Now this is a very un-TED-like thing to do, but let's kick off the afternoon with a message from a mystery sponsor.
Isto non é unha cousa TED, pero comecemos a tarde cunha mensaxe dun patrocinador misterioso.
Anonymous: Dear Fox News, it has come to our unfortunate attention that both the name and nature of Anonymous has been ravaged. We are everyone. We are no one. We are anonymous. We are legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. We are but the base of chaos.
Anónimo: Ás noticias de Fox, por desgraza chamounos a atención que se fixeron estragos co nome e coa natureza dos Anónimos. Somos todos. Somos ninguén. Somos Anónimos. Somos unha lexión. Non perdoamos. Non esquecemos. Non somos máis que a base do caos.
Misha Glenny: Anonymous, ladies and gentlemen -- a sophisticated group of politically motivated hackers who have emerged in 2011. And they're pretty scary. You never know when they're going to attack next, who or what the consequences will be. But interestingly, they have a sense of humor. These guys hacked into Fox News' Twitter account to announce President Obama's assassination. Now you can imagine the panic that would have generated in the newsroom at Fox. "What do we do now? Put on a black armband, or crack open the champagne?" (Laughter) And of course, who could escape the irony of a member of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. being a victim of hacking for a change.
Misha Glenny: Anónimos, damas e cabaleiros, un grupo sofisticado de piratas informáticos motivados políticamente que xurdiu no 2011. E dan bastante medo. Nunca sabes cando volverán a atacar, quen o cales serán as consecuencias. Pero curiosamente, teñen sentido do humor. Estes mozos metéronse no Twitter das Fox News para anunciar que o Presidente Obama fora asasinado. Imaxinen o pánico que iso provocaría na sala de prensa de Fox. "¿Que facemos agora? ¿Poñémonos un brazalete negro ou descorchamos champaña?" (Risas) E por suposto, ¿quen pode escapar á ironía de que a vítima de piratería fose, para variar, un membro da News Corp de Rupert Murdoch?
(Laughter)
(Risas)
(Applause)
(Aplausos)
Sometimes you turn on the news and you say, "Is there anyone left to hack?" Sony Playstation Network -- done, the government of Turkey -- tick, Britain's Serious Organized Crime Agency -- a breeze, the CIA -- falling off a log. In fact, a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world: those that know they've been hacked, and those that don't. I mean three companies providing cybersecurity services to the FBI have been hacked. Is nothing sacred anymore, for heaven's sake?
Ás veces pos as noticias e pensas, "¿queda alguén por piratear?" Sony Playstation Network... feito, o goberno de Turquía... feito, a Axencia Británica contra o Crime Organizado... pan comido, a CIA... carne sen ósos. De feito, un amigo que traballa na seguridade díxome o outro día que no mundo hai dous tipos de empresas: as que saben que foron pirateadas, e as que non. Tres empresas que dan servizos de seguridade informática ao FBI foron pirateadas. ¡Polo amor de Deus! ¿Xa non queda nada sacro?
Anyway, this mysterious group Anonymous -- and they would say this themselves -- they are providing a service by demonstrating how useless companies are at protecting our data. But there is also a very serious aspect to Anonymous -- they are ideologically driven. They claim that they are battling a dastardly conspiracy. They say that governments are trying to take over the Internet and control it, and that they, Anonymous, are the authentic voice of resistance -- be it against Middle Eastern dictatorships, against global media corporations, or against intelligence agencies, or whoever it is. And their politics are not entirely unattractive. Okay, they're a little inchoate. There's a strong whiff of half-baked anarchism about them. But one thing is true: we are at the beginning of a mighty struggle for control of the Internet. The Web links everything, and very soon it will mediate most human activity. Because the Internet has fashioned a new and complicated environment for an old-age dilemma that pits the demands of security with the desire for freedom.
