You may be wondering why a marine biologist from Oceana would come here today to talk to you about world hunger. I'm here today because saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire. It's more than a thing we're doing because we want to create jobs for fishermen or preserve fishermen's jobs. It's more than an economic pursuit. Saving the oceans can feed the world. Let me show you how.
Možda se pitate zašto bi morski biolog iz Oceane danas stao pred vas da vam govori o svjetskoj gladi. Danas sam ovdje jer je spašavanje oceana više od ekološke želje. VIše je od obične stvari kojom se bavimo jer želimo stvoriti radna mjesta za ribare ili održati radna mjesta ribara. Više je od gospodarske težnje. Očuvanje oceana može prehraniti svijet. Dopustite mi da vam pokažem kako.
As you know, there are already more than a billion hungry people on this planet. We're expecting that problem to get worse as world population grows to nine billion or 10 billion by midcentury, and we can expect to have greater pressure on our food resources. And this is a big concern, especially considering where we are now. Now we know that our arable land per capita is already on the decline in both developed and developing countries. We know that we're headed for climate change, which is going to change rainfall patterns, making some areas drier, as you can see in orange, and others wetter, in blue, causing droughts in our breadbaskets, in places like the Midwest and Central Europe, and floods in others. It's going to make it harder for the land to help us solve the hunger problem. And that's why the oceans need to be their most abundant, so that the oceans can provide us as much food as possible.
Kao što znate, već postoji više od milijarde gladnih ljudi na svijetu. Očekujemo da će se problem pogoršati kako svjetsko stanovništvo dostiže devet milijardi ili deset milijardi do sredine stoljeća, i možemo očekivati da će doći do većeg pritiska na naše izvore hrane. I to je velik problem, posebice ako uzmemo u obzir trenutačnu situaciju. Znamo da je obradivo zemljište po glavi stanovnika već u padu u razvijenim i državama u razvoju. Znamo da idemo ususret klimatskim promjenama koje će promijeniti obrazac padalina, zbog čega će neka područja biti suša, označeno narančastom bojom a druga vlažnija, označeno plavom bojom, prouzrokujući suše na našim žitnicama, u mjestima poput Zapadne i Središnje Europe i poplave u drugima. Zemlji će biti teže pomoći nam u rješavanju problema gladi. I zbog toga oceani trebaju ostati bogati, kako bi nam osigurali najveću moguću količinu hrane.
And that's something the oceans have been doing for us for a long time. As far back as we can go, we've seen an increase in the amount of food we've been able to harvest from our oceans. It just seemed like it was continuing to increase, until about 1980, when we started to see a decline. You've heard of peak oil. Maybe this is peak fish. I hope not. I'm going to come back to that. But you can see about an 18-percent decline in the amount of fish we've gotten in our world catch since 1980. And this is a big problem. It's continuing. This red line is continuing to go down.
I to je nešto što oceani rade za nas već dulje vrijeme. Koliko god da možemo otići u prošlost, vidjet ćemo porast u količini hrane koju dobivamo iz naših oceana. Činilo se kao da će nastaviti rasti do oko 1980-ih, kada smo počeli uočavati pad. Čuli smo za vrhunac u području nafte. Možda je ovo vrhunac u ribarstvu. Nadam se da ne. Vratit ću se ovome. Ali možete vidjeti pad od oko 18 posto u količini ribe koju smo dobili iz našeg globalnog ulova. od 1980. I to je veliki problem. I nastavlja se. Crvena linija nastavlja opadati.
But we know how to turn it around, and that's what I'm going to talk about today. We know how to turn that curve back upwards. This doesn't have to be peak fish. If we do a few simple things in targeted places, we can bring our fisheries back and use them to feed people.
Ali sada znamo kako ju preusmjeriti, i o tome ću vam govoriti danas. Znamo kako izokrenuti smjer krivulje. Ovo ne mora biti vrhunac u području ribe. Ako učinimo nekoliko jednostavnih stvari na ciljanim mjestima, možemo ponovno pridobiti naše ribe i iskoristiti ih da prehranimo ljude.
