So let me with start with Roy Amara. Roy's argument is that most new technologies tend to be overestimated in their impact to begin with, and then they get underestimated in the long term because we get used to them.
Dozvolite mi da počnem sa Rojom Amarom. Roj tvrdi da je većina novih tehnoloških dostignuća precenjena na početku u smislu njihovog uticaja, a onda dugoročno bivaju potcenjeni zato što se naviknemo na njih.
These really are days of miracle and wonder. You remember that wonderful song by Paul Simon? There were two lines in it. So what was it that was considered miraculous back then? Slowing down things -- slow motion -- and the long-distance call. Because, of course, you used to get interrupted by operators who'd tell you, "Long distance calling. Do you want to hang up?" And now we think nothing of calling all over the world. Well, something similar may be happening with reading and programming life.
Ovo je stvarno doba čuda. Sećate li se one divne pesme Pola Sajmona? Imala je dva stiha. Šta se to u ono vreme smatralo čudesnim? Usporavanje stvari - usporen film, i međunarodni telefonski pozivi. Zato što ste, naravno, navikli da vas operater prekida sa pitanjem: „Međunarodni poziv. Da li želite da prekinete?” A sada nam zvanje po celom svetu ne predstavlja ništa. Nešto slično možda se dešava i sa očitavanjem i programiranjem života.
But before I unpack that, let's just talk about telescopes. Telescopes were overestimated originally in their impact. This is one of Galileo's early models. People thought it was just going to ruin all religion.
No, pre nego što otkrijem to, hajde da pričamo o teleskopima. Teleskopi su na početku bili precenjeni u pogledu njihovog uticaja. Ovo je jedan od Galilejovih ranih modela. Ljudi su mislili da će uništiti sve religije.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So we're not paying that much attention to telescopes. But, of course, telescopes launched 10 years ago, as you just heard, could take this Volkswagen, fly it to the moon, and you could see the lights on that Volkswagen light up on the moon. And that's the kind of resolution power that allowed you to see little specks of dust floating around distant suns. Imagine for a second that this was a sun a billion light years away, and you had a little speck of dust that came in front of it. That's what detecting an exoplanet is like. And the cool thing is, the telescopes that are now being launched would allow you to see a single candle lit on the moon. And if you separated it by one plate, you could see two candles separately at that distance.
Dakle, ne obraćamo mnogo pažnju na teleskope. Naravno, teleskopi koji su proizvedeni pre deset godina, kao što ste čuli, mogu na ovom folksvagenu koji je odleteo do Meseca, videti farove kada se upale na Mesecu. To je rezolucija koja vam dozvoljava da vidite male čestice prašine koje plutaju oko udaljenih sunca. Zamislite na trenutak da je ovo sunce udaljeno milijardu svetlosnih godina i vidite male čestice prašine kako dolaze ispred njega. Tako izgleda otkrivanje egzoplanete. Dobra stvar kod ovih novih teleskopa je što vam dozvoljavaju da vidite i sveću zapaljenu na mesecu. Ako napravite razdvajanje jednom pločom, videćete dve odvojene sveće na toj udaljenosti.
And that's the kind of resolution that you need to begin to image that little speck of dust as it comes around the sun and see if it has a blue-green signature. And if it does have a blue-green signature, it means that life is common in the universe. The first time you ever see a blue-green signature on a distant planet, it means there's photosynthesis there, there's water there, and the chances that you saw the only other planet with photosynthesis are about zero. And that's a calendar-changing event. There's a before and after we were alone in the universe: forget about the discovery of whatever continent. So as you're thinking about this, we're now beginning to be able to image most of the universe. And that is a time of miracle and wonder. And we kind of take that for granted.
