The phenomenon you saw here for a brief moment is called quantum levitation and quantum locking. And the object that was levitating here is called a superconductor. Superconductivity is a quantum state of matter, and it occurs only below a certain critical temperature.
Fenomen koji ste vidjeli, u jednom kratkom trenutku zove se kvantna levitacija i kvantno zaključavanje. Objekt koji je levitirao zove se supravodič. Supravodljivost je kvantno stanje stvari, koje se događa samo ispod određenih temperatura.
Now, it's quite an old phenomenon; it was discovered 100 years ago. However, only recently, due to several technological advancements, we are now able to demonstrate to you quantum levitation and quantum locking.
Zapravo je to fenomen koji već dugo poznajemo. Otkriven je prije stotinu godina. Međutim, tek odnedavno, zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku, možemo vam demonstrirati kvantnu levitaciju i kvantno zaključavanje.
So, a superconductor is defined by two properties. The first is zero electrical resistance, and the second is the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of the superconductor. That sounds complicated, right? But what is electrical resistance? So, electricity is the flow of electrons inside a material. And these electrons, while flowing, they collide with the atoms, and in these collisions they lose a certain amount of energy. And they dissipate this energy in the form of heat, and you know that effect. However, inside a superconductor there are no collisions, so there is no energy dissipation.
Dakle, supravodič je određen dvama svojstvima. Prvo svojstvo je odsustvo električnog otpora, a drugo je izbacivanje magnetskog polja iz unutrašnjosti supravodiča. Zvuči kompilcirano, zar ne? No, što je električni otpor? Elektricitet je protok elektrona unutar materijala. I ti elektroni se u svom kretanju sudaraju s atomima, i u tim sudarima gube određenu količinu energije. Ta se energija rasipa u vidu zagrijavanja, i to vam je poznato. Međutim, unutar supravodiča nema sudaranja i stoga nema rasipanja energije.
It's quite remarkable. Think about it. In classical physics, there is always some friction, some energy loss. But not here, because it is a quantum effect. But that's not all, because superconductors don't like magnetic fields. So a superconductor will try to expel magnetic field from the inside, and it has the means to do that by circulating currents. Now, the combination of both effects -- the expulsion of magnetic fields and zero electrical resistance -- is exactly a superconductor.
To je zaista izvanredno. Razmislite o tome. U klasičnoj fizici, uvijek imamo trenje, uvijek se gubi nešto energije. Ali, ne i ovdje, zbog toga što je riječ o kvantnom efektu. Ali to nije sve, zato što supravodiči ne vole magnetna polja. Zato supravodiči nastoje izbaciti magnetno polje iznutra, a to rade uz pomoć kružnih struja. Kombinacija oba efekta -- izbacivanje magnetnog polja i izostanak električnog otpora jest supravodič.
But the picture isn't always perfect, as we all know, and sometimes strands of magnetic field remain inside the superconductor. Now, under proper conditions, which we have here, these strands of magnetic field can be trapped inside the superconductor. And these strands of magnetic field inside the superconductor, they come in discrete quantities. Why? Because it is a quantum phenomenon. It's quantum physics. And it turns out that they behave like quantum particles.
No, kako to biva, slika nije uvijek savršena i ponekad silnice magnetnog polja ostaju u supravodiču. Sada, u odgovarajućim uvjetima, kakve imamo ovdje, silnice magnetnog polja mogu ostati zarobljene unutar supravodiča. A te silnice unutar supravodiča dolaze u malim količinama. Zašto? Zato što je to kvantni fenomen. Kvantna fizika. I ispada da se one ponašaju poput kvantnih čestica.
In this movie here, you can see how they flow one by one discretely. This is strands of magnetic field. These are not particles, but they behave like particles. So, this is why we call this effect quantum levitation and quantum locking.
