Today, I'd like to talk with you about something that should be a totally uncontroversial topic. But, unfortunately, it's become incredibly controversial.
Danas ću vam govoriti o nečemu što bi trebalo biti posve nekontroverzna tema, ali je nažalost postalo iznimno kontroverzno.
This year, if you think about it, over a billion couples will have sex with one another. Couples like this one, and this one, and this one, and, yes, even this one.
Ako razmislite o tome, ove godine preko milijardu parova spavat će jedno s drugim. Parovi poput ovoga, i ovoga, i ovoga i da, čak i ovoga.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And my idea is this -- all these men and women should be free to decide whether they do or do not want to conceive a child. And they should be able to use one of these birth control methods to act on their decision. Now, I think you'd have a hard time finding many people who disagree with this idea. Over one billion people use birth control without any hesitation at all. They want the power to plan their own lives and to raise healthier, better educated and more prosperous families.
A ja smatram sljedeće: svi ovi muškarci i žene trebali bi imati slobodu izbora po pitanju toga žele li ili ne žele imati dijete. Trebali bi biti u mogućnosti koristiti jedno od ovih oblika kontracepcije u svrhu ostvarivanja te odluke. Mislim da bi vam bilo teško pronaći ljude koji se s ovim ne bi složili. Preko milijardu ljudi koristi kontracepciju bez ikakvog oklijevanja. Žele moći planirati vlastite živote i odgajati zdravije, bolje obrazovane i uspješnije obitelji.
But, for an idea that is so broadly accepted in private, birth control certainly generates a lot of opposition in public. Some people think when we talk about contraception that it's code for abortion, which it's not. Some people -- let's be honest -- they're uncomfortable with the topic because it's about sex. Some people worry that the real goal of family planning is to control populations. These are all side issues that have attached themselves to this core idea that men and women should be able to decide when they want to have a child. And as a result, birth control has almost completely and totally disappeared from the global health agenda.
No, za jednu ideju koja je u privatnosti tako široko prihvaćena, kontracepcija definitivno izaziva jako puno protivljenja u javnosti. Neki ljudi misle da kad govorimo o kontracepciji, da je to tek šifra za pobačaj, a nije. Budimo iskreni, nekim je ljudima neugodno zbog te teme jer se radi o seksu. Neki ljudi brinu da je pravi cilj planiranja obitelji kontrola populacije. Sve su to sporedna pitanja koja su se nadovezala na tu temeljnu ideju da bi muškarci i žene trebali moći odlučiti o tome kada žele imati dijete. Posljedično, kontracepcija je gotovo potpuno nestala s dnevnog reda javnog zdravstva.
The victims of this paralysis are the people of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Here in Germany, the proportion of people that use contraception is about 66 percent. That's about what you'd expect. In El Salvador, very similar, 66 percent. Thailand, 64 percent. But let's compare that to other places, like Uttar Pradesh, one of the largest states in India. In fact, if Uttar Pradesh was its own country, it would be the fifth largest country in the world. Their contraception rate -- 29 percent. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, 10 percent. Chad, 2 percent. Let's just take one country in Africa, Senegal. Their rate is about 12 percent.
Žrtve te paralize su stanovnici subsaharske Afrike i sjeverne Azije. Ovdje u Njemačkoj stopa ljudi koji koriste kontracepciju iznosi oko 66 %. Ta brojka ne iznenađuje. U El Salvadoru je slična situacija - 66 %. Na Tajlandu 64 %. Ali usporedimo to s drugim mjestima poput Uttar Pradesha, jedne od najvećih indijskih zemalja. Naime, da je Uttar Pradesh samostalna država, bila bi peta najveća država u svijetu. Njihova stopa uporabe kontracepcije iznosi 29 %. Nigerija, najnaseljenija afrička zemlja, ima stopu uporabe od 10 %. Čad - 2 %. Uzmimo samo jednu afričku zemlju - Senegal čija stopa iznosi oko 12 %.
But why is it so low? One reason is that the most popular contraceptives are rarely available. Women in Africa will tell you over and over again that what they prefer today is an injectable. They get it in their arm -- and they go about four times a year, they have to get it every three months -- to get their injection. The reason women like it so much in Africa is they can hide it from their husbands, who sometimes want a lot of children. The problem is every other time a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal, that injection is stocked out. It's stocked out 150 days out of the year. So can you imagine the situation -- she walks all this way to go get her injection. She leaves her field, sometimes leaves her children, and it's not there. And she doesn't know when it's going to be available again. This is the same story across the continent of Africa today.