First we want to know where the fish are, so let's look where the fish are. It turns out the fish, conveniently, are located for the most part in our coastal areas of the countries, in coastal zones, and these are areas that national jurisdictions have control over, and they can manage their fisheries in these coastal areas. Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions that go out about 200 nautical miles, in areas that are called exclusive economic zones, and this is a good thing that they can control their fisheries in these areas, because the high seas, which are the darker areas on this map, the high seas, it's a lot harder to control things, because it has to be done internationally. You get into international agreements, and if any of you are tracking the climate change agreement, you know this can be a very slow, frustrating, tedious process. And so controlling things nationally is a great thing to be able to do.
Prvo želimo znati gdje su ribe, pa pogledajmo gdje su. Čini se da ribe, vrlo zgodno, provode većinu vremena u obalnim područjima naših zemalja. U obalnim područjima a to je područje u nadležnosti države. Država ga kontrolira i upravlja svojim ribarstvom u obalnim područjima. U obalnim državama obično zakon dopušta plovidbu do 200 nautičkih milja od obale u području koje se naziva ekskluzivna gospodarska zona, i dobro je da mogu kontrolirati svoje ribarske brodove u tom području, jer na otvorenom moru, koje je zacrnjeno na karti, na otvorenom moru, puno je teže kontrolirati situaciju, jer se radi o međunarodnom prostoru. Dođe do međunarodnih sporazuma i ako tko od vas prati sporazum o klimatskim promjenama, znate da to može biti vrlo spor, frustrirajuć i zamoran proces. Pa je državna kontrola nešto izvrsno.
How many fish are actually in these coastal areas compared to the high seas? Well, you can see here about seven times as many fish in the coastal areas than there are in the high seas, so this is a perfect place for us to be focusing, because we can actually get a lot done. We can restore a lot of our fisheries if we focus in these coastal areas.
Koliko ribe se zapravo nalazi u obalnim područjima u usporedbi s otvorenim morem? Pa, možete ovdje vidjeti oko sedam puta više ribe u obalnom području nego na otvorenom moru. Ovo je savršeno mjesto na koje se možemo koncentrirati jer zapravo možemo puno postići. Možemo obnoviti velik broj ribljih vrsta ako se koncentriramo na obalna područja.
But how many of these countries do we have to work in? There's something like 80 coastal countries. Do we have to fix fisheries management in all of those countries? So we asked ourselves, how many countries do we need to focus on, keeping in mind that the European Union conveniently manages its fisheries through a common fisheries policy? So if we got good fisheries management in the European Union and, say, nine other countries, how much of our fisheries would we be covering? Turns out, European Union plus nine countries covers about two thirds of the world's fish catch. If we took it up to 24 countries plus the European Union, we would up to 90 percent, almost all of the world's fish catch. So we think we can work in a limited number of places to make the fisheries come back. But what do we have to do in these places? Well, based on our work in the United States and elsewhere, we know that there are three key things we have to do to bring fisheries back, and they are: We need to set quotas or limits on how much we take; we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental catching and killing of fish that we're not targeting, and it's very wasteful; and three, we need to protect habitats, the nursery areas, the spawning areas that these fish need to grow and reproduce successfully so that they can rebuild their populations. If we do those three things, we know the fisheries will come back.
Ali u koliko država je potrebno nešto učiniti? Postoji oko 80 obalnih država. Moramo li ispraviti način upravljanja ribarstvom u svim tim državama? Pa smo se zato zapitali, na koliko država se trebamo usredotočiti, uzimajući u obzir da Europska Unija vrlo prikladno upravlja svojim ribarstvom preko Zajedničke Ribarske Politike? Znači ako postignemo dobro upravljanje ribarstvom u Europskoj Uniji i, recimo, još devet država, koliko ribe bi pridobili? Ispostavlja se da Europska Unija, plus onih devet država, pokrivaju oko dvije trećine svjetskog ulova ribe. Ako bi uzeli 24 države plus Europska Unija, pokrivali bi 90 posto, skoro ukupan globalni ulov. Smatramo da možemo raditi u ograničenom broju mjesta kako bi ponovno pridobili ribu. Ali što trebamo učiniti u tim mjestima? Bazirajući se on našem radu u Sjedinjenim Državama i drugdje, znamo da postoje tri ključne stvari koje moramo učiniti kako bi obnovili riblje vrste i one su: moramo uspostaviti kvote ili ograničenja na količinu ulova; moramo smanjiti usputni ulov, to jest slučajan ulov i ubijanje krive vrste ribe i to je vrlo rasipno; i na trećem mjestu, moramo zaštiti staništa, rastilišta, mrijestilišta i te ribe trebaju narasti i uspješno se reproducirati kako bi se njihove vrste obnovile. Ako učinimo te tri stvari, znamo da će se riblje vrste obnoviti.