De tódolos xeitos, o grupo misterioso Anónimos, (eles mesmos aseguraríano) proporcionan un servizo ao demostrar o inútiles que son as compañías que protexen os nosos datos. Pero tamén hai un aspecto moi serio sobre Anónimos: perseguen unha ideoloxía. Reivindican que loitan contra unha vil conspiración. Afirman que os gobernos tratan de apoderarse e controlar Internet, e que eles, Anónimos, son a verdadeira voz da resistencia; xa sexa contra as ditaduras do Oriente Medio, contra as empresas mundiais de medios, contra as axencias de intelixencia, ou contra quen sexa. E as súas políticas son atractivas, aínda que un pouco rudimentarias. Cheiran bastante a anarquismo a medias. Pero algo é certo: atopámonos ao comezo dunha gran loita polo control de Internet. A web úneo todo e, moi pronto, mediará en case toda a actividade humana. Porque Internet puxo de moda un entorno novo e complicado para un vello dilema que enfronta as demandas de seguridade co desexo de liberdade.
Now this is a very complicated struggle. And unfortunately, for mortals like you and me, we probably can't understand it very well. Nonetheless, in an unexpected attack of hubris a couple of years ago, I decided I would try and do that. And I sort of get it. These were the various things that I was looking at as I was trying to understand it. But in order to try and explain the whole thing, I would need another 18 minutes or so to do it, so you're just going to have to take it on trust from me on this occasion, and let me assure you that all of these issues are involved in cybersecurity and control of the Internet one way or the other, but in a configuration that even Stephen Hawking would probably have difficulty trying to get his head around. So there you are. And as you see, in the middle, there is our old friend, the hacker. The hacker is absolutely central to many of the political, social and economic issues affecting the Net. And so I thought to myself, "Well, these are the guys who I want to talk to." And what do you know, nobody else does talk to the hackers. They're completely anonymous, as it were.
Pero esta é unha loita moi complicada. E por desgraza, os mortais coma Vde. e eu, seguramente non o entendamos moi ben. No entanto, nun ataque inseperado de arrogancia fai un par de anos, decidín que tentaría facelo. E en certo xeito fíxeno. Estas eran tódalas cousas que miraba mentres tentaba entendelo. Pero para intentar explicar o asunto necesitaría outros 18 minutos, así que esta vez teredes que confiar en min, e asegúrolles que todas estas cuestións teñen que ver coa seguridade e o control de Internet dunha ou outra forma, pero de tal maneira que ata Stephen Hawking tería dificultades ao intentar entendela. Así que ahí o teñen. E como ven, no medio, o noso amigo, o pirata informático. O hacker é o responsable de moitos dos problemas políticos, sociais e económicos que afectan á Rede. E por iso pensei: "Estos son os mozos cos que quero falar". E, ¿saben que? Ninguén máis fala cos hackers. Parece que de verdade sí son anónimos.
So despite the fact that we are beginning to pour billions, hundreds of billions of dollars, into cybersecurity -- for the most extraordinary technical solutions -- no one wants to talk to these guys, the hackers, who are doing everything. Instead, we prefer these really dazzling technological solutions, which cost a huge amount of money. And so nothing is going into the hackers. Well, I say nothing, but actually there is one teeny weeny little research unit in Turin, Italy called the Hackers Profiling Project. And they are doing some fantastic research into the characteristics, into the abilities and the socialization of hackers. But because they're a U.N. operation, maybe that's why governments and corporations are not that interested in them. Because it's a U.N. operation, of course, it lacks funding. But I think they're doing very important work. Because where we have a surplus of technology in the cybersecurity industry, we have a definite lack of -- call me old-fashioned -- human intelligence.
Así que a pesar de que comezamos a investir miles de millóns, centos de miles de millóns de dólares, na seguridade informática (para as solucións técnicas máis insólitas) ninguén quere falar con estes mozos, os hackers, responsables de todo. En vez diso, preferimos estas solucións tecnolóxicas cegadoras, que custan moito diñeiro. E non se destina nada aos hackers. Bueno, digo nada, pero en realidade hai unha diminuta unidade de investigación en Turín, Italia chamada Proxecto de Perfís de Hackers. E están a facer investigacións incribles sobre as características, as habilidades e a socialización dos hackers. Pero como é unha operación da ONU, é quizáis por iso que os gobernos e as empresas non están interesados neles. E como é unha operación de ONU carece de financiamento. Pero creo que están facendo un traballo moi importante. Porque onde temos un superávit de tecnoloxía na industria da seguridade informática, temos unha clara falta de... (chámenme anticuado) ...intelixencia humana.