Ali zašto je ta stopa tako niska? Jedan od razloga leži u nedostupnosti najomiljenijih kontracepcijskih sredstava. Afričke žene uvijek će vam reći da sada preferiraju sredstva u obliku cjepiva. Dobivaju ih u ruku, i to oko četiri puta godišnje i moraju ići svaka tri mjeseca po novu dozu. A preferiraju taj oblik jer ga mogu sakriti od muževa koji ponekad žele jako puno djece. Problem je u tome što svaki drugi put kad žena ode u kliniku u Senegalu, sazna da cjepiva nema na zalihi. Nema ga na zalihi 150 dana tijekom godine. Zamislite tu situaciju - ona prijeđe toliki put za cjepivo. Napusti polje, a ponekad i djecu, a cjepiva nema i ne zna kad će ponovno biti dostupno. Ta se priča danas ponavlja diljem afričkog kontinenta.
And so what we've created as a world has become a life-and-death crisis. There are 100,000 women [per year] who say they don't want to be pregnant and they die in childbirth -- 100,000 women a year. There are another 600,000 women [per year] who say they didn't want to be pregnant in the first place, and they give birth to a baby and her baby dies in that first month of life. I know everyone wants to save these mothers and these children. But somewhere along the way, we got confused by our own conversation. And we stopped trying to save these lives.
Stvorili smo svijet u kojem vlada kriza na život ili smrt. Godišnje 100 000 žena koje izjave da ne žele zatrudnjeti umru pri porodu - 100 000 žena godišnje. Ima tu i drugih 600 000 žena koje godišnje izjave da nisu ni htjele ostati trudne, a rode dijete koje premine tijekom prvog mjeseca života. Znam da svi žele spasiti te žene i njihovu djecu, ali negdje usput sami smo sebe zbunili tim pričama i prestali smo pokušavati spašavati te živote.
So if we're going to make progress on this issue, we have to be really clear about what our agenda is. We're not talking about abortion. We're not talking about population control. What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their lives, to save their children's lives and to give their families the best possible future.
Ako planiramo napredovati po ovom pitanju, moramo izričito naglasiti što nam je na dnevnom redu. Ne govorimo o pobačaju, ne govorimo o kontroli populacije. već o tome da ženama dajemo moć da spase vlastite živote, da spase živote svoje djece i da svojim obiteljima pruže najbolju moguću budućnost.
Now, as a world, there are lots of things we have to do in the global health community if we want to make the world better in the future -- things like fight diseases. So many children today die of diarrhea, as you heard earlier, and pneumonia. They kill literally millions of children a year. We also need to help small farmers -- farmers who plow small plots of land in Africa -- so that they can grow enough food to feed their children. And we have to make sure that children are educated around the world. But one of the simplest and most transformative things we can do is to give everybody access to birth control methods that almost all Germans have access to and all Americans, at some point, they use these tools during their life. And I think as long as we're really clear about what our agenda is, there's a global movement waiting to happen and ready to get behind this totally uncontroversial idea.
Kao svijet puno toga moramo učiniti u zajednicama javnog zdravstva ako želim popraviti svijet u budućnosti - kao npr. boriti se s bolestima. Danas toliko djece umire od proljeva, kao što ste već čuli, i upale pluća. Te bolesti ubijaju doslovno milijune djece godišnje. Moramo pomoći i malim farmerima - farmerima koji u Africi obrađuju male komade zemlje - da uzgoje dovoljno hrane da prehrane svoju djecu. Moramo osigurati i da djeca diljem svijeta budu obrazovana. Ali jedna od najučinkovitijih stvari koje možemo učiniti jest svima omogućiti pristup kontracepcijskim metodama kojima imaju pristup gotovo svi Nijemci i svi Amerikanci u određenom razdoblju života kada ih koriste. Dok nam je jasno što nam je na dnevnom redu, čeka nas globalni pokret koji je spreman poduprijeti ovu nekontroverznu ideju.
When I grew up, I grew up in a Catholic home. I still consider myself a practicing Catholic. My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest. My great-aunt was a Dominican nun. She was a schoolteacher and a principal her entire life. In fact, she's the one who taught me as a young girl how to read. I was very close to her. And I went to Catholic schools for my entire childhood until I left home to go to university. In my high school, Ursuline Academy, the nuns made service and social justice a high priority in the school. Today, in the [Gates] Foundation's work, I believe I'm applying the lessons that I learned in high school.