How do we know? We know because we've seen it happening in a lot of different places. This is a slide that shows the herring population in Norway that was crashing since the 1950s. It was coming down, and when Norway set limits, or quotas, on its fishery, what happens? The fishery comes back. This is another example, also happens to be from Norway, of the Norwegian Arctic cod. Same deal. The fishery is crashing. They set limits on discards. Discards are these fish they weren't targeting and they get thrown overboard wastefully. When they set the discard limit, the fishery came back. And it's not just in Norway. We've seen this happening in countries all around the world, time and time again. When these countries step in and they put in sustainable fisheries management policies, the fisheries, which are always crashing, it seems, are starting to come back. So there's a lot of promise here.
Kako to znamo? Znamo jer smo već tome svjedočili u velikom broju drugih mjesta. Ovaj dijapozitiv prikazuje populaciju haringe u Norveškoj čiji broj opada od 1950-ih. Bilo ih je sve manje i kada je Norveška uspostavila ograničenja, ili kvote na ribe u svom području, što se dogodilo? Riblje su vrste obnovljene. Ovo je još jedan primjer, također iz Norveške, i to norveškog arktičkog bakalara. Ista stvar. Primjeraka je bilo sve manje. Ograničili su količinu ribe koja je proglašena otpadom. Pod ribljim otpadom smatraju se ribe koje nisu ciljane i koje su bezobzirno bačene s broda. Kada su uspostavljena ograničenja za riblji otpad, vrsta se obnovila. I ne samo u Norveškoj. Vidjeli smo istu situaciju u državama na cijelom svijetu, uvijek iznova. Kada takve države krenu u akciju i uspostave politike održivog upravljanja ribolovom, riblje vrste, kojih je , čini se, uvijek sve manje, počnu se obnavljati. Ovo je obećavajuće.
What does this mean for the world fish catch? This means that if we take that fishery catch that's on the decline and we could turn it upwards, we could increase it up to 100 million metric tons per year. So we didn't have peak fish yet. We still have an opportunity to not only bring the fish back but to actually get more fish that can feed more people than we currently are now. How many more? Right about now, we can feed about 450 million people a fish meal a day based on the current world fish catch, which, of course, you know is going down, so that number will go down over time if we don't fix it, but if we put fishery management practices like the ones I've described in place in 10 to 25 countries, we could bring that number up and feed as many as 700 million people a year a healthy fish meal.
Što to znači za globalni ulov ribe? Znači da ako uzmemo riblju vrstu koje je sve manje i ako situaciju izokrenemo, mogli bi doći do povećanja za do 100 milijuna metričkih tona godišnje. Nismo još doživjeli vrhunac u ribarstvu. Još uvijek imamo mogućnost ne samo da obnovimo riblje vrste nego da zapravo dobijemo više ribe kojom možemo prehraniti ljude koji sada žive na planetu. Koliko još? Trenutačno možemo prehraniti oko 450 milijuna ljudi jednim ribljim jelom dnevno bazirajući se na trenutačnom globalnom ulovu ribe, koji, se naravno, smanjuje i smanjivati će se s vremenom ako to ne ispravimo, ali ako uspostavimo prakse upravljanja ribarstvom kao one koje sam vam opisala u 10 do 25 zemalja mogli bismo povećati taj broj i prehraniti do čak 700 milijuna ljudi godišnje zdravim ribljim jelom.
