A lot of people call me a "justice architect." But I don't design prisons. I don't design jails. I don't design detention centers, and I don't even design courthouses. All the same, I get a call every week, saying, "OK, but you design better prisons, right? You know, like those pretty ones they're building in Europe." And I always pause. And I invite them, and I invite you today, to imagine a world without prisons. What does that justice feel and look like? What do we need to build to get there? I'd like to show you some ideas today of things that we're building. And I'm going to start with an early prototype.
很多人称我为“正义建筑师”, 但我不设计监狱, 我也不设计牢房。 我不设计拘留所, 我甚至连法院大楼都不设计。 虽然如此,我每周 还是会接到一个电话说, “好吧,但你设计了 更好的监狱,不是吗? 就像欧洲他们正在建造的 漂亮监狱。” 而我总是停顿一下, 我邀请他们, 我今天也邀请你们, 去想象一个没有监狱的世界, 正义的感觉到底是什么样? 我们需要建造什么 才能到达这个目标? 我今天想向大家展示 我们正在建造的东西。 我先从早期的一个原型开始,
This I built when I was five. I call it "the healing hut." And I built it after I got sent home from school for punching this kid in the face because he called me the N-word. OK, he deserved it. It happened a lot, though, because my family had desegregated a white community in rural Virginia. And I was really scared. I was afraid. I was angry. And so I would run into the forest, and I would build these little huts. They were made out of twigs and leaves and blankets I had taken from my mom. And as the light would stream into my refuge, I would feel at peace. Despite my efforts to comfort myself, I still left my community as soon as I could, and I went to architecture school and then into a professional career designing shopping centers, homes for the wealthy and office buildings, until I stepped into a prison for the first time.
这是我5岁时建造的 我称之为“疗伤小屋”, 我是在被学校送回家后 建立的它, 因为,我朝喊我 “黑鬼”的小孩脸上打了一拳, 是他自找麻烦。 这经常发生, 因为我的家人 在维吉尼亚州的乡下 废除了一个白人社区的种族隔离。 我真是非常害怕, 我很担心, 我很生气。 所以我跑进树林, 建造了这些小屋子, 它们取材于树枝、 树叶和妈妈给的毯子。 当阳光照进我的庇护所, 我感到非常平静。 尽管我努力安慰自己, 我还是尽快离开了我的社区, 我上了建筑学校。 然后从事设计 购物中心的职业生涯, 为有钱人设计房子, 和办公楼。 直到我第一次踏入监狱,
It was the Chester State Correctional Institution in Pennsylvania. And my friend, she invited me there to work with some of her incarcerated students and teach them about the positive power of design. The irony is so obvious, right? As I approached this concrete building, these tiny little windows, barbed wire, high walls, observation towers, and on the inside, these cold, hard spaces, little light or air, the guards are screaming, the doors are clanking, there's a wall of cells filled with so many black and brown bodies. And I realized that what I was seeing was the end result of our racist policies that had caused mass incarceration. But as an architect, what I was seeing was how a prison is the worst building type we could have created to address the harm that we're doing to one another. I thought, "Well, could I design an alternative to this, other than building a prettier prison?" It didn't feel good to me; it still doesn't feel good. But back then, I just didn't know what to do. What do we build instead of this?
这是宾夕法尼亚州的 切斯特州立惩教所。 我的朋友,她邀请我去那, 与她被监禁的学生一道工作, 教他们设计的积极力量。 这非常讽刺,对吗? 当我踏入这个 混凝土建筑,这些小铁窗, 铁丝网,高墙,瞭望塔, 而在里面则是又冷又硬的空间。 光线不足,空气稀薄, 看守大喊大叫, 门叮当作响, 牢房中充满了 黑色和棕色的身体。 我意识到我看到的是 是我们种族主义政策, 导致大规模监禁的最终结果。 但作为建筑师,我看到的是 监狱是我们建造的 最糟糕的建筑类型, 去惩罚我们彼此造成的伤害。 我想,“好吧, 我可以设计个替代方案, 而不是建造一所 更漂亮的监狱吗?” 这让我感觉很不好, 至今仍然感觉不好。 但从那回来后, 我还是不知道应该做什么。 我们该建造什么来代替监狱?