Odrastala sam u katoličkom domu, još se uvijek smatram praktičnim katolikom. Majčin praujak bio je jezuitski svećenik. Moja prateta bila je sestra dominikanka. Bila je učiteljica i ravnateljica cijeli svoj život. Ona me i naučila čitati kad sam bila djevojčica. Bile smo jako bliske. Cijeli život išla sam u katoličke škole sve dok zbog fakulteta nisam otišla od kuće. U mojoj srednjoj školi Ursuline Academy sestrama je u školi služba i društvena pravda bio veliki prioritet. Vjerujem da danas u radu Zaklade Gates primjenjujem lekcije koje sam usvojila u srednjoj školi.
So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars, the nuns also taught us to question received teachings. And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned was is birth control really a sin? Because I think one of the reasons we have this huge discomfort talking about contraception is this lingering concern that if we separate sex from reproduction, we're going to promote promiscuity. And I think that's a reasonable question to be asked about contraception -- what is its impact on sexual morality?
Prema tradiciji katoličkih učenjaka, sestre nas uče da preispitujemo primljena učenja. Jedno od učenja koje smo mi djevojke i moji vršnjaci preispitivali bilo je pitanje je li kontracepcija uistinu grijeh. Mislim da je jedan od razloga zašto nam je toliko neugodno pričati o kontracepciji jest ta trajna zabrinutost da ako odvojimo seks od reprodukcije, promicat ćemo promiskuitet. Mislim da je to jedno razumno pitanje koje se treba postaviti o kontracepciji - kako ona utječe na seksualnu moralnost?
But, like most women, my decision about birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity. I had a plan for my future. I wanted to go to college. I studied really hard in college, and I was proud to be one of the very few female computer science graduates at my university. I wanted to have a career, so I went on to business school and I became one of the youngest female executives at Microsoft.
No, kao ni većini žena, moja odluka o kontracepciji nije imala nikakve veze s promiskuitetom. Imala sam plan za budućnosti. Htjela sam ići na fakultet. Marljivo sam učila na faksu i ponosila sam se time što sam jedna od rijetkih studentica računalnih znanosti na mom fakultetu. Htjela sam imati karijeru, pa sam otišla u poslovnu školu i postala jedna od najmlađih rukovoditeljica u Microsoftu.
I still remember, though, when I left my parents' home to move across the country to start this new job at Microsoft. They had sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education. But they said, as I left home -- and I literally went down the front steps, down the porch at home -- and they said, "Even though you've had this great education, if you decide to get married and have kids right away, that's OK by us, too." They wanted me to do the thing that would make me the very happiest. I was free to decide what that would be. It was an amazing feeling.
No, još se uvijek sjećam kako sam napustila roditeljski dom i otišla na drugi kraj zemlje zbog tog novog posla u Microsoftu. Puno su se žrtvovali kako bi meni omogućili pet godina visoke naobrazbe. No, kad sam odlazila, rekli su mi, doslovno sam silazila niz stube ispred kuće, i rekli su mi: "Iako si imala sjajno obrazovanje, ako se odlučiš udati i odmah imati djecu, mi nemamo ništa protiv." Htjeli su da učinim ono što bi me najviše usrećilo. Bila sam slobodna izabrati što će to biti. Bio je to sjajan osjećaj.
In fact, I did want to have kids -- but I wanted to have them when I was ready. And so now, Bill and I have three. And when our eldest daughter was born, we weren't, I would say, exactly sure how to be great parents. Maybe some of you know that feeling. And so we waited a little while before we had our second child. And it's no accident that we have three children that are spaced three years apart. Now, as a mother, what do I want the very most for my children? I want them to feel the way I did -- like they can do anything they want to do in life. And so, what has struck me as I've travelled the last decade for the foundation around the world is that all women want that same thing.
Zapravo sam htjela imati djecu, ali htjela sam ih imati onda kad budem spremna. Sada Bill i ja imamo troje djece. Kad nam se rodila najstarija kći, rekla bih da nismo bili baš najsigurniji kako biti odlični roditelji. Možda neki od vas znaju taj osjećaj. Stoga smo se malo strpili do drugog djeteta. Nemamo slučajno troje djece između kojih je po tri godine razlike. Kao majka, što najviše želim svojoj djeci? Želim da se osjećaju poput mene - kao da sa svojim životom mogu raditi sve što požele. Ono što me zapanjilo dok sam tijekom prošlog desetljeća zbog zaklade putovala svijetom bilo je to što sve žene žele to isto.
Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums, in one called Korogocho -- which literally means when translated, "standing shoulder to shoulder." And I spoke with this women's group that's pictured here. And the women talked very openly about their family life in the slums, what it was like. And they talked quite intimately about what they did for birth control. Marianne, in the center of the screen in the red sweater, she summed up that entire two-hour conversation in a phrase that I will never forget. She said, "I want to bring every good thing to this child before I have another." And I thought -- that's it. That's universal. We all want to bring every good thing to our children.
Prošle godine bila sam u Nairobiju u predgrađu Korogocho - naziv koji u doslovnom prijevodu znači "stajati rame uz rame". Razgovarala sam sa ženskom skupinom s ove slike. Žene su zaista otvoreno govorile o svom obiteljskom životu u predgrađu, o tome kakav je. A prilično su povjerljivo govorile o metodama kontracepcije. Marriane, žena sa sredine ekrana u crvenom džemperu, sažela je taj cijeli dvosatni razgovor u frazu koju nikad neću zaboraviti. Rekla je: "Želim ovom djetetu pružiti svako dobro prije nego dobijem sljedeće." Pomislih - to je to. To je univerzalno. Svi želimo svojoj djeci pružiti svako dobro.
But what's not universal is our ability to provide every good thing. So many women suffer from domestic violence. And they can't even broach the subject of contraception, even inside their own marriage. There are many women who lack basic education. Even many of the women who do have knowledge and do have power don't have access to contraceptives.
No, naše mogućnosti da im pružimo svako dobro nisu univerzalne. Puno je žena žrtava obiteljskog nasilja koje ne mogu ni načeti temu kontracepcije, čak ni unutar vlastitog braka. Ima žena koje nemaju osnovno obrazovanje. Čak i puno žena koje imaju i znanje i moć nema pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima.
For 250 years, parents around the world have been deciding to have smaller families. This trend has been steady for a quarter of a millennium, across cultures and across geographies, with the glaring exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The French started bringing down their family size in the mid-1700s. And over the next 150 years, this trend spread all across Europe. The surprising thing to me, as I learned this history, was that it spread not along socioeconomic lines but around cultural lines. People who spoke the same language made that change as a group. They made the same choice for their family, whether they were rich or whether they were poor. The reason that trend toward smaller families spread was that this whole way was driven by an idea -- the idea that couples can exercise conscious control over how many children they have. This is a very powerful idea. It means that parents have the ability to affect the future, not just accept it as it is.
Već 250 godina roditelji diljem svijeta odlučuju se za manje obitelji. Taj je trend ostao nepromijenjen već četvrtinu tisućljeća u različitim kulturama i u različitim zemljama, uz upadljivu iznimku subsaharske Afrike i južne Azije. Francuzi su počeli smanjivati veličinu obitelji sredinom 1700-ih, a tijekom sljedećih 150 godina taj se trend proširio Europom. Kad sam naučila o tom razvoju, ono što me iznenadilo bilo je to što se nije proširio socioekonomskim linijama, već kulturalnim. Ljudi koji su govorili istim jezikom tu su promjenu usvojili kao grupa. Tu su odluku donijeli i za svoje obitelji, bez obzira na to bili oni bogati ili siromašni. Taj trend manjih obitelji proširio se zato što je cijelim tim putem upravljala jedna ideja - ideja da parovi mogu svjesnom kontrolom utjecati na broj svoje djece. Moćna je to ideja koja znači da roditelji imaju mogućnost utjecati na budućnost, a ne je samo prihvatiti takvu kakva jest.
In France, the average family size went down every decade for 150 years in a row until it stabilized. It took so long back then because the contraceptives weren't that good. In Germany, this transition started in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years for family size to stabilize in this country. And in Asia and Latin America, the transition started in the 1960s, and it happened much faster because of modern contraception.
U Francuskoj se prosječna veličina obitelji smanjivala svakim desetljećem tijekom 150 godina sve dok se nije stabilizirala. Tada je trebalo toliko vremena jer kontracepcija nije bila tako kvalitetna. U Njemačkoj je ta tranzicija započela 1880-ih i trebalo je samo 50 godina da se veličina obitelji stabilizira. U Aziji i Latinskoj Americi tranzicija je započela 1960-ih i dogodila se puno brže zbog modernih kontracepcijskih sredstava.