We should obviously do this just because it's a good thing to deal with the hunger problem, but it's also cost-effective. It turns out fish is the most cost-effective protein on the planet. If you look at how much fish protein you get per dollar invested compared to all of the other animal proteins, obviously, fish is a good business decision. It also doesn't need a lot of land, something that's in short supply, compared to other protein sources. And it doesn't need a lot of fresh water. It uses a lot less fresh water than, for example, cattle, where you have to irrigate a field so that you can grow the food to graze the cattle. It also has a very low carbon footprint. It has a little bit of a carbon footprint because we do have to get out and catch the fish. It takes a little bit of fuel, but as you know, agriculture can have a carbon footprint, and fish has a much smaller one, so it's less polluting. It's already a big part of our diet, but it can be a bigger part of our diet, which is a good thing, because we know that it's healthy for us. It can reduce our risks of cancer, heart disease and obesity. In fact, our CEO Andy Sharpless, who is the originator of this concept, actually, he likes to say fish is the perfect protein. Andy also talks about the fact that our ocean conservation movement really grew out of the land conservation movement, and in land conservation, we have this problem where biodiversity is at war with food production. You have to cut down the biodiverse forest if you want to get the field to grow the corn to feed people with, and so there's a constant push-pull there. There's a constant tough decision that has to be made between two very important things: maintaining biodiversity and feeding people. But in the oceans, we don't have that war. In the oceans, biodiversity is not at war with abundance. In fact, they're aligned. When we do things that produce biodiversity, we actually get more abundance, and that's important so that we can feed people.
Očito je da bismo to trebali učiniti jer je dobro suočiti se s problemom gladi, ali je također i isplativo. Čini se da je riba najisplativija bjelančevina na našem planetu. Ako pogledate količinu bjelančevine koju dobijete iz ribe po jednom uloženom dolaru uspoređenom sa svim drugim životinjskim bjelančevinama, očito je da je riba dobra poslovna odluka. Također ne zahtjeva veliku količinu zemljišta, nešto čega imamo u malim zalihama, u usporedbi s ostalim izvorima bjelančevina. I ne treba puno svježe vode. Koristi puno manje svježe vode nego na primjer, stoka, za koju trebate navodnjavati zemljište kako biste proizveli hranu za ispašu stoke. Također ima vrlo malen ugljični otisak. Ima malen ugljični otisak jer moramo izaći i uloviti ribu. Potrebna je mala količina goriva, ali kao što znate, poljoprivreda može imati ugljični otisak, a ribarstvo ima puno manji, i zbog toga manje zagađuje. Već je veliki dio naše prehrane, ali može biti još veći dio naše prehrane, što je vrlo dobro, jer znamo da je dobro za nas. Može smanjiti rizik od raka, srčanih bolesti i pretilosti. U stvari, naš direktor Andy Sharpless, koji je osmislio ovaj koncept, zapravo, on voli govoriti da je riba savršena bjelančevina. Andy također govori o činjenici da je naš pokret za očuvanje oceana stvarno porastao iz pokreta za očuvanje zemljišta, i u očuvanju zemljišta, postoji problem u kojem je bioraznolikost u ratu sa proizvodnjom hrane. Morate srušiti šumu koja predstavlja bioraznolikost ako želite doći do zemljišta da uzgojite kukuruz kako biste njime nahranili ljude i zbog toga dolazi do stalnog efekta gubitak i dobitka. Postoji stalna teška odluka koja se mora donijeti između dvije vrlo važne stvari: održavanje bioraznolikost i prehranjivanje ljudi. Ali u oceanima, ne postoji takav rat. U oceanima, bioraznolikost nije rat sa izobiljem. Zapravo, oni su usklađeni. Kada postižemo bioraznolikost, dobivamo na izobilju, i to je važno kako bi prehranili ljude. I o tome se radi.
Now, there's a catch.
Netko to nije shvatio? (Smijeh)
Didn't anyone get that? (Laughter)
Nezakonit ribolov.
Illegal fishing. Illegal fishing undermines the type of sustainable fisheries management I'm talking about. It can be when you catch fish using gears that have been prohibited, when you fish in places where you're not supposed to fish, you catch fish that are the wrong size or the wrong species. Illegal fishing cheats the consumer and it also cheats honest fishermen, and it needs to stop. The way illegal fish get into our market is through seafood fraud. You might have heard about this. It's when fish are labeled as something they're not. Think about the last time you had fish. What were you eating? Are you sure that's what it was? Because we tested 1,300 different fish samples and about a third of them were not what they were labeled to be. Snappers, nine out of 10 snappers were not snapper. Fifty-nine percent of the tuna we tested was mislabeled. And red snapper, we tested 120 samples, and only seven of them were really red snapper, so good luck finding a red snapper.