And then I heard about restorative justice. I felt at peace again, because here was an alternative system that says when a crime is committed, it is a breach of relationship, that the needs of those who have been harmed must be addressed first; that those who have committed the offense have an obligation to make amends. And what they are are really intense dialogues, where all stakeholders come together to find a way to repair the breach. Early data shows that restorative justice builds empathy; that it reduces violent reoffending by up to 75 percent; that it eases PTSD in survivors of the most severe violence. And because of these reasons, we see prosecutors and judges and district attorneys starting to divert cases out of court and into restorative justice so that some people never touch the system altogether. And so I thought, "Well, damn -- why aren't we designing for this system?"
然后我听说了修复式司法。 我感到了平静, 因为现在有一种替代系统, 指出当犯罪发生了, 这是关系的破坏, 那些受到伤害的人, 首先会得到缓解。 那些犯了罪的人, 有义务去补偿。 真是一场非常热烈的讨论, 所有的利益相关者都聚集在一起, 寻找修复问题的方法。 早期数据显示 修复式司法建立了同理心, 可以减少暴力犯罪75%。 它减轻了最严重暴力的幸存者患上的 “创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)”。 而因为这些原因, 我们看到检察官、 法官和地区检察官, 开始将案件从法庭 转移到修复式司法上, 这样一些人就不用 接触到这个系统了。 当时我想:“我们为什么 不去为这个系统设计些什么呢?”
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Instead of building prisons, we should be building spaces to amplify restorative justice. And so I started in schools, because suspensions and expulsions have been fueling the pathway to prison for decades. And many school districts -- probably some of your own -- are turning to restorative justice as an alternative. So, my first project -- I just turned this dirty little storage room into a peacemaking room for a program in a high school in my hometown of Oakland. And after we were done, the director said that the circles she was holding in this space were more powerful in bringing the community together after fighting at school and gun violence in the community, and that students and teachers started to come here just because they saw it as a space of refuge. So what was happening is that the space was amplifying the effects of the process.
与其建造监狱, 我们应该建造放大 修复式司法的空间。 我从在学校开始着手, 因为很长时间以来, 停课和开除, 铺垫了日后的犯罪之路, 很多学区,可能在座 各位有些人的学区, 开始将修复式司法作为一种选项。 我的第一个项目, 是把这个肮脏的小储藏室 变成一所高中的调解空间, 就在我的家乡奥克兰。 我们做完后,学校主管说, 在这个空间里进行的调解会, 在学校和社区的枪支暴力冲突后, 更有力地将社区团结在一起。 学生和老师开始来到这里, 只是因为他们 将这里视为庇护所。 所以这里发生的是 空间放大了过程的影响,
OK, then I did something that architects always do, y'all. I was like, I'm going to build something massive now, right? I'm going to build the world's first restorative justice center all by myself. And it's going to be a beautiful figure on the skyline, like a beacon in the night. Thousands of people will come here instead of going to court. I will single-handedly end mass incarceration and win lots of design awards.
然后我就做建筑师都会做的事情, 我要去建造个更大的,对吧? 我要建造世界上 第一个修复式司法中心, 它将成为天际线上美丽的身影, 像黑夜中的灯塔, 成千上万的人来这里, 而不是去法庭。 我将独自结束大规模监禁, 去拿各种设计大奖。
(Laughter)
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And then I checked myself --
然后我仔细审视一番,
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because here's the deal: we are incarcerating more of our citizens per capita than any country in the world. And the fastest-growing population there are black women. Ninety-five percent of all these folks are coming home. And most of them are survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional abuse. They have literally been on both sides of the harm. So I thought, uh, maybe I should ask them what we should build instead of prisons.