To je rezolucija koja vam je potrebna da vidite te male čestice prašine kako kruže oko sunca i da vidite imaju li plavo-zeleni obris. Ako imaju plavo-zeleni obris, to znači da je život svuda u svemiru. Prvi put kada vidite plavo-zeleni obris na udaljenoj planeti, to znači da tamo postoji fotosinteza, da tamo ima vode, a šansa da vidite samo jednu planetu sa fotosintezom je jednaka nuli. A to je događaj koji menja sve. Postoji vreme pre i vreme nakon što smo mislili da smo sami u svemiru; zaboravite na otkrića bilo kog kontinenta. Dok razmišljate o ovom, sada smo u mogućnosti da vidimo veći deo svemira. To jeste vreme čuda, a mi to olako prihvatamo.
Something similar is happening in life. So we're hearing about life in these little bits and pieces. We hear about CRISPR, and we hear about this technology, and we hear about this technology. But the bottom line on life is that life turns out to be code. And life as code is a really important concept because it means, just in the same way as you can write a sentence in English or in French or Chinese, just in the same way as you can copy a sentence, just in the same way as you can edit a sentence, just in the same way as you can print a sentence, you're beginning to be able to do that with life. It means that we're beginning to learn how to read this language. And this, of course, is the language that is used by this orange.
Nešto slično se dešava i sa životom. Slušamo o životu u tim malim delovima i komadićima, slušamo o CRISPR-u, i slušamo o ovoj i onoj tehnologiji. Ali suština je da je život ispao kod. A posmatranje života kroz kod je veoma značajan koncept, zato što to znači da, kao što pišete rečenice na engleskom, francuskom ili kineskom jeziku, baš kao što možete prepisati rečenicu, isto kao što možete izmeniti rečenicu, na potpuno isti način kao što štampate rečenice, sada postaje moguće da isto to radite sa životom. To znači da počinjemo da učimo kako se čita ovaj jezik. A to je jezik koji koristi ova narandža.
So how does this orange execute code? It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes like a computer does. It sits on a tree, and one day it does: plop! And that means: execute. AATCAAG: make me a little root. TCGACC: make me a little stem. GAC: make me some leaves. AGC: make me some flowers. And then GCAA: make me some more oranges.
Kako ova narandža izvršava kod? Ne radi to kao kompjuteri sa jedinicama i nulama. Visi na drvetu i jednog dana uradi - plop! To znači - izvršiti. AATCAAG: napravi mi mali koren. TCGACC: napravi mi malu stabljiku. GAC: napravi mi lišća. AGC: napravi mi cvetove. i onda GCAA: napravi mi još narandži.
If I edit a sentence in English on a word processor, then what happens is you can go from this word to that word. If I edit something in this orange and put in GCAAC, using CRISPR or something else that you've heard of, then this orange becomes a lemon, or it becomes a grapefruit, or it becomes a tangerine. And if I edit one in a thousand letters, you become the person sitting next to you today. Be more careful where you sit.
Ako stavim rečenicu na engleskom u procesor za reči, onda možete da se prebacujete sa jedne reči na drugu. Ako nešto dodam ovoj narandži i stavim GCAAC, koristeći CRISPR ili nešto drugo za šta ste čuli, onda ova narandža postaje limun, ili grejpfrut, ili mandarina. A ako promenim jedno od hiljadu slova, postaćete osoba koja danas sedi pored vas. Budite oprezniji gde sedate.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
What's happening on this stuff is it was really expensive to begin with. It was like long-distance calls. But the cost of this is dropping 50 percent faster than Moore's law. The first $200 full genome was announced yesterday by Veritas. And so as you're looking at these systems, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, and then it does.
Stvar je u tome da je na početku ovo bio veoma skup proces. Kao nekada međunarodni pozivi. Ali cena ovoga pada 50 procenata brže od Murovog zakona. Kompanija Veritas je juče najavila prvi potpuni genom od 200 dolara. Dok gledate ove sisteme, mislite: ovo nije važno, ni ovo, ni ovo nije važno - a ipak jeste.