I think, as we go through this history, it's important to pause for a moment and to remember why this has become such a contentious issue. It's because some family planning programs resorted to unfortunate incentives and coercive policies. For instance, in the 1960s, India adopted very specific numeric targets and they paid women to accept having an IUD placed in their bodies. Now, Indian women were really smart in this situation. When they went to get an IUD inserted, they got paid six rupees. And so what did they do? They waited a few hours or a few days, and they went to another service provider and had the IUD removed for one rupee. For decades in the United States, African-American women were sterilized without their consent. The procedure was so common it became known as the Mississippi appendectomy -- a tragic chapter in my country's history. And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru, women from the Andes region were given anesthesia and they were sterilized without their knowledge.
Promatrajući ovaj razvoj, važno je zastati i prisjetiti se zašto je to postalo tako sporno pitanje. Zato što su neki programi za planiranje obitelji pribjegavali nepovoljnim poticajima i prisilnim strategijama. Npr. 1960-ih Indija je prihvatila jako specifične ciljne brojke i plaćali su ženama da pristanu ugraditi kontracepcijski uložak. Indijke su u toj situaciji postupile zaista pametno. Kad su išle na ugradnju uloška, dobile su šest rupija. I što su one učinile? Čekale su nekoliko sati ili nekoliko dana i otišle drugom pružatelju usluga kod kojega su za 1 rupi uklonile uložak. U SAD-u desetljećima su Afroamerikanke bivale sterilizirane bez pristanka. Taj je postupak bio toliko uobičajen da je postao poznat kao misisipijska apendektomija - tragično razdoblje u povijesti moje zemlje. A nedavno, 1990-ih, u Peruu žene iz pokrajine Ande dobivale su anesteziju i bivale sterilizirane bez znanja.
The most startling thing about this is that these coercive policies weren't even needed. They were carried out in places where parents already wanted to lower their family size. Because in region after region, again and again, parents have wanted to have smaller families. There's no reason to believe that African women have innately different desires. Given the option, they will have fewer children. The question is: will we invest in helping all women get what they want now? Or, are we going to condemn them to some century-long struggle, as if this was still revolutionary France and the best method was coitus interruptus?
Najviše iznenađuje to što takve prisilne strategije uopće nisu bile potrebne. Provodile su se u mjestima u kojima su roditelji i sami htjeli smanjiti veličinu obitelji. U regiji za regijom roditelji su htjeli imati manje obitelji. Nema razloga vjerovati da je Afrikankama urođena drugačija želja. Ako im se pruži pravo izbora, odlučit će se na manji broj djece. Pitanje glasi: hoćemo li sada ulagati u pomoć svim ženama u ostvarenju njihovih želja ili ćemo ih osuditi na borbu dugu stoljećima, kao da još uvijek živimo za vrijeme francuske revolucije kada je najbolja metoda bio prekinuti snošaj?
Empowering parents -- it doesn't need justification. But here's the thing -- our desire to bring every good thing to our children is a force for good throughout the world. It's what propels societies forward. In that same slum in Nairobi, I met a young businesswoman, and she was making backpacks out of her home. She and her young kids would go to the local jeans factory and collect scraps of denim. She'd create these backpacks and resell them. And when I talked with her, she had three children, and I asked her about her family. And she said she and her husband decided that they wanted to stop having children after their third one. And so when I asked her why, she simply said, "Well, because I couldn't run my business if I had another child." And she explained the income that she was getting out of her business afforded her to be able to give an education to all three of her children. She was incredibly optimistic about her family's future. This is the same mental calculus that hundreds of millions of men and women have gone through. And evidence proves that they have it exactly right. They are able to give their children more opportunities by exercising control over when they have them.
Za osnaživanje roditelja nije potrebno opravdavanje, no naša želja da djeci pružimo svako dobro sila je za dobro diljem svijeta. To društvo tjera naprijed. U istom predgrađu u Nairobiju upoznala sam mladu poslovnu ženu koja je od kuće izrađivala ruksake. Ona i njezina mala djeca odlazila su u obližnju tvornicu traperica i skupljala ostatke trapera. Od njih je pravila ruksake i prodavala ih. Razgovarala sam s njom, imala je troje djece, i kad sam je pitala za obitelj, rekla je da su ona i njezin muž odlučili da nakon trećeg djeteta neće imati više djece. Kad sam je pitala zašto, jednostavno je rekla: "Pa ne bih mogla voditi posao s još jednim djetetom." Objasnila mi je da prihodi koje joj donosi njezin posao osiguravaju obrazovanje za sva tri djeteta. Bila je strašno optimistična u vezi budućnosti svoje obitelji. To je ista mentalna računica koju obavi stotine milijuna muškaraca i žena, a dokazi pokazuju da su u pravu. U mogućnosti su pružiti svojoj djeci više mogućnosti utječući na to kada će ih imati.
