So in 1781, an English composer, technologist and astronomer called William Herschel noticed an object on the sky that didn't quite move the way the rest of the stars did. And Herschel's recognition that something was different, that something wasn't quite right, was the discovery of a planet, the planet Uranus, a name that has entertained countless generations of children, but a planet that overnight doubled the size of our known solar system. Just last month, NASA announced the discovery of 517 new planets in orbit around nearby stars, almost doubling overnight the number of planets we know about within our galaxy. So astronomy is constantly being transformed by this capacity to collect data, and with data almost doubling every year, within the next two decades, me may even reach the point for the first time in history where we've discovered the majority of the galaxies within the universe.
Godine 1781, engleski kompozitor, tehnolog i astronom po imenu Vilijam Heršel primetio je na nebu objekat koji se nije kretao baš kao ostale zvezde. I Heršelovo prepoznavanje da je nešto drugačije, da nešto nije kako treba, bilo je otkriće planete - planete Uran, sa imenom koje je zabavljalo nebrojene generacije dece, ali planete koja je preko noći udvostručila veličinu našeg sunčevog sistema. Prošle godine, NASA je objavila otkriće 517 novih planeta u orbiti oko obližnjih zvezda, skoro duplirajući preko noći broj planeta za koje znamo u našoj galaksiji. Tako se astronomija neprestano transformiše ovim kapacitetom da sakuplja podatke, i sa podacima koji se skoro udvostručuju svake godine. U toku sledeće dve decenije, možda ćemo čak po prvi put u istoriji dostići tačku gde smo otkrili većinu galaksija u svemiru.
But as we enter this era of big data, what we're beginning to find is there's a difference between more data being just better and more data being different, capable of changing the questions we want to ask, and this difference is not about how much data we collect, it's whether those data open new windows into our universe, whether they change the way we view the sky. So what is the next window into our universe? What is the next chapter for astronomy? Well, I'm going to show you some of the tools and the technologies that we're going to develop over the next decade, and how these technologies, together with the smart use of data, may once again transform astronomy by opening up a window into our universe, the window of time.
Ali sa ulaskom u to doba velike količine podataka počinjemo da otkrivamo da postoji razlika između toga da je ta veća količina bolja i toga da je to drugačije, u stanju da promeni pitanja koja želimo da postavimo, i ta razlika nije u tome koliko podataka sakupljamo, već da li ti podaci otvaraju nove prozore u naš svemir, da li oni menjaju to kako posmatramo nebo. Šta je, dakle, sledeći prozor u naš svemir? Koje je sledeće poglavlje za astronomiju? Pokazaću vam neke alate i tehnologije koje ćemo razviti u sledećoj deceniji, i kako će te tehnologije zajedno sa pametnim korišćenjem podataka možda još jednom transformisati astronomiju otvaranjem prozora u naš svemir, prozora vremena.
Why time? Well, time is about origins, and it's about evolution. The origins of our solar system, how our solar system came into being, is it unusual or special in any way? About the evolution of our universe. Why our universe is continuing to expand, and what is this mysterious dark energy that drives that expansion?
Zašto vremena? Pa, u vremenu je početak i evolucija. Poreklo našeg sunčevog sistema, kako je on postao, da li je to na bilo koji način neuobičajeno ili naročito? Evolucija našeg svemira. Zašto svemir nastavlja da se širi i šta je ta misteriozna tamna energija koja pokreće to širenje?
But first, I want to show you how technology is going to change the way we view the sky. So imagine if you were sitting in the mountains of northern Chile looking out to the west towards the Pacific Ocean a few hours before sunrise. This is the view of the night sky that you would see, and it's a beautiful view, with the Milky Way just peeking out over the horizon. but it's also a static view, and in many ways, this is the way we think of our universe: eternal and unchanging. But the universe is anything but static. It constantly changes on timescales of seconds to billions of years. Galaxies merge, they collide at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour. Stars are born, they die, they explode in these extravagant displays. In fact, if we could go back to our tranquil skies above Chile, and we allow time to move forward to see how the sky might change over the next year, the pulsations that you see are supernovae, the final remnants of a dying star exploding, brightening and then fading from view, each one of these supernovae five billion times the brightness of our sun, so we can see them to great distances but only for a short amount of time. Ten supernova per second explode somewhere in our universe. If we could hear it, it would be popping like a bag of popcorn. Now, if we fade out the supernovae, it's not just brightness that changes. Our sky is in constant motion. This swarm of objects you see streaming across the sky are asteroids as they orbit our sun, and it's these changes and the motion and it's the dynamics of the system that allow us to build our models for our universe, to predict its future and to explain its past.