So let me just give you the map view of this stuff. This is a big discovery. There's 23 chromosomes. Cool. Let's now start using a telescope version, but instead of using a telescope, let's use a microscope to zoom in on the inferior of those chromosomes, which is the Y chromosome. It's a third the size of the X. It's recessive and mutant. But hey, just a male. And as you're looking at this stuff, here's kind of a country view at a 400 base pair resolution level, and then you zoom in to 550, and then you zoom in to 850, and you can begin to identify more and more genes as you zoom in. Then you zoom in to the state level, and you can begin to tell who's got leukemia, how did they get leukemia, what kind of leukemia do they have, what shifted from what place to what place. And then you zoom in to the Google street view level. So this is what happens if you have colorectal cancer for a very specific patient on the letter-by-letter resolution.
Dozvolite da vam pokažem mapu ovoga. Ovo je veliko otkriće. Tu su 23 hromozoma. Kul. Hajde sada da iskoristimo teleskopski pogled, ali umesto teleskopa, koristićemo mikroskop da zumiramo površinu podređene među hromozomima odnosno, hromozom Y. On je veličine trećine hromozoma X, recesivan i mutiran. Ali ipak, to je samo muškarac. Dok posmatrate ovo, evo neke vrste širokog pogleda sa rezolucijom od 400 baznih parova, zatim zumirate na 550, zatim zumirate na 850, i sa svakim zumiranjem možete da identifikujete sve više i više gena. Onda još zumirate i možete videti ko ima leukemiju, kako su dobili leukemiju, koju vrstu leukemije imaju, šta se promenilo sa jednog na drugo mesto. Onda zumirate na nivo Guglovog uličnog pogleda. Evo šta se dešava ako imate rak debelog creva, kod konkretnog pacijenta u rezoluciji slovo po slovo.
So what we're doing in this stuff is we're gathering information and just generating enormous amounts of information. This is one of the largest databases on the planet and it's growing faster than we can build computers to store it. You can create some incredible maps with this stuff. You want to understand the plague and why one plague is bubonic and the other one is a different kind of plague and the other one is a different kind of plague? Well, here's a map of the plague. Some are absolutely deadly to humans, some are not. And note, by the way, as you go to the bottom of this, how does it compare to tuberculosis? So this is the difference between tuberculosis and various kinds of plagues, and you can play detective with this stuff, because you can take a very specific kind of cholera that affected Haiti, and you can look at which country it came from, which region it came from, and probably which soldier took that from that African country to Haiti.
Ono što mi ovde radimo je skupljanje informacija i generisanje ogromne količine istih. To je jedna od najvećih baza podataka na zemlji i raste brže nego što možemo napraviti kompjutere za njeno skladištenje. Sa ovim možete napraviti neverovatne mape. Želite da razumete kugu, zašto je jedna bubonske vrste, druga je drugačije vrste a i treća je drugačija vrsta kuge? Evo mape kuge. Neke su apsolutno smrtonosne za ljude, dok druge nisu. Obratite pažnju pri kraju dok gledate ovo, kako izgleda u poređenju sa tuberkulozom? Ovo je razlika između tuberkuloze i raznih vrsta kuge. Možete se igrati detektiva, zato što možete uzeti veoma specifičnu vrstu kolere koja je pogodila Haiti, i možete videti iz koje zemlje je došla, iz kog regiona, i verovatno koji ju je vojnik doneo iz te afričke zemlje na Haiti.
Zoom out. It's not just zooming in. This is one of the coolest maps ever done by human beings. What they've done is taken all the genetic information they have about all the species, and they've put a tree of life on a single page that you can zoom in and out of. So this is what came first, how did it diversify, how did it branch, how large is that genome, on a single page. It's kind of the universe of life on Earth, and it's being constantly updated and completed.
Smanjivanje rezolucije. Ne radi se samo povećanje. Ovo je jedna od najboljih mapa koje je čovek ikada napravio. Oni su prikupili sve genetičke informacije koje su imali o svim vrstama, i napravili drvo života na jednoj stranici koju možete smanjivati ili povećavati. Ovo nam daje pregled šta je nastalo prvo, kako je postalo različito, kako se granalo i koliko je velik taj genom, sve na jednoj stranici. To je neka vrsta svemira života na zemlji, koji se neprekidno dopunjava i dovršava.