In Bangladesh, there's a district called Matlab. It's where researchers have collected data on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963. In the global health community, we like to say it's one of the longest pieces of research that's been running. We have so many great health statistics. In one of the studies, what did they do? Half the villagers were chosen to get contraceptives. They got education and access to contraception. Twenty years later, following those villages, what we learned is that they had a better quality of life than their neighbors. The families were healthier. The women were less likely to die in childbirth. Their children were less likely to die in the first thirty days of life. The children were better nourished. The families were also wealthier. The adult women's wages were higher. Households had more assets -- things like livestock or land or savings. Finally, their sons and daughters had more schooling. So when you multiply these types of effects over millions of families, the product can be large-scale economic development. People talk about the Asian economic miracle of the 1980s -- but it wasn't really a miracle. One of the leading causes of economic growth across that region was this cultural trend towards smaller families.
U Bangladešu ima četvrt pod imenom Matlab. Tu su istraživači prikupili podatke o 180 000 stanovnika od 1963. g. U društvu za javno zdravstvo to nazivamo jednim od najduže provođenih istraživanja. Imamo puno sjajnih zdravstvenih statistika. U jednom od istraživanja pola seljaka izabrano je za korištenje kontracepcije. Obučili su ih o kontracepciji i pružili im pristup kontracepciji. Dvadeset godina kasnije, prateći te seljake, spoznali smo da su imali bolju kvalitetu života od susjeda. Obitelji su im bile zdravije. Žene su bile manje sklone smrti pri porodu. Djeca su im bila manje sklona umrijeti tijekom prvih trideset dana života. Djeca su im imala bolju prehranu, a i same obitelji bile su bogatije. Plaće odraslih žena bile su više. Domaćinstva su imala više imovine poput stoke, zemlje ili ušteđevine, a sinovi i kćeri bili su obrazovaniji. Kad takve učinke pomnožite s milijunima obitelji, dobijete ekonomski razvoj velikih dimenzija. Govori se o azijskom ekonomskom čudu iz 1980-ih, ali to i nije bilo čudo. Jedan od glavnih uzroka ekonomskog rasta diljem te regije bio je kulturalni trend prema manjim obiteljima.
Sweeping changes start at the individual family level -- the family making a decision about what's best for their children. When they make that change and that decision, those become sweeping regional and national trends. When families in sub-Saharan Africa are given the opportunity to make those decisions for themselves, I think it will help spark a virtuous cycle of development in communities across the continent. We can help poor families build a better future. We can insist that all people have the opportunity to learn about contraceptives and have access to the full variety of methods.
Velike promjene počinju na razini obitelji koja donese odluku o tome što je najbolje za njihovu djecu. Kad to promijene i donesu odluku, to postaju veliki regionalni i nacionalni trendovi. Kad obitelji u subsaharskoj Africi dobiju priliku sami odlučivati o tome, mislim da će to pokrenuti ciklus razvoja u zajednicama diljem kontinenta. Možemo pomoći siromašnim obiteljima u stvaranju bolje budućnosti. Možemo inzistirati na tome da svi ljudi dobiju priliku učiti o kontracepcijskim sredstvima i da dobiju pristup različitim metodama.
I think the goal here is really clear: universal access to birth control that women want. And for that to happen, it means that both rich and poor governments alike must make contraception a total priority. We can do our part, in this room and globally, by talking about the hundreds of millions of families that don't have access to contraception today and what it would do to change their lives if they did have access.
Mislim da je cilj ovdje jasan: univerzalni pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima koje žene žele, a kako bi se to omogućilo, i bogate i siromašne vlade moraju kontracepciju učiniti apsolutnim prioritetom. Mi možemo sudjelovati, u ovoj sobi i globalno, govoreći o stotinama milijuna obitelji koje danas nemaju pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima i o tome kako bi se njihovi životi promijenili kada to više ne bi bilo tako.
I think if Marianne and the members of her women's group can talk about this openly and have this discussion out amongst themselves and in public, we can, too. And we need to start now. Because like Marianne, we all want to bring every good thing to our children. And where is the controversy in that? Thank you.
Ako Marianne i ostale članice njezine ženske grupe mogu otvoreno razgovarati o ovome i ovu raspravu održavati među sobom i u javnosti, možemo i mi. Moramo početi odmah jer svi mi, poput Maranne, želimo našoj djeci donijeti svako dobro. Što je u tome kontroverzno? Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have some questions for Melinda.