Ali prvo hoću da vam pokažem kako će tehnologija promeniti to kako vidimo nebo. Zamislite da sedite na planinama severnog Čilea gledajući na zapad ka Pacifiku nekoliko sati pre izlaska sunca. Ovo je slika noćnog neba koju biste videli, i slika je prelepa, sa Mlečnim putem koji izviruje iznad horizonta, ali ta slika je takođe i statična, i uglavnom tako zamišljamo naš svemir, večan i nepromenljiv. Ali svemir je sve, samo ne statičan. On se konstantno menja, kroz sekunde i milijarde godina. Galaksije se spajaju, sudaraju stotinama hiljada kilometara na sat. Zvezde se rađaju, umiru, eksplodiraju u ovim ekstravagantnim prizorima. Kad bismo mogli da se vratimo na naše mirno nebo iznad Čilea i pustimo da prođe vreme da bismo videli kako će se nebo promeniti za godinu dana, pulsacije koje vidite su supernove, konačni ostaci umiruće zvezde, koje eksplodiraju, zasijaju i nestaju s vidika, svaka od ovih supernova je pet milijardi puta sjajnija od našeg Sunca, tako da ih možemo videti na velikim razdaljinama, ali samo za kratko vreme. Deset supernova u sekundi eksplodira negde u svemiru. Kad bismo to mogli da čujemo, bilo bi kao pucanje kese kokica. Ako zatamnimo supernove, ne menja se samo sjajnost. Naše nebo je u stalnom kretanju. Ovaj roj objekata koji se pruža preko neba su asteroidi koji kruže oko našeg sunca, i ove promene i kretanje i dinamika sistema omogućavaju nam da izgradimo modele za naš svemir, da predvidimo njegovu budućnost i objasnimo njegovu prošlost.
But the telescopes we've used over the last decade are not designed to capture the data at this scale. The Hubble Space Telescope: for the last 25 years it's been producing some of the most detailed views of our distant universe, but if you tried to use the Hubble to create an image of the sky, it would take 13 million individual images, about 120 years to do this just once.
Ali teleskopi koje smo koristili u poslednjoj deceniji nisu projektovani da zabeleže podatke u ovoj razmeri. Svemirski teleskop Habl: poslednjih 25 godina daje neke od najdetaljnijih slika udaljenog svemira, ali ako biste pokušali da pomoću Habla napravite sliku neba, trebalo bi vam 13 miliona pojedinačnih slika i oko 120 godina da to uradite.
So this is driving us to new technologies and new telescopes, telescopes that can go faint to look at the distant universe but also telescopes that can go wide to capture the sky as rapidly as possible, telescopes like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, or the LSST, possibly the most boring name ever for one of the most fascinating experiments in the history of astronomy, in fact proof, if you should need it, that you should never allow a scientist or an engineer to name anything, not even your children. (Laughter) We're building the LSST. We expect it to start taking data by the end of this decade. I'm going to show you how we think it's going to transform our views of the universe, because one image from the LSST is equivalent to 3,000 images from the Hubble Space Telescope, each image three and a half degrees on the sky, seven times the width of the full moon. Well, how do you capture an image at this scale? Well, you build the largest digital camera in history, using the same technology you find in the cameras in your cell phone or in the digital cameras you can buy in the High Street, but now at a scale that is five and a half feet across, about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, where one image is three billion pixels. So if you wanted to look at an image in its full resolution, just a single LSST image, it would take about 1,500 high-definition TV screens. And this camera will image the sky, taking a new picture every 20 seconds, constantly scanning the sky so every three nights, we'll get a completely new view of the skies above Chile. Over the mission lifetime of this telescope, it will detect 40 billion stars and galaxies, and that will be for the first time we'll have detected more objects in our universe than people on the Earth. Now, we can talk about this in terms of terabytes and petabytes and billions of objects, but a way to get a sense of the amount of data that will come off this camera is that it's like playing every TED Talk ever recorded simultaneously, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for 10 years. And to process this data means searching through all of those talks for every new idea and every new concept, looking at each part of the video to see how one frame may have changed from the next. And this is changing the way that we do science, changing the way that we do astronomy, to a place where software and algorithms have to mine through this data, where the software is as critical to the science as the telescopes and the cameras that we've built.
