A lot of people call me a "justice architect." But I don't design prisons. I don't design jails. I don't design detention centers, and I don't even design courthouses. All the same, I get a call every week, saying, "OK, but you design better prisons, right? You know, like those pretty ones they're building in Europe." And I always pause. And I invite them, and I invite you today, to imagine a world without prisons. What does that justice feel and look like? What do we need to build to get there? I'd like to show you some ideas today of things that we're building. And I'm going to start with an early prototype.
很多人稱我為「正義建築師」 但我不設計監獄。 我不設計監牢。 我不設計拘留所, 我甚至不設計法院。 我仍然每週都會接到一通電話, 說:「好,但你會設計 更好的監牢,對嗎? 就像他們在歐洲建造的 那種漂亮監獄。」 我總是會停頓。 我會邀請他們, 今天我也邀請各位, 想像一個沒有監獄的世界。 正義感覺起來、 看起來,會是怎樣的? 我們要建造什麼,才能達成它? 今天我想展示給各位一些想法, 是我們正在建造的東西。 我要從一個早期的原型開始。
This I built when I was five. I call it "the healing hut." And I built it after I got sent home from school for punching this kid in the face because he called me the N-word. OK, he deserved it. It happened a lot, though, because my family had desegregated a white community in rural Virginia. And I was really scared. I was afraid. I was angry. And so I would run into the forest, and I would build these little huts. They were made out of twigs and leaves and blankets I had taken from my mom. And as the light would stream into my refuge, I would feel at peace. Despite my efforts to comfort myself, I still left my community as soon as I could, and I went to architecture school and then into a professional career designing shopping centers, homes for the wealthy and office buildings, until I stepped into a prison for the first time.
這是我五歲時建造的。 我稱它為「療癒小屋」。 我被一個孩子稱為呆子, 所以我打了他的臉, 學校把我送回家, 之後我就建造了這小屋。 是他活該。 不過,這種事常常發生, 因為我的家庭消除了維吉尼亞郊區 一個白人社區中的種族隔離。 而我嚇壞了。 我很害怕。 我很憤怒。 我會跑到森林裡然後建造這些小屋。 它們的建材是樹枝、樹葉, 以及我從我媽媽那裡拿來的毛毯。 當光線從縫細射入我的庇護所, 我會感到很平和。 儘管我很努力安慰我自己, 我還是儘快地離開了我的社區, 我去讀建築學校, 接著開始了我的職業生涯, 設計購物中心、 富人的家, 以及辦公室大樓, 直到我第一次踏入一間監獄。
It was the Chester State Correctional Institution in Pennsylvania. And my friend, she invited me there to work with some of her incarcerated students and teach them about the positive power of design. The irony is so obvious, right? As I approached this concrete building, these tiny little windows, barbed wire, high walls, observation towers, and on the inside, these cold, hard spaces, little light or air, the guards are screaming, the doors are clanking, there's a wall of cells filled with so many black and brown bodies. And I realized that what I was seeing was the end result of our racist policies that had caused mass incarceration. But as an architect, what I was seeing was how a prison is the worst building type we could have created to address the harm that we're doing to one another. I thought, "Well, could I design an alternative to this, other than building a prettier prison?" It didn't feel good to me; it still doesn't feel good. But back then, I just didn't know what to do. What do we build instead of this?
那是賓州的切斯特州立監獄。 我是被我的朋友邀請過去的, 去和她的一些被監禁的學生合作, 教導他們設計的正面力量。 這真的很諷刺,對吧? 我接近這座水泥的建築物, 裡面有很小的窗戶、 有刺鐵絲網、高牆、守望塔, 在內部,那些冰冷、堅硬的空間裡, 光線和空氣都很少, 守衛叫嚷著,門發出噹啷聲, 有一整面牆都是牢房, 裡面滿是黑色和褐色的身體。 我了解到,我所看到的景象, 是我們的種族政策造成了 大規模監禁的結果。 但,身為建築師,我所看到的是, 就我們創造出來處理人類 對彼此之傷害行為的建築來說, 監獄真的是最糟的一種。 我心想:「我是否能 為此設計一個替代方案, 而不是建造一間更漂亮的監獄?」 它那時給我的感覺不好; 現在的感覺仍然不好。 但那時,我不知道該怎麼辦。 我們能建立什麼來取代它?