And so as you're looking at this stuff, the really important change is the old biology used to be reactive. You used to have a lot of biologists that had microscopes, and they had magnifying glasses and they were out observing animals. The new biology is proactive. You don't just observe stuff, you make stuff. And that's a really big change because it allows us to do things like this. And I know you're really excited by this picture.
Dok gledate sve ovo, jako bitna promena je ta da je stara biologija bila reaktivna. Imali ste puno biologa sa mikroskopima, imali su lupe, šetali su naokolo i posmatrali životinje. Nova biologija je proaktivna. Više niste samo posmatrač, sada pravite nešto. To je zaista velika promena zato što nam ona omogućava da radimo stvari kao što je ova. Znam da ste uzbuđeni zbog ove slike.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
It only took us four years and 40 million dollars to be able to take this picture.
Trebalo nam je samo četiri godine i 40 miliona dolara da bismo napravili ovu fotografiju.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And what we did is we took the full gene code out of a cell -- not a gene, not two genes, the full gene code out of a cell -- built a completely new gene code, inserted it into the cell, figured out a way to have the cell execute that code and built a completely new species. So this is the world's first synthetic life form.
A ono što smo uradili je da smo uzeli celokupni kod gena iz ćelije - ne jedan gen, ne dva gena, ceo genetski kod iz ćelije - napravili potpuno novi genetski kod, utisnuli ga u ćeliju, našli način da ćelija izvrši taj kod i izgradili potpuno novu vrstu. Ovo je prvi sintetički oblik života na svetu.
And so what do you do with this stuff? Well, this stuff is going to change the world. Let me give you three short-term trends in terms of how it's going to change the world.
I šta raditi sa tim? Ovo je nešto što će promeniti svet. Reći ću vam tri kratkoročna trenda u smislu kako će promeniti svet.
The first is we're going to see a new industrial revolution. And I actually mean that literally. So in the same way as Switzerland and Germany and Britain changed the world with machines like the one you see in this lobby, created power -- in the same way CERN is changing the world, using new instruments and our concept of the universe -- programmable life forms are also going to change the world because once you can program cells in the same way as you program your computer chip, then you can make almost anything.
Prvo, videćemo novu industrijsku revoluciju. I to mislim bukvalno. Na isti način na koji su Švajcarska, Nemačka i Velika Britanija promenile svet mašinama sličnim onima koje vidite ovde u holu, i stvorile moć - na isti način kao što CERN menja svet, koristeći nove instrumente i naš koncept svemira - životni oblici koje možemo programirati takođe će promeniti svet, jer kada možete da programirate ćeliju isto kao što programirate kompjuterski čip, tada možete napraviti bilo šta.
So your computer chip can produce photographs, can produce music, can produce film, can produce love letters, can produce spreadsheets. It's just ones and zeroes flying through there. If you can flow ATCGs through cells, then this software makes its own hardware, which means it scales very quickly. No matter what happens, if you leave your cell phone by your bedside, you will not have a billion cell phones in the morning. But if you do that with living organisms, you can make this stuff at a very large scale. One of the things you can do is you can start producing close to carbon-neutral fuels on a commercial scale by 2025, which we're doing with Exxon. But you can also substitute for agricultural lands. Instead of having 100 hectares to make oils or to make proteins, you can make it in these vats at 10 or 100 times the productivity per hectare. Or you can store information, or you can make all the world's vaccines in those three vats. Or you can store most of the information that's held at CERN in those three vats. DNA is a really powerful information storage device.