To nas pokreće ka novim tehnologijama i novim teleskopima koji mogu da snimaju bleđe udaljeni svemir, ali i koji idu u širinu da bi snimili nebo što brže, teleskopima kao što je Veliki sinoptički teleskop za pregledanje ili LSST, verovatno najdosadnijeg naziva ikada za jedan od najfascinantnijih eksperimenata u istoriji astronomije, što dokazuje da nikada ne treba da dozvolite naučniku ili inženjeru da daje ime nečemu, čak ni deci. (Smeh) Gradimo LSST. Očekujemo da počne da skuplja podatke do kraja ove decenije. Pokazaću vam kako mislimo da će to transformisati naše slike svemira, jer jedna slika LSST-a ekvivalentna je 3.000 slika svemirskog teleskopa Habl, i svaka slika je 3,5 stepeni na nebu, 7 puta šira od punog meseca. Kako se napravi slika u ovoj razmeri? Pa, napravite najveću digitalnu kameru na svetu koristeći istu tehnologiju kao u kamerama na vašem mobilnom telefonu ili u digitalnim kamerama koje možete kupiti u ulici Haj, ali u razmeri od 1,5 metra u prečniku, veličine Folksvagena Bube, gde jedna slika ima 3 milijarde piksela. Kad biste hteli da pogledate sliku u punoj rezoluciji, samo jednu LSST sliku, trebalo bi vam oko 1.500 HD TV ekrana. A ova kamera će predstaviti nebo slikajući novu sliku svakih 20 sekundi, konstantno skenirajući nebo tako da na svake tri noći, dobijamo potpuno nov prikaz neba iznad Čilea. Tokom radnog veka ovog teleskopa on će detektovati 40 milijardi zvezda i galaksija, i to će biti prvi put da smo otkrili više objekata u svemiru nego što ima ljudi na Zemlji. Možemo govoriti o tome i u terabajtima i petabajtima i u milijardama objekata, ali količina podataka koje će dati ova kamera je kao kad bi gledali svaki TED govor ikada snimljen istovremeno, 24 sata dnevno, 7 dana nedeljno, tokom 10 godina. I obraditi ove podatke znači pretražiti u svim tim govorima sve nove ideje i sve nove koncepte, gledajući sve delove snimka da bi videli kako se jedan frejm razlikuje od sledećeg. I to menja naš način bavljenja naukom i način bavljenja astronomijom do mesta gde softver i algoritmi moraju da kopaju po ovim podacima, gde je softver ključan za nauku isto kao i teleskopi i kamere koje smo napravili.
Now, thousands of discoveries will come from this project, but I'm just going to tell you about two of the ideas about origins and evolution that may be transformed by our access to data at this scale.
Hiljade otkrića će doći iz ovog projekta, ali reći ću vam samo za dve ideje o poreklu i evoluciji koje se možda trasformišu zahvaljujući našem pristupu podacima u ovoj razmeri.
In the last five years, NASA has discovered over 1,000 planetary systems around nearby stars, but the systems we're finding aren't much like our own solar system, and one of the questions we face is is it just that we haven't been looking hard enough or is there something special or unusual about how our solar system formed? And if we want to answer that question, we have to know and understand the history of our solar system in detail, and it's the details that are crucial. So now, if we look back at the sky, at our asteroids that were streaming across the sky, these asteroids are like the debris of our solar system. The positions of the asteroids are like a fingerprint of an earlier time when the orbits of Neptune and Jupiter were much closer to the sun, and as these giant planets migrated through our solar system, they were scattering the asteroids in their wake. So studying the asteroids is like performing forensics, performing forensics on our solar system, but to do this, we need distance, and we get the distance from the motion, and we get the motion because of our access to time.