And then I heard about restorative justice. I felt at peace again, because here was an alternative system that says when a crime is committed, it is a breach of relationship, that the needs of those who have been harmed must be addressed first; that those who have committed the offense have an obligation to make amends. And what they are are really intense dialogues, where all stakeholders come together to find a way to repair the breach. Early data shows that restorative justice builds empathy; that it reduces violent reoffending by up to 75 percent; that it eases PTSD in survivors of the most severe violence. And because of these reasons, we see prosecutors and judges and district attorneys starting to divert cases out of court and into restorative justice so that some people never touch the system altogether. And so I thought, "Well, damn -- why aren't we designing for this system?"
接著我聽說了修復式正義。 我再次感受到了平和, 因為這是個替代的體制, 它說,當罪刑被犯下時, 它就破壞了關係, 被傷害者的需求 需要先被處理; 而犯下罪刑的人, 有義務要去做補償。 那些補償其實是很緊繃的對話, 所有利害關係人齊聚在一起, 找到一種方式來修復這破裂的關係。 早期的資料顯示, 修復式正義能建立同理心; 能把暴力罪犯再犯的 狀況減低 75% 之多; 它能減輕最嚴重暴力行為的生存者 發生創傷後壓力症候群的情況。 因為這些理由, 我們看到公訴人、法官、地方檢察官 開始把案件從法庭導向修復式正義, 這麼一來有些人就永遠 不會再接觸這個體制了。 所以我心想:「該死, 我們為何不為這體制設計?」
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Instead of building prisons, we should be building spaces to amplify restorative justice. And so I started in schools, because suspensions and expulsions have been fueling the pathway to prison for decades. And many school districts -- probably some of your own -- are turning to restorative justice as an alternative. So, my first project -- I just turned this dirty little storage room into a peacemaking room for a program in a high school in my hometown of Oakland. And after we were done, the director said that the circles she was holding in this space were more powerful in bringing the community together after fighting at school and gun violence in the community, and that students and teachers started to come here just because they saw it as a space of refuge. So what was happening is that the space was amplifying the effects of the process.
不要建造監獄, 我們應該要建造空間 來放大修復式正義。 所以我從學校開始, 因為停學和開除學籍 數十年來都在助長通往監獄之路。 許多學區,可能各位的包括在內, 把修復式正義轉變為一種替代方案。 所以,我的第一個計畫── 我剛把這個骯髒的小儲存室 轉變為和平創造室, 給一間高中的專案計畫使用, 位在我的家鄉奧克蘭。 我們完工之後,主任說, 她在這個空間中所主持的圍圈, 在將社區團結上有非常強大的力量, 在學校內奮戰,在社區中對抗槍枝; 因此,學生和老師開始來到這裡, 只因為他們把這個空間 視為是庇護所。 所以,這個空間放大了過程的效應。
OK, then I did something that architects always do, y'all. I was like, I'm going to build something massive now, right? I'm going to build the world's first restorative justice center all by myself. And it's going to be a beautiful figure on the skyline, like a beacon in the night. Thousands of people will come here instead of going to court. I will single-handedly end mass incarceration and win lots of design awards.
接著,我做了建築師都會做的事。 我心想,我接著要建造 讓人印象深刻的東西了, 我要靠自己來建造世界上 第一個修復式正義中心。 它將會是地平線上一個美麗的形體, 就像夜晚的燈塔。 數以千計的人會來到 這裡,而不是去法庭。 我會靠自己一個人的力量 就終結大規模監禁, 還能贏很多設計獎。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And then I checked myself --
接著我阻止了我自己。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
because here's the deal: we are incarcerating more of our citizens per capita than any country in the world. And the fastest-growing population there are black women. Ninety-five percent of all these folks are coming home. And most of them are survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional abuse. They have literally been on both sides of the harm. So I thought, uh, maybe I should ask them what we should build instead of prisons.