Now, so far I've mentioned the hackers Anonymous who are a politically motivated hacking group. Of course, the criminal justice system treats them as common old garden criminals. But interestingly, Anonymous does not make use of its hacked information for financial gain. But what about the real cybercriminals? Well real organized crime on the Internet goes back about 10 years when a group of gifted Ukrainian hackers developed a website, which led to the industrialization of cybercrime. Welcome to the now forgotten realm of CarderPlanet. This is how they were advertising themselves a decade ago on the Net. Now CarderPlanet was very interesting. Cybercriminals would go there to buy and sell stolen credit card details, to exchange information about new malware that was out there. And remember, this is a time when we're seeing for the first time so-called off-the-shelf malware. This is ready for use, out-of-the-box stuff, which you can deploy even if you're not a terribly sophisticated hacker.
Ata agora mencionei aos hackers Anónimos que son un grupo con motivacións políticas. Claro que o sistema de xustiza penal trátaos como aos típicos delincuentes comúns. Pero, curiosamente, os Anónimos non usan a información pirateada para obter ganancias. ¿E os ciberdelincuentes de verdade? O cibercrime organizado real remóntase 10 anos atrás cando un grupo de hackers prodixio ucraínos desenvolveron a páxina web que levou á industrialización do cibercrime. Benvidos agora ao reino esquecido de CarderPlanet. Así é como se publicitaban na Rede fai unha década. CarderPlanet era moi interesante. Os cibercriminais irían alí a comprar e vender datos roubados de tarxetas de crédito, para intercambiar información sobre o novo malware que alí se atopaba. Lembren que era unha época na que vimos por primeira vez o chamado malware comercial. É material listo para usar, que se pode pór en práctica aínda que non sexas un hacker moi sofisticado.
And so CarderPlanet became a sort of supermarket for cybercriminals. And its creators were incredibly smart and entrepreneurial, because they were faced with one enormous challenge as cybercriminals. And that challenge is: How do you do business, how do you trust somebody on the Web who you want to do business with when you know that they're a criminal? (Laughter) It's axiomatic that they're dodgy, and they're going to want to try and rip you off. So the family, as the inner core of CarderPlanet was known, came up with this brilliant idea called the escrow system. They appointed an officer who would mediate between the vendor and the purchaser. The vendor, say, had stolen credit card details; the purchaser wanted to get a hold of them. The purchaser would send the administrative officer some dollars digitally, and the vendor would sell the stolen credit card details. And the officer would then verify if the stolen credit card worked. And if they did, he then passed on the money to the vendor and the stolen credit card details to the purchaser. And it was this which completely revolutionized cybercrime on the Web. And after that, it just went wild. We had a champagne decade for people who we know as Carders.
Así, CarderPlanet convértese nunha especie de supermercado para ciberdelincuentes. E os seus creadores foron moi intelixentes e emprendedores, xa que se enfrontaron a un enorme reto como son os ciberdelincuentes. O reto é: ¿Como facer negocios, como confiar nalguén da Rede con quen queres facer negocios cando sabes que son delincuentes? (Risas) Está na súa natureza ser pouco fiables e quererán estafarche. Polo que a familia, como se coñecía ao núcleo interno de CarderPlanet, apareceu con esta idea brillante chamada "sistema de garantía". Nomearon a un encargado que mediaría entre o vendedor e o comprador. O vendedor, digamos, roubara os datos da tarxeta de crédito; e o comprador quería conseguilas. O comprador envíalle ao administrativo algúns dólares en electrónico, e o vendedor envíalle os datos da tarxeta de crédito roubada. Entón o encargado verificará se a tarxeta roubada funcionou. E se o facía entón pasáballe o diñeiro ao vendedor e os datos da tarxeta roubada ao comprador. E foi isto o que revolucionou o cibercrime na Web. E despois diso explotou. Foi unha década dourada para a xente coñecida como Carders.
Now I spoke to one of these Carders who we'll call RedBrigade -- although that wasn't even his proper nickname -- but I promised I wouldn't reveal who he was. And he explained to me how in 2003 and 2004 he would go on sprees in New York, taking out $10,000 from an ATM here, $30,000 from an ATM there, using cloned credit cards. He was making, on average a week, $150,000 -- tax free of course. And he said that he had so much money stashed in his upper-East side apartment at one point that he just didn't know what to do with it and actually fell into a depression. But that's a slightly different story, which I won't go into now. Now the interesting thing about RedBrigade is that he wasn't an advanced hacker. He sort of understood the technology, and he realized that security was very important if you were going to be a Carder, but he didn't spend his days and nights bent over a computer, eating pizza, drinking coke and that sort of thing. He was out there on the town having a fab time enjoying the high life.
