don't do it because there are so many of us. We don't coordinate. We've not called the Bill Gates, and the Soros, and everybody else who is helping and say, "Sit down. Let's have a conference with you. As a continent, here are our priorities. Here is where we want you to channel this money." Each one should not be an entrepreneur going out and finding what is best. We're not trying to stop them at all! But to help them help us better. And what is disappointing me is that we are not doing this. Ten years from now we will have the same story, and we will be repeating the same things. So our problem right now is, how can we leverage all this good will that is coming towards our way? How can we get government to combine properly with these private foundations, with the international organizations, and with our private sector.
将来性がなければ 人々に資金を持って集まれとは 言えません 支援者が多すぎて ビル ゲイツもソロスも呼んでいません 支援者の一部に声をかける時はこういいます 「ここで会合を開きましょう 優先権は私達にあります ここに資金を向けてください」 起業家になって 海外で投資先を見つける前に 私達をよりよく支援して欲しいのです 実際はそうではありません ですから10年後も 同じことを繰り返しているでしょう 現在の問題は私達がいかにして 必要とする好意を活用するか? 政府がどのように適切に 私立財団や国際組織や 民間部門と協力するのかです
I firmly believe in that private sector thing too. But it cannot do it alone. So there might be a few ideas we could think of that could work. They said this is about proliferating and sharing ideas. So why don't we think of using some of this aid? Well, why don't we first say to those helping us out, "Don't be shy about infrastructure. That health that you're working on cannot be sustainable without infrastructure. That education will work better if we've got electricity and railroads, and so on. That agriculture will work better if there are railroads to get the goods to market. Don't be shy of it. Invest some of your resources in that, too." And then we can see that this is one combination of private, international, multilateral money, private sector and the African that we can put together as a partnership, so that aid can be a facilitator. That is all aid can be. Aid cannot solve our problems, I'm firmly convinced about that. But it can be catalytic. And if we fail to use it as catalytic, we would have failed.
民間部門だけでも だめです 浮かんだアイディアを 普及させ共有しましょう なぜ援助を使用しようとしないのですか? インフラが必要だと 言わないのでしょうか 医療にはインフラが不可欠です より効率的な教育には電気や鉄道が 整備されている方が良いし 農作物も市場に運べます 遠慮しないで アフリカに投資してください 民間や国際的な資金を上手く調整し 民間部門とアフリカ人が 一つになり協力し合うことを 促進させるのが援助です 援助するだけでは 問題を解決できませんが そのきっかけとして利用すれば 援助は成功するでしょう
One of the reasons why China is a bit popular with Africans now -- one of the reasons is not only just that, you know, these people are stupid and China is coming to take resources. It's because there's a little more leverage in terms of the Chinese. If you tell them, "We need a road here," they will help you build it. They don't shy away from infrastructure. In fact, the Chinese minister of finance said to me, when I asked him what are we doing wrong in Nigeria. He said, "There are two things you need only. Infrastructure, infrastructure, infrastructure and discipline. You are undisciplined." (Applause) And I repeat it for the continent. It's the same. We need infrastructure, infrastructure and discipline. So we can make a catalytic to help us provide some of that. Now I realize -- I'm not saying -- health and education -- no, you can also provide that as well. But I'm saying it's not either or. Let's see how aid can be a facilitator in partnership. One idea. Second thing, for the private sector, people are afraid to take risks on the continent. Why can't some of this aid be used as a kind of guarantee mechanisms, to enable people to take risk?
アフリカで中国人が 非常識ということ以上に 資源の採取で 知られつつあるのは 行動力があるからです 道路が欲しいと言えば 中国人が協力します 遠慮は無用 中国財務相は私に ナイジェリアに必要な 2つのことを教えました 「インフラの整備と規律 あなた方には規律がありません」(拍手) アフリカ全土もインフラと 規律が必要です それにより援助が提供されます また健康な生活と良い教育の 両方を提供できます 援助が協力を促進する様子を 見て下さい これがひとつ 次に 民間部門は 大陸でリスクを冒したがりません なぜ援助の一部を リスクの保証としないのでしょう?
(Applause)
(拍手)
And finally, because they are both standing at my -- I'm out of time. Am I out of time? OK, so let me not forget my punchline. One of the things I want everybody to collaborate on is to support women, to create jobs. (Applause) A lot has been said here about women, I don't need to repeat it. But there are people -- women -- creating jobs. And we know, studies have shown that when you put resources in the hand of the woman -- in fact, there's an econometric study, the World Bank Review, done in 2000, showing that transfers into the hands of women result in healthier children, more for the household, more for the economy and all that. So I'm saying that one of the takeaways from here -- I'm not saying the men are not important -- obviously, if you leave the husbands out, what will they do? They'll come back home and get disgruntled, and it will result in difficulties we don't want. We don't want men beating their wives because they don't have a job, and so on.
最後に この2つは 時間がないですか? 最後のポイントです みんなに協力して欲しいのは 女性の仕事を創設することです(拍手) 繰り返しますが 女性の仕事が必要です 2000年に世界銀行が 女性への投資を行った 研究があります これによると 女性が資本を手にした方が 家族も経済も健全化します 別に男性を軽んじては いません 夫と別れた女性は 実家で不満を抱き 苦労することになります 仕事をしない女性を 殴ってはいけません
But at the margin, we also -- I want to push this, because the reason is the men automatically -- they get -- not automatically, but they tend to get more support. But I want you to realize that resources in the hands of African women is a powerful tool. There are people creating jobs. Beatrice Gakuba has created 200 jobs from her flower business in Rwanda. We have Ibukun Awosika in Nigeria, with the chair company. She wants to expand. She needs another 20 million. She will create another 100, 200 more jobs. So take away from here is how are you going to put together the resources to put money in the hands of women in the middle who are ready -- business people who want to expand and create more jobs. And lastly, what are you going to do to be part of this partnership of aid, government, private sector and the African as an individual? Thank you. (Applause)
最後に強調したいのは 男性は職を得る際に 支援が受けやすいのです しかし女性が資本を持つと それは強力なツールとなります 例えば ルワンダの女性は園芸業で 200の雇用を創設し ナイジェリアの家具の製造会社は 拡張のため 2000万が必要です 新しい仕事口もできます どのようにして 女性の手に資金を 向けたらいいでしょう 彼女達は経営者として事業を拡大し 雇用を生み出します 最後に あなた方はこれから 援助パートナー 政府 民間部門 アフリカ人に何をしますか ありがとうございました(拍手)