因為狀況是這樣的: 我們監禁的人均公民數 高於世界上的每一個國家。 而人數成長最快的是黑人女性。 這些人當中有 95% 會回家。 她們大部分是嚴重的性、身體, 及情緒暴力下的受害者。 她們是真的在傷害的兩方都待過。 所以我心想,也許我應該問問她們, 我們該建造什麼來取代監獄。
So I returned with a restorative justice expert, and we started to run the country's first design studios with incarcerated men and women around the intersection of restorative justice and design. And it was transformative for me. I saw all these people behind walls in a totally different way. These were souls deeply committed to their personal transformation and being accountable. They were creative, they were visionary.
我和一位修復式正義專家一起返回, 我們開始運行全國第一家 設有監禁男女的設計工作室, 圍繞在恢復性司法 和設計的交叉點上。 對我來說這是會帶來改變的。 我以一種完全不同的方式 看待關在圍牆後的這些人。 這些人深深投入在 他們的個人轉變當中, 負起責任。 他們有創意,他們有遠見。
Danny is one of those souls. He's been incarcerated at San Quentin for 27 years for taking a life at the age of 21. From the very beginning, he's been focused on being accountable for that act and doing his best to make amends from behind bars. He brought that work into a design for a community center for reconciliation and wellness. It was a beautiful design, right? So it's this green campus filled with these circular structures for victim and offender dialogue. And when he presented the project to me, he started crying. He said, "After being in the brutality of San Quentin for so long, we don't think reconciliation will happen. This design is for a place that fulfills the promise of restorative justice. And it feels closer now."
丹尼就是其中一位。 他已經被關在聖昆丁 州立監獄 27 年了, 他在 21 歲時殺了人。 打從一開始, 他就一直專注在 要為那行為負起責任, 盡他的全力從獄中做補償。 他把那份心力帶到了 一個社區中心的設計中, 一個調解及健康中心。 那是個很美的設計,對吧? 這個綠色的校園 充滿了這些圓形的結構, 供受害者和犯罪者進行對話。 當他把這個計畫拿給我看時, 他開始哭泣。 他說:「在聖昆丁州立監獄的 暴虐當中待了這麼久, 我們不認為調解還有可能發生。 這個設計,是要建造一個地方 來實現修復式正義的承諾。 現在它感覺更接近了。」
I know for a fact that just the visualization of spaces for restorative justice and healing are transformative. I've seen it in our workshops over and over again. But I think we know that just visualizing these spaces is not enough. We have to build them. And so I started to look for justice innovators. They are not easy to find. But I found one.
我很確定, 光是將修復式正義 及療癒的空間給視覺化, 就有改變的力量了。 我在我們的研討會 一再看到這樣的現象。 但我想我們都知道,光是將 這些空間視覺化還不夠。 我們得把它們建造出來。 所以我開始尋找正義創新者。 他們挺不容易找的。 但我找到了一個。
I found the Center for Court Innovation. They were bringing Native American peacemaking practices into a non-Native community for the very first time in the United States. And I approached them, and I said, "OK, well, as you set up your process, could I work with the community to design a peacemaking center?" And they said yes. Thank God, because I had no backup to these guys. And so, in the Near Westside of Syracuse, New York, we started to run design workshops with the community to both locate and reenvision an old drug house to be a peacemaking center. The Near Westside Peacemaking Project is complete. And they are already running over 80 circles a year, with a very interesting outcome, and that it is the space itself that's convincing people to engage in peacemaking for the very first time in their lives.