Vaš kompjuterski čip može praviti fotografije, može praviti muziku ili film, može praviti ljubavna pisma ili tabele. Sve to samo sa nulama i jedinicama koje proleću tamo. Ako ATCG-ovi mogu da rade u ćelijama onda ovaj softver sam sebi pravi hardver, što znači da se razvija veoma brzo. Bez obzira šta se desilo, ako ostavite mobilni telefon pored kreveta, nećete imati milijardu telefona ujutro. Ali ako to uradite sa živim organizmom, možete napraviti nešto velikih proporcija. Jedna od stvari koje možete da uradite je da počnete proizvodnju nečega sličnog ugljenično neutralnom gorivu za komercijalnu upotrebu do 2025. godine, što radimo sa kompanijom „Ekson“. Možete to koristiti kao zamenu za obradivo zemljište. Umesto da imate 100 hektara da biste proizveli ulje ili proteine, možete ih praviti u ovim bazenima sa 10 ili 100 puta većom produktivnosti po hektaru. Možete skladištiti informacije ili proizvesti sve vakcine na svetu u ova tri bazena. Ili možete uskladištiti većinu informacija koja se drži u CERN-u. DNK je zaista veoma moćna naprava za skladištenje informacija.
Second turn: you're beginning to see the rise of theoretical biology. So, medical school departments are one of the most conservative places on earth. The way they teach anatomy is similar to the way they taught anatomy 100 years ago. "Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver." One of the things medical schools are not good at is creating new departments, which is why this is so unusual. Isaac Kohane has now created a department based on informatics, data, knowledge at Harvard Medical School. And in a sense, what's beginning to happen is biology is beginning to get enough data that it can begin to follow the steps of physics, which used to be observational physics and experimental physicists, and then started creating theoretical biology. Well, that's what you're beginning to see because you have so many medical records, because you have so much data about people: you've got their genomes, you've got their viromes, you've got their microbiomes. And as this information stacks, you can begin to make predictions.
Drugi preokret: počinjete da uviđate uspon teorijske biologije. Odeljenja medicinskih škola su među najkonzervativnijim mestima na zemlji. Način na koji predaju anatomiju je sličan načinu na koji su je predavali pre 100 godina. „Dobrodošli, studenti. Evo vam leš.” Ono u čemu medicinske škole nisu vične jeste stvaranje novih odeljenja, zbog toga je sve ovo veoma neobično. Isak Kohen je sada otvorio odeljenje koje se bazira na informatici, podacima i znanju na Harvardskom medicinskom fakultetu. Na neki način, počelo je da se dešava da biologija počinje da dobija dovoljno podataka tako da može da krene stopama fizike, koja je prvo bila samo posmatračka, pa eksperimentalna, a onda je počela da stvara teorijsku biologiju. To je ono što počinjete da viđate zato što sada imate toliko medicinskih podataka, toliko podataka o ljudima, imate njihove genome, imate njihove viruse, imate njihove mikrobiome. I dok se ove informacije gomilaju, možete početi sa predviđanjima.
The third thing that's happening is this is coming to the consumer. So you, too, can get your genes sequenced. And this is beginning to create companies like 23andMe, and companies like 23andMe are going to be giving you more and more and more data, not just about your relatives, but about you and your body, and it's going to compare stuff, and it's going to compare stuff across time, and these are going to become very large databases.
Treća stvar koja se dešava je da to dolazi do potrošača. Tako da i vi možete dobiti analizu svojih gena. Ovo je početak stvaranja kompanija kao što je „23 i ja”, a one će vam davati sve više i više podataka, ne samo o vašim rođacima, nego i o vašem telu, porediće stvari, porediće ih kroz vreme, i to će postati veoma velika baza podataka.
But it's also beginning to affect a series of other businesses in unexpected ways. Normally, when you advertise something, you really don't want the consumer to take your advertisement into the bathroom to pee on. Unless, of course, if you're IKEA. Because when you rip this out of a magazine and you pee on it, it'll turn blue if you're pregnant.
Ovo će takođe uticati i na niz drugih poslova na veoma neočekivane načine. Obično kada reklamirate nešto, ne želite da vaš potrošač odnese reklamni letak u kupatilo i popiški se na njega. Naravno, osim ako niste IKEA. Ako ovo iscepite iz časopisa i popiškite se na to, ono će poplaviti ako ste trudni.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And they'll give you a discount on your crib.