Eu falei cun deses Carders ao que chamaremos RedBrigade, aínda que ese non era o seu verdadeiro alcume, pero prometín que non revelaría quen era. Explicoume como no 2003 e no 2004 íase de festa por Nova York, sacando 10.000 dólares dun caixeiro automático, 30.000 doutro, usando tarxetas de crédito clonadas. Tiña un promedio por semana de $150.000, libres de impostos, claro. E dixo que tiña tanto diñeiro escondido no seu apartamento de luxo de Manhatan que non sabía que facer con el e ata caeu nunha depresión. Pero iso é unha historia diferente, da que non vou falar agora. Pero o interesante de RedBrigade é que non era un hacker avanzado. Medio entendía algo da tecnoloxía e dábase conta de que a seguridade era moi importante se un quería ser un Carder, pero non pasaba día e noite diante do ordenador, comendo pizza, bebendo coca-cola e esas cousas. Andaba na cidade pasándoo ben, disfrutando da boa vida.
And this is because hackers are only one element in a cybercriminal enterprise. And often they're the most vulnerable element of all. And I want to explain this to you by introducing you to six characters who I met while I was doing this research. Dimitry Golubov, aka SCRIPT -- born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1982. Now he developed his social and moral compass on the Black Sea port during the 1990s. This was a sink-or-swim environment where involvement in criminal or corrupt activities was entirely necessary if you wanted to survive. As an accomplished computer user, what Dimitry did was to transfer the gangster capitalism of his hometown onto the Worldwide Web. And he did a great job in it. You have to understand though that from his ninth birthday, the only environment he knew was gangsterism. He knew no other way of making a living and making money.
E isto débese a que os hackers son só un elemento na cadea do cibercrime. E polo xeral son o elemento máis vulnerable. Voullo explicar presentándolles a seis personaxes que coñecín durante esta investigación. Dimitry Golubov, alias SCRIPT, que naceu en Odessa, Ucrania en 1982. Desenvolveu o seu compás social e moral no porto do Mar Negro durante a década dos 90. Neste ambiente ou te adaptabas ou morrías e o participar en actividades corruptas ou criminais era totalmente necesario se querías sobrevivir. Como usuario experto de ordenadores, Dimitry levou o capitalismo mafioso da súa cidade natal á rede de todo o mundo. E fixo un gran traballo. Hai que entender que dende os nove anos o único ambiente que coñeceu foi o das mafias. Non coñecía outra forma de gañarse a vida e de conseguir diñeiro.
Then we have Renukanth Subramaniam, aka JiLsi -- founder of DarkMarket, born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. As an eight year-old, he and his parents fled the Sri Lankan capital because Singhalese mobs were roaming the city, looking for Tamils like Renu to murder. At 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military, accused of being a terrorist, and his parents sent him on his own to Britain as a refugee seeking political asylum. At 13, with only little English and being bullied at school, he escaped into a world of computers where he showed great technical ability, but he was soon being seduced by people on the Internet. He was convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud, and he will be released from Wormwood Scrubs jail in London in 2012.
O seguinte é Renukanth Subramaniam, alias JiLsi, fundador de DarkMarket, e nacido en Colombo, Sri Lanka. Aos oito anos fuxiu cos seus pais á capital de Sri Lanka porque as bandas cingalesas vagaban pola cidade, en busca de Tamils como Renu para asasinar. Con 11 anos o Exército de Sri Lanka interrogouno, acusándoo de terrorismo, e os seus pais enviárono a Gran Bretaña como refuxiado en busca de asilo político. Aos 13, con pouco inglés e tras ser amedrentado na escola, refuxiouse no mundo dos ordenadores no que mostrou gran habilidade técnica, pero pronto se deixou seducir pola xente de Internet. Condenárono por fraude hipotecario e de tarxetas de crédito, e sairá do cárcere de Wormwood Scrubs de Londres no 2012.