Nezakonit ribolov potkopava tip održivog upravljanja ribolovom o kojem vam govorim. Kada ulovite ribu koristeći opremu koja je bila zabranjena, kada lovite u mjestima gdje niste smjeli loviti, ulovite ribu koja je krive veličine ili krive vrste. Nezakonitim ribolovom se vara potrošač i također se varaju pošteni ribari, i to moramo zaustaviti. Način na koji ta riba dospije na tržište je preko prijevara. Možda ste čuli o ovome. To je kada su ribe označene kao nešto što nisu. Razmislite o posljednjem putu kada ste jeli ribu. Što se jeli? Jeste li sigurni da je to točno bilo to? Jer mi smo testirali 1300 različitih primjerka ribe i oko trećina nije pripadala vrsti kojom je označena. Zubatac, devet od deset zubataca nije bilo te vrste. Pedeset i devet posto tune koju smo testirali bila je krivo označena. I crveni zubatac, testirali smo 120 primjeraka i samo njih sedam su zapravo i bili zubaci, pa sretno u pronalaženju zubataca. Morski plodovi imaju vrlo kompleksan opskrbni lanac,
Seafood has a really complex supply chain, and at every step in this supply chain, there's an opportunity for seafood fraud, unless we have traceability. Traceability is a way where the seafood industry can track the seafood from the boat to the plate to make sure that the consumer can then find out where their seafood came from.
i na svakom dijelu u ovom lancu, postoji mogućnost za prijevaru kod morskih plodova osim ako postignemo sljedivost. Sljedivost je način na koji indistrija morskih plodova može slijediti morske plodove od broda do tanjura kako bi se osigurala da potrošač može saznati otkuda proizlaze ti morski plodovi. To je vrlo važna stvar.
This is a really important thing. It's being done by some in the industry, but not enough, so we're pushing a law in Congress called the SAFE Seafood Act, and I'm very excited today to announce the release of a chef's petition, where 450 chefs have signed a petition calling on Congress to support the SAFE Seafood Act. It has a lot of celebrity chefs you may know -- Anthony Bourdain, Mario Batali, Barton Seaver and others — and they've signed it because they believe that people have a right to know about what they're eating.
To već čine neki u industriji, ali nije ih dovoljno, pa zbog toga zagovaramo zakon u Kongresu koji se naziva Zakon o Morskim proizvodima, i sa zadovoljstvom vam danas najavljujem podnošenje peticije glavnih kuhara, u kojoj je 450 glavnih kuhara potpisalo peticiju kojom poziva Kongres da podrži Zakon o Morskim proizvodima. Sudjeluje velik broj slavnih glavnih kuhara za koje možda znate Anthony Bourdain, Mario Batali, Barton Seaver i drugi, i oni su je potpisali jer vjeruju da ljudi imaju pravo znati što jedu. (Pljesak)
(Applause)
I ribarima se također sviđa, pa postoji dobra vjerojatnost
da ćemo dobiti podršku koja nam je potrebna
Fishermen like it too, so there's a good chance we can get the kind of support we need to get this bill through, and it comes at a critical time, because this is the way we stop seafood fraud, this is the way we curb illegal fishing, and this is the way we make sure that quotas, habitat protection, and bycatch reductions can do the jobs they can do.
kako bi se ovaj zakon proveo, i došlo je do njega u ključnom trenutku jer je ovo način da zaustavimo prijevaru morskim proizovidma, ovo je ograničavanje nezakonitog ribolova, i ovo je način na koji ćemo osigurati kvote, zaštitu staništa, i smanjenje usputnog ulova i ono što se time može postići. Znamo da našim ribarstvom upravljamo na održiv način. Znamo da možemo proizvesti
We know that we can manage our fisheries sustainably. We know that we can produce healthy meals for hundreds of millions of people that don't use the land, that don't use much water, have a low carbon footprint, and are cost-effective. We know that saving the oceans can feed the world, and we need to start now.
zdrave obroke za stotine milijuna ljudi koji ne upotrebljavaju zemljišta, ne troše puno vode, imaju malen ugljični otisak, i isplativi su. Znamo da spašavanje oceana može prehraniti svijet, i moramo započeti sada. (Pljesak) Hvala vam. (Pljesak)
(Applause)
Thank you. (Applause)