事情是这样的: 我国人均监禁率, 超过地球上其他任何一个国家, 而增长最快的是黑人女性。 其中95%的人会出狱返家, 其中多数都是严重的性、 身体和情感虐待的幸存者。 他们即使施害者又是受害者。 所以我想,也许我应该问问她们, 我们应该建造什么去取代监狱。
So I returned with a restorative justice expert, and we started to run the country's first design studios with incarcerated men and women around the intersection of restorative justice and design. And it was transformative for me. I saw all these people behind walls in a totally different way. These were souls deeply committed to their personal transformation and being accountable. They were creative, they were visionary.
所以我带了一位 修复式司法专家回来, 我们建立了这个国家的 第一个设计工作室。 跟被监禁的男人和女人一起, 围绕着修复式司法和设计的交叉点。 这对我而言真是革命性的。 我看到这些高墙后的人的另一面, 这些人的灵魂深深地 致力于他们的改造, 他们希望可以为自己的行为负责。 他们很有创意,富有远见,
Danny is one of those souls. He's been incarcerated at San Quentin for 27 years for taking a life at the age of 21. From the very beginning, he's been focused on being accountable for that act and doing his best to make amends from behind bars. He brought that work into a design for a community center for reconciliation and wellness. It was a beautiful design, right? So it's this green campus filled with these circular structures for victim and offender dialogue. And when he presented the project to me, he started crying. He said, "After being in the brutality of San Quentin for so long, we don't think reconciliation will happen. This design is for a place that fulfills the promise of restorative justice. And it feels closer now."
丹尼就是其中之一。 他被关在圣昆廷监狱已经27年了, 因为在21岁时, 他杀了人。 一开始, 他一直专注于对行为负责, 尽他最大的努力去弥补他的过失, 他把这态度 带到了设计和解和康复 的社区中心来。 这真是漂亮的设计,对吗? 这是充满了圆形结构的绿色校园, 为受害者和罪犯提供对话。 当他向我展示项目时, 他哭了。 他说: “在圣昆廷监狱的暴力中 呆了这么长时间,“ “我们没想到和解会发生。” 这个设计是为了实现 修复式司法的承诺愿望。 现在感觉更近了,
I know for a fact that just the visualization of spaces for restorative justice and healing are transformative. I've seen it in our workshops over and over again. But I think we know that just visualizing these spaces is not enough. We have to build them. And so I started to look for justice innovators. They are not easy to find. But I found one.
我很确定 仅将修复式司法和治疗空间变得可视化, 就具有改变的力量。 我们一再在讨论中见证这点, 但我知道只是 可视化这些空间并不够, 我们需要创建他们。 所以我开始寻找司法创新者, 他们可不容易找到, 但我发现了一个。
I found the Center for Court Innovation. They were bringing Native American peacemaking practices into a non-Native community for the very first time in the United States. And I approached them, and I said, "OK, well, as you set up your process, could I work with the community to design a peacemaking center?" And they said yes. Thank God, because I had no backup to these guys. And so, in the Near Westside of Syracuse, New York, we started to run design workshops with the community to both locate and reenvision an old drug house to be a peacemaking center. The Near Westside Peacemaking Project is complete. And they are already running over 80 circles a year, with a very interesting outcome, and that it is the space itself that's convincing people to engage in peacemaking for the very first time in their lives.
我找到了法院创新中心, 他们在美国首次把, 美洲原住民的调解传统 用于非原住民社区。 我找到他们说, “你们设计流程的同时, 我可以跟社区一起 设计调解中心吗?” 他们说可以, 谢天谢地,因为对这些人 我可没有备选计划, 所以,在纽约雪城的西部 我们开始与社区开展研讨, 找到并重建一个药厂 为调解中心。 近西区的调解中心已经完工了, 他们一年可以进行 超过80个调解会, 结果都非常让人振奋。 就是这个空间, 可以说服人们参与调停, 这是他们有生以来第一次。
Isabel and her daughter are some of those community members. And they had been referred to peacemaking to heal their relationship after a history of family abuse, sexual abuse and other issues that they'd been having in their own family and the community. And, you know, Isabel didn't want to do peacemaking. She was like, "This is just like going to court. What is this peacemaking stuff?" But when she showed up, she was stressed, she was anxious. But when she got in, she kind of looked around, and she settled in. And she turned to the coordinator and said, "I feel comfortable here -- at ease. It's homey." Isabel and her daughter made a decision that day to engage and complete the peacemaking process. And today, their relationship is transformed; they're doing really well and they're healing.