我找到了法院創新中心。 他們要把美國原住民的調停做法 帶到非原住民社區中, 這是美國有史以來第一次。 我去找他們,我說: 「好,當你們在準備你們的流程時, 我能不能與社區合作, 設計一個調停中心?」 他們答應了。 謝天謝地,因為除了他們, 我沒有別的後備計畫。 所以,在紐約雪城的近西界, 我們開始與社區進行設計研討會, 找到了一間毒梟的家, 把它重新想像成為一個調停中心。 西界調停專案計畫完成了。 現在每年已經會進行 超過 80 場圍圈坐談, 結果非常有意思, 是那個空間本身 說服了大家去參與調停, 那也是他們人生中的初體驗。
Isabel and her daughter are some of those community members. And they had been referred to peacemaking to heal their relationship after a history of family abuse, sexual abuse and other issues that they'd been having in their own family and the community. And, you know, Isabel didn't want to do peacemaking. She was like, "This is just like going to court. What is this peacemaking stuff?" But when she showed up, she was stressed, she was anxious. But when she got in, she kind of looked around, and she settled in. And she turned to the coordinator and said, "I feel comfortable here -- at ease. It's homey." Isabel and her daughter made a decision that day to engage and complete the peacemaking process. And today, their relationship is transformed; they're doing really well and they're healing.
伊莎貝爾和她的女兒 都是有參與的社區成員。 她們被轉介到調停中心, 來療癒她們的關係, 她們過去曾經歷過家暴、 性虐待, 以及其他和自己家庭間 及社區間的問題。 伊莎貝爾並不想做調停。 她說:「這就像上法庭一樣。 這個調停是什麼東西?」 當她出席時, 她很有壓力,很焦慮。 但她進來之後,她看了看四周, 她安頓下來了。 她轉向協調者,說: 我在這裡覺得很舒適、很安心。 很像家。」 伊莎貝爾和她的女兒在那天就決定 要參與並完成調停過程。 現今,她們的關係已經轉變了; 她們的狀況很好,她們在療癒。
So after this project, I didn't go into a thing where I'm going to make a huge peacemaking center. I did want to have peacemaking centers in every community. But then a new idea emerged. I was doing a workshop in Santa Rita Jail in California, and one of our incarcerated designers, Doug, said, "Yeah, you know, repairing the harm, getting back on my feet, healing -- really important. But the reality is, Deanna, when I get home, I don't have anywhere to go. I have no job -- who's going to hire me? I'm just going to end up back here."
在這個計畫之後, 我沒有去建大型的調停中心。 我確實希望每個社區 都有一個調停中心。 但接著,一個新點子浮現了。 我在加州的聖利塔監獄辦研討會, 我們有一位被監禁的 設計師叫道格,他說: 「是的,修復傷害、 重新站起來、療癒── 非常重要。 但現實是,狄安娜,當我回家時, 我無處可去。 我沒有工作──誰會僱用我? 我最後還是會回來這裡。」
And you know what, he's right, because 60 to 75 percent of those returning to their communities will be unemployed a year after their release. We also know, if you can't meet your basic economic needs, you're going to commit crime -- any of us would do that. So instead of building prisons, what we could build are spaces for job training and entrepreneurship. These are spaces for what we call "restorative economics." Located in East Oakland, California, "Restore Oakland" will be the country’s first center for restorative justice and restorative economics.
你們知道嗎,他說的沒錯, 因為返回社區的人當中, 有 60%~75% 在出獄後的一年內都找不到工作。 我們都知道,如果你的 基本經濟需求無法被滿足, 你就會犯罪, 每個人都必然如此。 所以,若不要建造監獄, 我們可以建造職業訓練 和企業家精神的空間。 這些空間可以用來做 我們所謂的「修復式經濟」。 在加州的東奧克蘭, 「恢復奧克蘭」將會是全國第一個 修復式正義及修復式經濟中心。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So here's what we're going to do. We're going to gut this building and turn it into three things. First, a restaurant called "Colors," that will break the racial divide in the restaurant industry by training low-wage restaurant workers to get living-wage jobs in fine dining. It does not matter if you have a criminal record or not. On the second floor, we have bright, open, airy spaces to support a constellation of activist organizations to amplify their cry of "Healthcare Not Handcuffs," and "Housing as a human right." And third, the county's first dedicated space for restorative justice, filled with nature, color, texture and spaces of refuge to support the dialogues here. This project breaks ground in just two months. And we have plans to replicate it in Washington D.C., Detroit, New York and New Orleans.