I oni će vam dati popust na kolevku.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Right? So when I say consumer empowerment, and this is spreading beyond biotech, I actually really mean that.
Kada kažem osnaživanje potrošača, a ovo prevazilazi biotehniku, zaista to i mislim.
We're now beginning to produce, at Synthetic Genomics, desktop printers that allow you to design a cell, print a cell, execute the program on the cell. We can now print vaccines real time as an airplane takes off before it lands. We're shipping 78 of these machines this year. This is not theoretical biology. This is printing biology.
Trenutno počinjemo sa proizvodnjom, u kompaniji „Sintetička genomika”, štampača koji vam omogućavaju da kreirate ćeliju, odštampate je, i unesete program u ćeliju. Sada možemo odštampati vakcine u realnom vremenu, od momenta poletanja aviona pre nego što sleti. Ove godine šaljemo 78 ovakvih mašina. Ovo nije teorijska biologija. Ovo je štamparska biologija.
Let me talk about two long-term trends that are coming at you over a longer time period. The first one is, we're starting to redesign species. And you've heard about that, right? We're redesigning trees. We're redesigning flowers. We're redesigning yogurt, cheese, whatever else you want. And that, of course, brings up the interesting question: How and when should we redesign humans? And a lot of us think, "Oh no, we never want to redesign humans." Unless, of course, if your child has a Huntington's gene and is condemned to death. Or, unless if you're passing on a cystic fibrosis gene, in which case, you don't just want to redesign yourself, you want to redesign your children and their children. And these are complicated debates and they're going to happen in real time.
Reći ću vam dva dugoročna trenda koja će nastupiti u dužem vremenskom periodu. Prvo, počećemo sa redizajniranjem vrsta. Čuli ste za to, zar ne? Redizajniramo drveće i cveće. Redizajniramo jogurt, sir i šta god drugo vam padne na pamet. A ovo donosi interesantno pitanje: kako i kada ćemo redizajnirati ljude? Mnogi od nas misle: „Ma ne, nećemo nikad redizajnirati ljude.” Osim ukoliko npr. vaše dete nema Hantingtonov gen i osuđeno je na smrt. Ili ukoliko ste prenosilac gena cistične fibroze. U tom slučaju ne želite samo sebe da redizajnirate, nego i svoju decu i njihovu decu. Ovo su komplikovane rasprave i dešavaće se uskoro.
I'll give you one current example. One of the debates going on at the National Academies today is you have the power to put a gene drive into mosquitoes so that you will kill all the malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Now, some people say, "That's going to affect the environment in an extreme way, don't do it." Other people say, "This is one of the things that's killing millions of people yearly. Who are you to tell me that I can't save the kids in my country?" And why is this debate so complicated? Because as soon as you let this loose in Brazil or in Southern Florida -- mosquitoes don't respect walls. You're making a decision for the world when you put a gene drive into the air.
Daću vam jedan primer. Jedna od rasprava koje se danas vode u nacionalnim akademijama je: imate mogućnost da umetnete genetsku izmenu u komarce tako da ubijete sve malarične komarce. Neki ljudi kažu: „Ovo će uticati na ekološko okruženje i to na ekstreman način. Ne radite to.” Drugi kažu: „To je nešto što godišnje ubija milione ljudi. Ko ste vi da mi kažete da ne mogu da spasim decu u mojoj zemlji?” A zašto je ova rasprava tako komplikovana? Zato što, čim to uradite u Brazilu ili Južnoj Floridi, komarci neće poštovati granice. Vi donosite odluku za čitav svet kada puštate genetski izmene u etar.
This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize, and after winning the Nobel Prize he's been worrying about how did life get started on this planet and how likely is it that it's in other places? So what he's been doing is going around to this graduate students and saying to his graduate students, "Build me life but don't use any modern chemicals or instruments. Build me stuff that was here three billion years ago. You can't use lasers. You can't use this. You can't use that." He gave me a vial of what he's built about three weeks ago. What has he built? He's built basically what looked like soap bubbles that are made out of lipids. He's built a precursor of RNA. He's had the precursor of the RNA be absorbed by the cell and then he's had the cells divide. We may not be that far -- call it a decade, maybe two decades -- from generating life from scratch out of proto-communities.