Chris Anderson: Hvala ti. Imam nekoliko pitanja za Melindu.
(Applause ends)
(Pljesak prestaje)
Thank you for your courage and everything else.
Hvala ti na hrabrosti i na svemu ostalom.
So, Melinda, in the last few years I've heard a lot of smart people say something to the effect of, "We don't need to worry about the population issue anymore. Family sizes are coming down naturally all over the world. We're going to peak at nine or 10 billion. And that's it." Are they wrong?
Melinda, zadnjih nekoliko godina čuo sam prilično pametne ljude kako govore nešto poput ovoga: "Više se ne moramo brinuti oko problema populacije. Veličine obitelji prirodno se smanjuju diljem svijeta. Imat ćemo najviše 9 ili 10 milijardi ljudi i to je to." Jesu li u krivu?
Melinda Gates: If you look at the statistics across Africa, they are wrong. And I think we need to look at it, though, from a different lens. We need to look at it from the ground upwards. I think that's one of the reasons we got ourselves in so much trouble on this issue of contraception. We looked at it from top down and said we want to have different population numbers over time. Yes, we care about the planet. Yes, we need to make the right choices. But the choices have to be made at the family level. And it's only by giving people access and letting them choose what to do that you get those sweeping changes that we have seen globally -- except for sub-Saharan Africa and those places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
Melinda Gates: Ako promotrimo statistike diljem Afrike, u krivu su. Mislim da taj problem trebamo malo drugačije sagledati. Moramo ga promatrati odozdo prema gore. Mislim da je to jedan od razloga zašto smo u tolikim problemima kad se radi o kontracepciji. Promatrali smo ga odozgo i izjavili da se uskoro nadamo manjoj populaciji. Da, stalo nam je do planeta. Da, moramo donositi prave odluke, ali one se moraju donositi na razini obitelji. Samo ako ljudima damo pristup i pustimo ih da biraju što će činiti, vidjet ćemo te velike promjene kakve viđamo na globalnoj razini - osim u subsaharskoj Africi i južnoj Aziji i u Afganistanu.
CA: Some people on the right in America and in many conservative cultures around the world might say something like this: "It's all very well to talk about saving lives and empowering women and so on. But, sex is sacred. What you're proposing is going to increase the likelihood that lots of sex happens outside marriage. And that is wrong." What would you say to them?
CA: Neki članovi desnice u Americi i u mnogim konzervativnim kulturama diljem svijeta mogli bi izjaviti ovako nešto: "Divno je i krasno govoriti o spašavanju života i osnaživanju žena itd., ali seks je svetinja. Ono što vi predlažete povećat će vjerojatnost da se puno seksa zbiva izvan braka, što je loše." Što biste njima rekli?
MG: I would say that sex is absolutely sacred. And it's sacred in Germany, and it's sacred in the United States, and it's sacred in France and so many places around the world. And the fact that 98 percent of women in my country who are sexually experienced say they use birth control doesn't make sex any less sacred. It just means that they're getting to make choices about their lives. And I think in that choice, we're also honoring the sacredness of the family and the sacredness of the mother's life and the childrens' lives by saving their lives. To me, that's incredibly sacred, too.
MG: Rekla bih da je seks prava svetinja, svetinja je i u Njemačkoj, i u SAD-u, i u Francuskoj i u mnogim drugim državama diljem svijeta. Činjenica je da 98 % seksualno iskusnih žena u mojoj zemlji tvrdi da njihova upotreba kontracepcije ne čini seks ništa manjom svetinjom. To samo znači da dobivaju priliku donositi odluke o svojim životima, a mislim da takvim izborom izražavamo poštovanje prema svetosti obitelji, prema svetosti majčina života i života njezine djece spašavajući te živote. Meni je i to ogromna svetinja.
CA: So what is your foundation doing to promote this issue? And what could people here and people listening on the web -- what would you like them to do?
CA: Što vaša zaklada čini kako bi promicala to pitanje? I što biste htjeli da naša publika ovdje i publika koja sluša preko interneta učini?
MG: I would say this -- join the conversation. We've listed the website up here. Join the conversation. Tell your story about how contraception has either changed your life or somebody's life that you know. And say that you're for this. We need a groundswell of people saying, "This makes sense. We've got to give all women access -- no matter where they live." And one of the things that we're going to do is do a large event July 11 in London, with a whole host of countries, a whole host of African nations, to all say we're putting this back on the global health agenda. We're going to commit resources to it, and we're going to do planning from the bottom up with governments to make sure that women are educated -- so that if they want the tool, they have it, and that they have lots of options available either through their local healthcare worker or their local community rural clinic.