伊莎贝尔和她的女儿 是其中的社区成员, 她们已经开始调解, 来修复他们的关系 在长时间的家里暴力、 性虐待历史, 以及他们自己家中, 和社区中面临的其他问题后。 伊莎贝尔并不想去调解。 她说:“这个跟上法庭一样。 这个调解中心是什么玩意?” 当她出现时, 带着紧张、焦虑, 当她进去后,她到处打量, 安顿下来后, 她转身对协调员说, “在这里我感到舒适、放松, 很温馨。” 伊莎贝尔和她女儿 那天做了个决定, 去参与和完成调解过程。 今天,她们的关系发生了变化, 她们表现很好,她们治愈了。
So after this project, I didn't go into a thing where I'm going to make a huge peacemaking center. I did want to have peacemaking centers in every community. But then a new idea emerged. I was doing a workshop in Santa Rita Jail in California, and one of our incarcerated designers, Doug, said, "Yeah, you know, repairing the harm, getting back on my feet, healing -- really important. But the reality is, Deanna, when I get home, I don't have anywhere to go. I have no job -- who's going to hire me? I'm just going to end up back here."
这个项目后,我不再去 找在哪里能做个大的和解中心, 我想要在每个社群建立和解中心。 但一个新的主意冒出来了, 我在加利福尼亚的 圣丽塔监狱做了一个研讨会, 我们的一个被监禁的设计师道格说, “修复伤害,重新站起来,治愈, 真的很重要。 但现实是,迪安娜,当我回家后, 我无处可去。 我没有工作,谁来雇佣我? 我最终还是得回到这里。”
And you know what, he's right, because 60 to 75 percent of those returning to their communities will be unemployed a year after their release. We also know, if you can't meet your basic economic needs, you're going to commit crime -- any of us would do that. So instead of building prisons, what we could build are spaces for job training and entrepreneurship. These are spaces for what we call "restorative economics." Located in East Oakland, California, "Restore Oakland" will be the country’s first center for restorative justice and restorative economics.
你们知道的,他说的对, 因为60-75%回到社区的人, 在释放一年内找不到工作。 我们也知道,如果你连 基本的经济需求都得不到满足, 你会再次犯罪, 我们每个人都会这样, 所以与其建造监狱。 我们可以建造职业和创业培训空间, 我们把这些空间叫做“修复式经济”, 位于加利福尼亚州东奥克兰, “修复奥克兰”将是这个国家用于 修复式司法 和修复式经济的第一个中心。
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So here's what we're going to do. We're going to gut this building and turn it into three things. First, a restaurant called "Colors," that will break the racial divide in the restaurant industry by training low-wage restaurant workers to get living-wage jobs in fine dining. It does not matter if you have a criminal record or not. On the second floor, we have bright, open, airy spaces to support a constellation of activist organizations to amplify their cry of "Healthcare Not Handcuffs," and "Housing as a human right." And third, the county's first dedicated space for restorative justice, filled with nature, color, texture and spaces of refuge to support the dialogues here. This project breaks ground in just two months. And we have plans to replicate it in Washington D.C., Detroit, New York and New Orleans.
