I'd like to introduce you to an interesting person named Ötzi. He lives in Italy at the South Tyrol Museum of Archeology because he's a mummy. This is an artist rendition of what he might have looked like when he was alive, 5,300 years ago. You want to see what he looks like today? (Laughter) Okay, brace yourselves, gross mummy pic coming at you. He's not as handsome as he used to be, but he's actually in great shape for a mummy because he was discovered frozen in ice. Ötzi is the oldest mummy that's been discovered with preserved skin. 5,300 years is super old, older than the Egyptian pyramids. And Ötzi's skin is covered in 61 black tattoos, all lines and crosses, on parts of his body where he might have experienced pain, so scientists think that they might have been used to mark sites for some kind of therapy, like acupuncture. So clearly, if the oldest skin we've seen is all tattooed up, tattooing is a very ancient practice. But fast forward to today, and tattoos are everywhere. Almost one in four Americans has a tattoo. It's a multi-billion dollar industry. And whether you love tattoos or hate them, this talk will change the way you think about them. So, why are tattoos so popular? Unlike Ötzi, most of us today use tattoos for some kind of self-expression. Personally, I love tattoos because I love art, and there's something so wonderful to me, almost romantic, about the way a tattoo as an art form cannot be commodified. Right? Your tattoo lives and dies with you. It can't be bought or sold or traded. So its only value is really personal to you, and I love that. Now, I tend to gravitate towards really colorful tattoos because I'm obsessed with color. I teach a whole course on it at my university. But my very first tattoo was an all-black tattoo like Ötzi's. Yep, I did that cliché thing that young people do sometimes, and I got a tattoo in a language I can't even read. (Laughter) Okay, but I was 19 years old, I had just returned from my first trip overseas, I was in Japan in the mountains, meditating in Buddhist monasteries, and it was a really meaningful experience to me, so I wanted to commemorate it with this Japanese and Chinese character for "mountain." Now, here is what blows my mind. My 14-year-old tattoo and Ötzi's 5,300-year-old tattoos are made of the same exact stuff: soot. That black, powdery carbon dust that gets left behind in the fireplace when you burn stuff. And if you zoom way, way in on either my tattoo or Ötzi's tattoos, you'll find that they all look something like this. A tattoo is nothing more than a bunch of tiny pigment particles, soot in this case, that get trapped in the dermis, which is the layer of tissue right underneath the surface of the skin. So in over 5,000 years, we've done very little to update tattoo technology apart from getting access to more colors and slightly more efficient methods of installation. While I'm an artist, I'm also a scientist, and I direct a laboratory that researches nanotechnology, which is the science of building things with ultra-tiny building blocks. Thousands of times smaller, even, than the width of a human hair. And I began to ask myself, How could nanotechnology serve tattooing? If tattoos are just a bunch of particles in the skin, could we swap those particles out for ones that do something more interesting? Here's my big idea. I believe that tattoos can give you superpowers. (Laughter) Now, I don't mean they're going to make us fly, but I do think that we can have superpowers in the sense that tattoos can give us new abilities that we don't currently possess. By upgrading the particles, we can engineer tattoo inks that will change not only the appearance of our skin but also the function of our skin. Let me show you. This is a diagram of a microcapsule. It's a tiny hollow particle with a protective outer shell, about the size of a tattoo pigment, and you can fill the inside with practically whatever you want. So, what if we put interesting materials inside of these microcapsules and made tattooings with them? What sorts of things could we make a tattoo do? What problems could we solve? What human limitations could we overcome? Well, here's one idea. One of our weaknesses as humans is that we can't see ultraviolet, or UV, light. That's the high-energy part of sunlight that causes sunburn and increases our risk of skin cancer. Many animals and insects can actually see UV light, but we can't. If we could, we'd be able to see sunscreen when it's applied on our skin. Unfortunately, most of us don't wear sunscreen and those of us who do can't really tell when it wears off, because it's invisible. It's the main reason we treat over five million cases of preventable skin cancer every year in the US alone, costing our economy over five billion dollars annually. So, how could we overcome this human weakness with a tattoo? If