Ovaj divan čovek je dobio Nobelovu nagradu, i nakon što je dobio Nobelovu nagradu, stalno je razmišljao kako je život počeo na ovoj planeti i kolika je verovatnoća da postoji i na drugim mestima? On je obilazio svoje studente i govorio im: „Napravite mi život, ali bez korišćenja modernih hemikalija ili instrumenata. Napravite mi nešto što je postojalo ovde pre tri milijarde godina. Ne možete da koristite lasere, ne možete da koristite ovo, niti ono.” Pre tri nedelje dao mi je uzorak onoga što je stvorio. Šta je stvorio? Stvorio je nešto što je u osnovi izgledalo kao sapunica koja se pravi od lipida. Napravio je prethodnika RNA. Imao je prethodnika RNA apsorbovanog od strane ćelije, a onda su se ćelije podelile. Možda nismo toliko daleko, recimo deceniju ili dve, od pravljenja života od nule izvan protozajednica.
Second long-term trend: we've been living and are living through the digital age -- we're starting to live through the age of the genome and biology and CRISPR and synthetic biology -- and all of that is going to merge into the age of the brain. So we're getting to the point where we can rebuild most of our body parts, in the same way as if you break a bone or burn your skin, it regrows. We're beginning to learn how to regrow our tracheas or how to regrow our bladders. Both of those have been implanted in humans. Tony Atala is working on 32 different organs. But the core is going to be this, because this is you and the rest is just packaging. Nobody's going to live beyond 120, 130, 140 years unless if we fix this. And that's the most interesting challenge. That's the next frontier, along with: "How common is life in the universe?" "Where did we come from?" and questions like that.
Drugi dugoročni trend: živeli smo i živimo u digitalnom dobu - počinjemo da živimo u dobu genoma, biologije, CRISPR-a i sintetičke biologije - a sve to će se spojiti u doba mozga. Dolazimo do tačke da možemo ponovo napraviti veći deo naših delova tela na isti način kao kad slomite kost ili opečete kožu, a ona ponovo naraste. Počinjemo da učimo kako da obnovimo dušnik ili kako da obnovimo bešiku. Oba organa su već ugrađena u ljude. Toni Atala radi na 32 organa. Ali suština je u ovome, zato što ste to vi, a sve ostalo je samo pakovanje. Niko neće živeti preko 120, 130 ili 140 godina ako ne popravimo ovo. A to je najinteresantniji izazov. To je sledeće pomeranje granica, zajedno sa: „Koliko je čest život u svemiru?” „Odakle smo došli?” i slična pitanja.
Let me end this with an apocryphal quote from Einstein.
Dozvolite mi da završim navodno Ajnštajnovim citatom:
[You can live as if everything is a miracle, or you can live as if nothing is a miracle.]
(Možete živeti kao da je sve čudo, ili kao da ništa nije čudo.)
It's your choice. You can focus on the bad, you can focus on the scary, and certainly there's a lot of scary out there. But use 10 percent of your brain to focus on that, or maybe 20 percent, or maybe 30 percent. But just remember, we really are living in an age of miracle and wonder. We're lucky to be alive today. We're lucky to see this stuff. We're lucky to be able to interact with folks like the folks who are building all the stuff in this room.
Izbor je vaš. Možete se fokusirati na loše, na strašno, a sigurno ima puno toga zastrašujućeg u svetu. Ali koristite 10 procenata svog mozga da se fokusirate na ovo, ili možda 20 ili 30 procenata. Ali zapamtite, mi zaista živimo u dobu čuda. Srećni smo što živimo danas. Srećni što možemo da vidimo ove stvari. Srećni smo što možemo da komuniciramo sa ljudima kao što su oni koji prave sve u ovoj prostoriji.
So thank you to all of you, for all you do.
Zato hvala vam svima, na svemu što radite.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)