Matrix001, who was an administrator at DarkMarket. Born in Southern Germany to a stable and well-respected middle class family, his obsession with gaming as a teenager led him to hacking. And he was soon controlling huge servers around the world where he stored his games that he had cracked and pirated. His slide into criminality was incremental. And when he finally woke up to his situation and understood the implications, he was already in too deep.
Matrix 001 foi administrador en DarkMarket. Naceu no sur de Alemaña nunha respetable familia de clase media, e a súa obsesión adolescente polos xogos levouno á piratería. Pronto controlou grandes servidores en todo o mundo nos que gardaba os xogos que saqueara e pirateara. A súa incursión na delincuencia foi en aumento. E cando se deu conta da situación e entendeu as consecuencias, xa era tarde.
Max Vision, aka ICEMAN -- mastermind of CardersMarket. Born in Meridian, Idaho. Max Vision was one of the best penetration testers working out of Santa Clara, California in the late 90s for private companies and voluntarily for the FBI. Now in the late 1990s, he discovered a vulnerability on all U.S. government networks, and he went in and patched it up -- because this included nuclear research facilities -- sparing the American government a huge security embarrassment. But also, because he was an inveterate hacker, he left a tiny digital wormhole through which he alone could crawl. But this was spotted by an eagle-eye investigator, and he was convicted. At his open prison, he came under the influence of financial fraudsters, and those financial fraudsters persuaded him to work for them on his release. And this man with a planetary-sized brain is now serving a 13-year sentence in California.
Max Vision, alias ICEMAN, cerebro de CardersMarket. Nacido en Meridian, Idaho. Dos mellores en probas de penetración, a finais dos 90 traballaba en Santa Clara, California, para compañías privadas e como voluntario para o FBI. A finais dos 90, descubriu unha vulnerabilidade en tódalas redes do goberno de EE.UU. e púxolle un parche, xa que incluía ás instalacións de investigación nuclear, evitándolle ao goberno estadounidense unha enorme vergoña na seguridade. Pero, como hacker emprendedor que era, deixou un pequeno burato de verme dixital polo que só el podía entrar. Pero un investigador observador descubriuno, e acusárono. No réxime de cárcere aberto, deixouse influír polos defraudadores financeiros, que o convenceron de que traballase para eles trala súa liberación. E este home de cerebro a escala planetaria está a cumprir unha condena de 13 anos en California.
Adewale Taiwo, aka FreddyBB -- master bank account cracker from Abuja in Nigeria. He set up his prosaically entitled newsgroup, bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk before arriving in Britain in 2005 to take a Masters in chemical engineering at Manchester University. He impressed in the private sector, developing chemical applications for the oil industry while simultaneously running a worldwide bank and credit card fraud operation that was worth millions until his arrest in 2008.
Adewale Taiwo, alias FeddyBB, ciberladrón de contas bancarias. de Abuja, Nixeria. Creou o seu grupo cun nome pouco orixinal, bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk, antes de chegar a Gran Bretaña no 2005 para facer un máster en Enxeñaría Química na Universidade de Manchester. Sorprendeu ao sector privado ao desenvolver productos químicos para a industria petroleira mentres levaba ao mesmo tempo un fraude bancario e de tarxetas de crédito millonario a nivel mundial ata que o arrestaron no 2008.
And then finally, Cagatay Evyapan, aka Cha0 -- one of the most remarkable hackers ever, from Ankara in Turkey. He combined the tremendous skills of a geek with the suave social engineering skills of the master criminal. One of the smartest people I've ever met. He also had the most effective virtual private network security arrangement the police have ever encountered amongst global cybercriminals.
E por último, Cagatay Evyapan, alias Cha0, un dos hackers máis extraodinarios da historia, de Ankara, Turquía. Combinou as formidables habilidades dun friki coas da enxeñaría social dun mestre da delincuencia. Unha das persoas máis intelixentes que coñecín. Tamén tiña a rede de seguridade virtual e privada máis eficaz coa que a policía se atopou entre os cibercriminais do mundo.
Now the important thing about all of these people is they share certain characteristics despite the fact that they come from very different environments. They are all people who learned their hacking skills in their early to mid-teens. They are all people who demonstrate advanced ability in maths and the sciences. Remember that, when they developed those hacking skills, their moral compass had not yet developed. And most of them, with the exception of SCRIPT and Cha0, they did not demonstrate any real social skills in the outside world -- only on the Web.