U ovom ovdje filmu možete vidjeti kako se diskretno kreću jedna po jedna. Ovo su silnice magnetnog polja. Ovo nisu čestice, ali se ponašaju poput čestica. Dakle, zbog toga se fenomen zove kvantna levitacija i kvantno zaključavanje.
But what happens to the superconductor when we put it inside a magnetic field? Well, first there are strands of magnetic field left inside, but now the superconductor doesn't like them moving around, because their movements dissipate energy, which breaks the superconductivity state. So what it actually does, it locks these strands, which are called fluxons, and it locks these fluxons in place. And by doing that, what it actually does is locking itself in place. Why? Because any movement of the superconductor will change their place, will change their configuration.
No, što se dešava sa supravodičem kada ga stavimo unutar magnetnog polja? Pa, imamo silnice magnetnog polja koje su ostale unutra, ali sada supravodiču više ne odgovara da se one kreću naokolo jer njihovo kretanje rasipa energiju i to prekida stanje supravodljivosti. Tako da zapravo da zaključava te silnice, koje se zovu fluksoni. Zaključava fluksone u mjestu. Na taj način on sam sebe zapravo zaključava u mjestu. Zašto? Zato što svaki pokret supravodiča mijenja mjesto silnica i njihovu konfiguraciju.
So we get quantum locking. And let me show you how this works. I have here a superconductor, which I wrapped up so it'd stay cold long enough. And when I place it on top of a regular magnet, it just stays locked in midair.
I tako dobivamo kvantno zaključavanje. Pokazat ću vam kako to funkcionira. Ovdje imam supravodič koji sam umotao kako bi dovoljno dugo ostao hladan. I kada ga stavim na običan magnet, on ostane zaključan u zraku.
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Now, this is not just levitation. It's not just repulsion. I can rearrange the fluxons, and it will be locked in this new configuration. Like this, or move it slightly to the right or to the left. So, this is quantum locking -- actually locking -- three-dimensional locking of the superconductor. Of course, I can turn it upside down, and it will remain locked.
Pazite, ne radi se o levitaciji. Nije to obično odbijanje. Mogu prerasporediti fluksone i bit će zaključan u ovoj novoj konfiguraciji. Na primjer, ovako. Ili ga mogu pomaknuti malo lijevo ili desno. Dakle, ovo je kvantno zaključavanje -- stvarno zaključavanje -- trodimenzionalno zaključavanje supravodiča. Naravno, može se okrenuti i naglavačke i ostat će zaključan.
Now, now that we understand that this so-called levitation is actually locking, Yeah, we understand that. You won't be surprised to hear that if I take this circular magnet, in which the magnetic field is the same all around, the superconductor will be able to freely rotate around the axis of the magnet. Why? Because as long as it rotates, the locking is maintained. You see? I can adjust and I can rotate the superconductor. We have frictionless motion. It is still levitating, but can move freely all around.
Sada kada razumijemo da je tzv. levitacija zapravo zaključavanje, da, to smo shvatili. Neće vas iznenaditi ako vam kažem da će, ako uzmem ovaj kružni magnet u kojem je magnetno polje jednako na svim djelovima, supravodič slobodno kružiti oko osi magneta. Zašto? Zato što dokle god rotira, održava se zaključavanje. Vidite? Mogu namjestiti i rotirati supravodič. Imamo kretanje bez trenja. Još uvijek levitira, ali se može slobodno kretati uokolo.
So, we have quantum locking and we can levitate it on top of this magnet. But how many fluxons, how many magnetic strands are there in a single disk like this? Well, we can calculate it, and it turns out, quite a lot. One hundred billion strands of magnetic field inside this three-inch disk.
Dakle, imamo kvantno zaključavanje i mogućnost levitacije na vrhu magneta. No, koliko fluksona, koliko magnetnih silnica imamo u jednom ovakvom disku? Pa, možemo to izračunati i ispada da ih je mnogo. Stotinu milijardi silnica magnetnog polja nalazi se unutar jednog ovakvog diska veličine 7,6 cm.