我們打算要做的事如下。 我們要改裝這棟建築的內部, 轉為三樣東西。 第一,一間餐廳,叫做「顏色」, 它會打破在餐廳產業的族群分裂, 做法是訓練低薪餐廳員工 取得好的餐廳工作, 提供的工資足夠生活所需。 你是否有前科都無所謂。 二樓有明亮、開放、通風的空間, 用來支持一系列活動組織, 放大他們「要健康照護,不要手銬」 及「供給住房是基本人權」的呼籲。 第三,該郡第一個 修復式正義的專用空間, 充滿了庇護所的本質、 顏色、結構,及空間, 以支援在這裡進行的對談。 這個計畫再兩個月就要開工了。 我們打算把它複製到 華盛頓特區、底特律、 紐約、以及紐奧良。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So you've seen two things we can build instead of prisons. And look, the price point is better. For one jail, we can build 30 restorative justice centers.
所以,各位已經看到了 兩種代替監獄的選擇。 而且,價格點更好。 一間監獄可以換成 三十間修復式正義中心。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
That is a better use of your tax dollars.
這也是把稅款做更好的運用。
So I want to build all of these. But building buildings is a really heavy lift. It takes time. And what was happening in the communities that I was serving is we were losing people every week to gun violence and mass incarceration. We needed to serve more people and faster and keep them out of the system. And a new idea emerged from the community, one that was a lot lighter on its feet. Instead of building prisons, we could build villages on wheels. It's called the Pop-Up Resource Village, and it brings an entire constellation of resources to isolated communities in the greater San Francisco area, including mobile medical, social services and pop-up shops. And so what we're doing now is we're building this whole village with the community, starting with transforming municipal buses into classrooms on wheels that bring GED and high school education across turf lines.
這些我全部都想建造。 但建造建築物是非常沉重的工作。 要花時間。 在我服務的那些社區中, 發生的狀況是, 每週我們都會因為槍枝暴力 和大規模監禁而失去一些人。 我們得要以更快的速度 服務更多人,讓他們遠離體制。 社區中浮現了一個新點子, 這個點子比較輕便。 取代建造監獄, 我們可以建造有輪子的村子。 它叫做「快閃式資源村」, 把所有的資源帶到 大舊金山地區的孤立社區裡, 包括行動醫療、社會服務和快閃店。 我們現在做的是, 我們和社區一起建造這整個村子, 先把市立公車轉變成有輪子的教室, 把 GED(普通教育開發) 和高中教育帶過草坪線。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
We will serve thousands of more students with this. We're creating mobile spaces of refuge for women released from jail in the middle of the night, at their most vulnerable. Next summer, the village will launch, and it pops up every single week, expanding to more and more communities as it goes. So look out for it.
有了它,我們可以 再多服務數千名學生。 我們在創造庇護的行動空間, 給出獄的女性在半夜 在她們最脆弱的時候使用。 明年夏天,村子就會推出, 每週都會快閃出現, 擴及到它所到之處的更多社區。 所以,注意找找它。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So what do we build instead of prisons? We've looked at three things: peacemaking centers, centers for restorative justice and restorative economics and pop-up villages. But I'm telling you, I have a list a mile long. This is customized housing for youth transitioning out of foster care. These are reentry centers for women to reunite with their children. These are spaces for survivors of violence. These are spaces that address the root causes of mass incarceration. And not a single one of them is a jail or a prison. Activist, philosopher, writer Cornel West says that "Justice is what love looks like in public."
所以,若不建造監獄,要建造什麼? 我們有三項計畫: 調停中心, 修復式正義和修復式經濟中心, 以及快閃村。 但讓我告訴各位, 我的清單有一哩長。 這是為年輕人客製化的住房供應, 從寄養照顧轉變而來的。 這些是讓女性能 和她們的孩子團圓的復歸中心。 這些是給暴力受害者的空間。 這些空間可以用來處理 大規模監禁的根源成因, 沒一個是監獄或監牢。 身兼激進分子、哲學家, 及作家的康乃爾韋斯特說: 「正義,就是『愛』 在公開場域看起來的樣子。」
So with this in mind, I ask you one more time to imagine a world without prisons, and join me in creating all the things that we could build instead.
所以,心中想著這一點, 我再次請求各位, 想像一個沒有監獄的世界, 加入我,一同創造各種 能取代監獄的東西。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)