这是我们打算做的, 我们要把这个建筑改造成三样东西: 首先是一家叫“颜色”的餐馆。 这将打破餐饮业的种族分化, 通过培训低薪餐厅员工, 帮他们在精致的餐厅里 找到正常薪资的工作。 你有没有犯罪记录并不重要。 二楼,我们有明亮、开放、通风的空间, 用于支持活跃的组织, 以放大他们的呼声 “治疗而不是手铐”, 以及“住房是人权”。 第三,这里是这个郡第一个 致力于修复式司法的地方, 充满自然、色彩、纹理的避难空间, 来支撑这里的对话。 这个项目在两个月内就破土动工了, 我们计划在 华盛顿特区、底特律、 纽约和新奥尔良复制。
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So you've seen two things we can build instead of prisons. And look, the price point is better. For one jail, we can build 30 restorative justice centers.
所以你们看到了两样 可以代替监狱的东西。 看,价格还更优。 以建立一座监狱的预算, 我们可以造30个修复式司法中心,
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That is a better use of your tax dollars.
可以更好利用你的纳税,
So I want to build all of these. But building buildings is a really heavy lift. It takes time. And what was happening in the communities that I was serving is we were losing people every week to gun violence and mass incarceration. We needed to serve more people and faster and keep them out of the system. And a new idea emerged from the community, one that was a lot lighter on its feet. Instead of building prisons, we could build villages on wheels. It's called the Pop-Up Resource Village, and it brings an entire constellation of resources to isolated communities in the greater San Francisco area, including mobile medical, social services and pop-up shops. And so what we're doing now is we're building this whole village with the community, starting with transforming municipal buses into classrooms on wheels that bring GED and high school education across turf lines.
所以我想要去创建这些。 但建造建筑真是重活, 它需要时间。 我所服务的社区正在发生的是 每周都有人因为枪支暴力, 以及大规模的监禁而离去。 我们需要服务更多的人 更快地让他们从监狱司法中出来。 社区有个新主意, 其中一个比较接地气: 与其建造监狱,我们可以 建造车轮上的村庄, 称之为“快闪资源村”。 它为大旧金山地区, 带来了一整套的资源, 包括移动医疗, 社会服务,快闪商店。 现在我们正在做的是 我们跟社区一起建立这个村。 从把市政公共汽车 改造为车轮上的教室开始, 这带来了跨领域的教育和高中教育。
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We will serve thousands of more students with this. We're creating mobile spaces of refuge for women released from jail in the middle of the night, at their most vulnerable. Next summer, the village will launch, and it pops up every single week, expanding to more and more communities as it goes. So look out for it.
我们用这个服务了成千上万的学生, 我们为半夜从监狱释放的女性, 提供了移动的避难所, 在她们最无助的时候。 下个夏天,这个村庄 将会开启,每一周都会出现, 并将会扩大至越来越多的社区。 注意看看,
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(掌声)
So what do we build instead of prisons? We've looked at three things: peacemaking centers, centers for restorative justice and restorative economics and pop-up villages. But I'm telling you, I have a list a mile long. This is customized housing for youth transitioning out of foster care. These are reentry centers for women to reunite with their children. These are spaces for survivors of violence. These are spaces that address the root causes of mass incarceration. And not a single one of them is a jail or a prison. Activist, philosopher, writer Cornel West says that "Justice is what love looks like in public."
那么我们创建了什么去替代监狱? 我们看过了这三个建筑: 调解中心, 修复式司法和修复式经济中心, 还有“快闪”村庄。 但我要告诉你, 我还有一英里长的清单, 里面有为离开寄养家庭的 青少年量身定制的过渡住房, 为女性提供 与孩子重新建立连接的中心。 为暴力犯罪幸存者提供的空间, 这是解决大规模监禁的空间。 它们没有一个是牢房和监狱, 活动家,哲学家,作家 科内尔·韦斯特说, “正义是爱在公众面前的样子。”
So with this in mind, I ask you one more time to imagine a world without prisons, and join me in creating all the things that we could build instead.
因此,考虑到这一点, 我再问你一次, 想象一个没有监狱的世界, 和我一起去创造所有 可以去替代监狱的东西。
Thank you.
谢谢。
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