Pero o importante de toda esta xente é que comparten certas características a pesar de que veñen de ambientes diferentes. Todos aprenderon a piratería a comezos da adolescencia. Todos eles demostraron unha gran capacidade para as matemáticas e as ciencias. Lembren que, cando desenvoleron esas habilidades, aínda non desenvolveran o seu compás moral. E a maioría, salvo SCRIPT e Cha0, non demostraron habilidades sociais no mundo exterior, só na Web.
And the other thing is the high incidence of hackers like these who have characteristics which are consistent with Asperger's syndrome. Now I discussed this with Professor Simon Baron-Cohen who's the professor of developmental psychopathology at Cambridge. And he has done path-breaking work on autism and confirmed, also for the authorities here, that Gary McKinnon -- who is wanted by the United States for hacking into the Pentagon -- suffers from Asperger's and a secondary condition of depression. And Baron-Cohen explained that certain disabilities can manifest themselves in the hacking and computing world as tremendous skills, and that we should not be throwing in jail people who have such disabilities and skills because they have lost their way socially or been duped.
E a outra cousa é o alto índice de hackers coma estes con características que concordan coa síndrome de Asperger. Debatín isto co profesor Simon Baron-Cohen que ensina psicopatoloxía do desenvolvemento en Cambridge. Levou a cabo unha labor pioneira no autismo e confirmou, tamén para as autoridades locais, que Gary McKinnon, buscado polos Estados Unidos por piratear o sistema do Pentágono, sofre de Asperger e unha condición secundaria de depresión. Baron-Cohen explicou que certas discapacidades poden manifestarse como habilidades formidables no mundo virtual e da piratería, e que non deberiamos meter no cárcere a xente con esas discapacidades e habilidades porque se descarriaron socialmente ou foron enganados.
Now I think we're missing a trick here, because I don't think people like Max Vision should be in jail. And let me be blunt about this. In China, in Russia and in loads of other countries that are developing cyber-offensive capabilities, this is exactly what they are doing. They are recruiting hackers both before and after they become involved in criminal and industrial espionage activities -- are mobilizing them on behalf of the state. We need to engage and find ways of offering guidance to these young people, because they are a remarkable breed. And if we rely, as we do at the moment, solely on the criminal justice system and the threat of punitive sentences, we will be nurturing a monster we cannot tame.
Pero aquí falta algo, porque non creo que xente como Max Vision deba estar no cárcere. Permítanme ser franco. Na China, en Rusia e en moitos outros países nos que se están desenvolvendo capacidades ciberofensivas, isto é exactamente o que están a facer. Están recrutando hackers antes e despois de que se involucren en actividades de espionaxe criminal e industrial; estanos mobilizando en nome do Estado. Temos que atraer e atopar medios para orientar a eses mozos porque son unha xeración sorprendente. E se confiamos, como ata agora, só no sistema de xustiza penal e na ameaza das penas punitivas, estaremos alimentando a un monstro que non poderemos amansar.
Thank you very much for listening.
Moitas grazas por escoitarme.
(Applause)
(Aplausos)
Chris Anderson: So your idea worth spreading is hire hackers. How would someone get over that kind of fear that the hacker they hire might preserve that little teensy wormhole?
Chris Anderson: Así que a túa idea é contratar aos hackers. ¿Como superar esa especie de temor de que o hacker contratado preserve ese verme dixital?
MG: I think to an extent, you have to understand that it's axiomatic among hackers that they do that. They're just relentless and obsessive about what they do. But all of the people who I've spoken to who have fallen foul of the law, they have all said, "Please, please give us a chance to work in the legitimate industry. We just never knew how to get there, what we were doing. We want to work with you."
MG: Creo que ata certo punto un ten que entender que está na natureza dos hackers facelo. Son implacables e obsesivos co que fan. Pero tódalas persoas coas que falei que infrinxiron a lei, dixeron, "por favor, denos unha oportunidade de traballar na industria lexítima. Nunca soubemos como chegar ata alí, nin o que estabamos facendo. Queremos traballar contigo".
Chris Anderson: Okay, well that makes sense. Thanks a lot Misha.
Chris Anderson: Ben, ten sentido. Moitas grazas Misha.
(Applause)
(Aplausos)