MG: Rekla bih ovo - pridružite se razgovoru. Ovdje smo naveli internetsku stranicu. Pridružite se razgovoru. Ispričajte svoju priču o tome kako je kontracepcija promijenila ili vaš život ili život nekog vašeg poznanika. I recite da ste ZA ovo. Treba nam široka potpora ljudi koji govore: "Ima smisla. Sve žene trebaju imati pristup kontracepciji, bez obzira gdje žive." Jedna od stvari koje ćemo učiniti jest organizirati veliko događanje 11. srpnja u Londonu u kojem će sudjelovati cijeli niz država, cijeli niz afričkih država i svi će reći da ovo vraćamo na dnevni red javnog zdravstva. Uložit ćemo sredstva u to, planirat ćemo odozdo prema gore s vladama kako bismo osigurali edukaciju svim ženama da ukoliko žele, mogu koristiti ta sredstva i da imaju na raspolaganju puno opcija ili preko lokalnog zdravstvenog radnika ili preko lokalne seoske klinike.
CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some of those nuns who taught you at school are going to see this TED Talk at some point. Are they going to be horrified, or are they cheering you on?
CA: Melinda, pretpostavljam da će neke od časnih sestara koje su te učile jednom vidjeti ovaj TED-govor. Hoće li biti užasnute ili te bodre?
MG: I know they're going to see the TED Talk because they know that I'm doing it and I plan to send it to them. And, you know, the nuns who taught me were incredibly progressive. I hope that they'll be very proud of me for living out what they taught us about social justice and service. I have come to feel incredibly passionate about this issue because of what I've seen in the developing world. And for me, this topic has become very close to heart because you meet these women and they are so often voiceless. And yet they shouldn't be -- they should have a voice, they should have access. And so I hope they'll feel that I'm living out what I've learned from them and from the decades of work that I've already done at the foundation.
MG: Znam da će vidjeti ovaj govor jer znaju da ga držim i planiram im ga poslati. A te časne koje su me poučavale iznimno su progresivne. Nadam se da će se ponositi jer živim ono što su nas one učile o društvenoj pravdi i službi. Postala sam jako strastvena oko ovog problema zbog onoga što sam vidjela u svijetu u razvoju. Meni je ova tema jako važna jer upoznajem te žene koje često nemaju pravo glasa, a ne bi trebalo biti tako - trebale bi imati pravo glasa i pristup. Nadam se da će vidjeti da živim ono što sam naučila od njih i ono što sam naučila iz desetljeća rada u zakladi.
CA: So, you and your team brought together today an amazing group of speakers to whom we're all grateful. Did you learn anything?
CA: Ti i tvoj tim danas ste doveli sjajnu skupinu govornika kojima smo iznimno zahvalni. Jesi li štogod naučila?
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things. I have so many follow-up questions. And I think a lot of this work is a journey. You heard the discussion about the journey through energy, or the journey through social design, or the journey in the coming and saying, "Why aren't there any women on this platform?" And I think for all of us who work on these development issues, you learn by talking to other people. You learn by doing. You learn by trying and making mistakes. And it's the questions you ask. Sometimes it's the questions you ask that helps lead to the answer the next person that can help you answer it. So I have lots of questions for the panelists from today. And I thought it was just an amazing day.
MG: Bože, naučila sam toliko toga, imam toliko dodatnih pitanja i mislim da je većina tog posla putovanje. Čuli ste raspravu o putovanju energijom ili o putovanju društvenim dizajnom ili o putovanju u kojem dođete i kažete: "Zašto na ovoj pozornici nema žena?" Smatram da svi mi koji radimo na takvim razvojnim pitanjima učimo kroz razgovor s drugima. Učimo djelima. Učimo kroz pokušaje i pogreške. Važna su pitanja koja postavite. Nekad su to pitanja koja vode do odgovora na koji sljedeća osoba pomaže odgovoriti. Imam puno pitanja za današnje sudionike. Bio mi je ovo nevjerojatan dan.
CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting all of us on this journey with you.
CA: Melinda, hvala ti što si nas sve pozvala na ovo putovanje sa sobom.
Thank you so much. MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
Puno ti hvala. MG: Odlično. Hvala, Chris.