the problem is that we can't see UV rays, maybe we could make a tattoo detect them for us. So, I thought, "Why don't we take some microcapsules, load it up with a UV-sensitive, color-changing dye, and make tattoo ink out of that?" Now, one of the troubles of being a tattoo technologist is finding willing test subjects, (Laughter) and when it came time to test this tattoo ink, I thought it best not to torture my poor graduate students, so I decided to tattoo a couple of spots on my own arm instead. And it actually worked! Check it out. I call these tattoos "solar freckles" because they're powered by sunshine. And right now, they're invisible, but as soon as I expose them to a UV light, acting as the sun ... there they are, blue spots! Now, I'm not wearing sunscreen in this video, but if I was, those blue spots would not appear, and then when my sunscreen wore off later, the solar freckles would reappear in UV light, and I would know that it was time to reapply sunscreen. So these tattoos act as a real-time, naked-eye indicator of your skin's UV exposure. And of course, I think there are lots of really cool, artistic things you could do with a color-changing tattoo like this, but I hope that it will also help us solve a big problem in skin protection. (Applause) Let me give you another example. Normal human body temperature is about 97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit, and if you fall outside of that range, you need to seek medical attention right away. Now, the problem is that humans can't detect our own body temperature without a thermometer. Sure, you could try the old hand-on-the-forehead trick, but there's zero scientific evidence to back that up. So, what if we could create a tattooable thermometer that you could access any time? Remember how the solar freckles used a UV-sensitive dye inside of the microcapsules of the tattoo ink? Well, you could also put heat-sensitive dyes inside of microcapsules, and you could make different tattoo inks that change color at different temperatures. Suppose it was 96, 98, and 100 degrees Fahrenheit. If you place those inks side-by-side, now you have a temperature scale tuned to the human body. You can see the different patches of tattoos disappearing sequentially as the pig skin we tested them on is heated up. So, if you were to place a tattoo like this in a location that was stable to external temperature fluctuations, maybe inside of the mouth, perhaps on the back of the lip, then you'd be able to read your body temperature any time by just glancing at your tattoo in the mirror. Amazing, right? (Applause) Another limitation that we have as humans is that our skin doesn't conduct electricity. And that can be a good thing, but not necessarily (Laughter) if you have an electronic biomedical implant, like a pacemaker, for example. Right now, if you have a pacemaker, you need surgery every five or ten years to replace the battery when it dies. And wouldn't it be nice if instead, we could simply recharge the battery through a patch of conducting skin? Well, if you were to try to tackle that problem with a tattoo, the first step would be to make a tattoo that conducts electricity. We've been working on a conducting tattoo ink in my lab, and right now, we're able to increase the conductivity of skin over 300-fold with our conducting tattoo ink. Now, we have a long way to go before we reach the conductivity of something like a copper wire, but we're making progress, and I'm really excited about this because I think that it could open up a whole new world of possibility for tattoos. I envision a future where tattooable wires and tattooable electronics enable us to merge our technologies with our bodies so that they feel more like extensions of ourselves rather than external devices. So these are a few examples of the new abilities that we can gain by using nanotechnology to upgrade our tattoos. But this really is only the beginning. I believe the sky is the limit for what we can do with high-tech tattoos. What if we could, for example, have tattoos that gave us information about what's going on inside of our bodies, such as our blood sugar levels if we're diabetic, or our blood alcohol content if we're wondering if it's safe to drive? Or what if we could have tattoos that we could just change color or turn on and off at will? We could create tattooable displays that solve the problem of buyer's remorse. (Laughter) Yeah, you don't like your tattoo anymore, just change it or turn it off. Or how about tattoos that make our skin stronger, less likely to be cut or infected or to wrinkle as we age? I believe that all of these things are possible. In the future, tattoos will not only be beautiful, they'll be functional too. So, the only question left to answer is, What superpower do you want from your tattoo? Thank you. (Applause) (Cheers)