But that's not the amazing part yet, because there is something I haven't told you yet. And, yeah, the amazing part is that this superconductor that you see here is only half a micron thick. It's extremely thin. And this extremely thin layer is able to levitate more than 70,000 times its own weight. It's a remarkable effect. It's very strong.
Ali, to još nije nevjerojatan dio priče, zato što postoji nešto što vam još nisam rekao. Da, da, nevjerojatan dio priče je taj da je supravodič kojeg ovdje vidite debeo samo pola mikrona. Izuzetno je tanak. I taj nevjerojatno tanki sloj može držati nešto 70,000 puta teže od vlastite težine. To je nevjerojatan efekt. Izuzetno snažan.
Now, I can extend this circular magnet, and make whatever track I want. For example, I can make a large circular rail here. And when I place the superconducting disk on top of this rail, it moves freely.
Sada, mogu proširiti ovaj kružni magnet i napraviti kakvu god traku želim. Na primjer, mogu napraviti veliku kružnu traku ovdje. I kada na traku stavim supravodljivi disk, on se slobodno kreće.
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And again, that's not all. I can adjust its position like this, and rotate, and it freely moves in this new position. And I can even try a new thing; let's try it for the first time. I can take this disk and put it here, and while it stays here -- don't move -- I will try to rotate the track, and hopefully, if I did it correctly, it stays suspended.
Ali opet, to nije sve, mogu ga namjestiti ovako i rotirati i on se slobodno kreće u tom novom položaju. I možemo probati i jednu novu stvar; probajmo to po prvi put. Mogu uzeti ovaj disk, staviti ga ovdje, i dok je tu -- ne miči se -- probat ću zarotirati traku, i nadati se, ako sam to dobro učinio, da će tu ostati.
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(Pljesak)
You see, it's quantum locking, not levitation. Now, while I'll let it circulate for a little more, let me tell you a little bit about superconductors. Now -- (Laughter) -- So we now know that we are able to transfer enormous amount of currents inside superconductors, so we can use them to produce strong magnetic fields, such as needed in MRI machines, particle accelerators and so on. But we can also store energy using superconductors, because we have no dissipation.
Vidite, radi se o kvantnom zaključavanju, ne o levitaciji. Sada, pustit ćemo ga da još malo kruži, a ja ću vam reći nešto o supravodičima. Sada-- (Smijeh) -- Sada znamo da možemo prenijeti ogromne količine struje unutar saupravodiča pa ih možemo koristiti da bismo stvorili jaka magnetna polja, koja su potrebna kod MRI uređaja, ubrzivača čestica, itd. Ali unutar supravodiča možemo i spremiti energiju, zato što nema rasipanja.
And we could also produce power cables, to transfer enormous amounts of current between power stations. Imagine you could back up a single power station with a single superconducting cable. But what is the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking? Well, let me answer this simple question by giving you an example. Imagine you would have a disk similar to the one I have here in my hand, three-inch diameter, with a single difference. The superconducting layer, instead of being half a micron thin, being two millimeters thin, quite thin. This two-millimeter-thin superconducting layer could hold 1,000 kilograms, a small car, in my hand. Amazing. Thank you.
I možemo proizvesti kablove za prijenos ogromnih količina struje između elektrana. Zamislite da možete podržati cijelu elektranu sa samo jednim supravodljivim kablom. No što je budućnost kvantne levitacije i kvantnog zaključavanja? Pa, odgovorit ću vam na ovo jednostavno pitanje jednim primjerom. Zamislite da imate disk koji je nalik ovom ovdje kojeg imam u ruci, 7,6 centimetara u promjeru, sa samo jednom razlikom. Supravodljivi sloj, umjesto debljine jednog mikrona, bude debljine dva milimetra, i dalje jako tanak. Takav supravodljivi sloj od dva milimetra može držati 1.000 kilograma, manji auto, u mojoj ruci. Zadivljujuće. Hvala vam.
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