U poslednjih pet godina, NASA je otkrila preko 1.000 planetarnih sistema oko obližnjih zvezda, ali sistemi koje pronalazimo ne liče mnogo na naš solarni sistem, i jedno od pitanja sa kojim se susrećemo je: da li nismo dovoljno uporno tražili, ili ima nešto posebno ili neobično u tome kako je naš solarni sistem formiran? I ako hoćemo da odgovorimo na to pitanje, treba da znamo i razumemo istoriju našeg solarnog sistema u detalje, i ti detalji su ključni. Ako sad opet pogledamo u nebo, u asteroide koji se pružaju preko neba, ovi asteroidi su kao krhotine našeg solarnog sistema. Položaj asteroida je kao otisak prsta ranijeg vremena kada su orbite Neptuna i Jupitera bile mnogo bliže Suncu, i kako su se ove džinovske planete selile kroz naš solarni sistem, sejale su asteroide svojim tragom. Proučavanje asteroida je kao forenzika nad našim solarnim sistemom, ali da bismo to uradili, treba nam distanca, a distancu dobijamo od pokreta, a pokret dobijamo zbog našeg pristupa vremenu.
So what does this tell us? Well, if you look at the little yellow asteroids flitting across the screen, these are the asteroids that are moving fastest, because they're closest to us, closest to Earth. These are the asteroids we may one day send spacecraft to, to mine them for minerals, but they're also the asteroids that may one day impact the Earth, like happened 60 million years ago with the extinction of the dinosaurs, or just at the beginning of the last century, when an asteroid wiped out almost 1,000 square miles of Siberian forest, or even just last year, as one burnt up over Russia, releasing the energy of a small nuclear bomb. So studying the forensics of our solar system doesn't just tell us about the past, it can also predict the future, including our future.
Šta nam ovo onda govori? Pa, ako pogledate male žute asteroide kako jure preko ekrana, ovo su asteroidi koji se kreću najbrže jer su nam najbliži, najbliži Zemlji. Na ove asteroide možda jednog dana pošaljemo letelice da iskopavaju minerale, ali oni takođe mogu jednog dana udariti u Zemlju, kao što se desilo pre 60 miliona godina sa istrebljenjem dinosaurusa, ili početkom prošlog veka, kad je asteroid zbrisao skoro 2.500 kvadratnih kilometara sibirske šume, ili čak prošle godine, kad je jedan sagoreo iznad Rusije oslobađajući energiju manje nuklearne bombe. Tako da nam proučavanje forenzike našeg solarnog sistema ne govori samo o prošlosti, već može da predvidi i budućnost, uključujući i našu.
Now when we get distance, we get to see the asteroids in their natural habitat, in orbit around the sun. So every point in this visualization that you can see is a real asteroid. Its orbit has been calculated from its motion across the sky. The colors reflect the composition of these asteroids, dry and stony in the center, water-rich and primitive towards the edge, water-rich asteroids which may have seeded the oceans and the seas that we find on our planet when they bombarded the Earth at an earlier time. Because the LSST will be able to go faint and not just wide, we will be able to see these asteroids far beyond the inner part of our solar system, to asteroids beyond the orbits of Neptune and Mars, to comets and asteroids that may exist almost a light year from our sun. And as we increase the detail of this picture, increasing the detail by factors of 10 to 100, we will be able to answer questions such as, is there evidence for planets outside the orbit of Neptune, to find Earth-impacting asteroids long before they're a danger, and to find out whether, maybe, our sun formed on its own or in a cluster of stars, and maybe it's this sun's stellar siblings that influenced the formation of our solar system, and maybe that's one of the reasons why solar systems like ours seem to be so rare.
Kada dobijemo distancu, uspevamo da vidimo asteroide u svom prirodnom okruženju, u orbiti oko Sunca. Svaka tačka u ovom prikazu koji vidite je pravi asteroid. Njegova orbita je izračunata iz njegovog kretanja preko neba. Boje odražavaju sastav ovih asteroida, suvih i kamenitih u centru, bogatih vodom i primitivnih ka obodu, asteroida bogatih vodom koji su možda posejali okeane i mora koja možemo naći na našoj planeti kad su bombardovali Zemlju u prošlosti. Pošto će LSST moći da snima bleđe, a ne samo šire, moći ćemo da vidimo ove asteroide daleko izvan unutrašnjeg dela našeg solarnog sistema, do asteroida iza orbita Neptuna i Marsa, do kometa i asteroida koji možda postoje skoro svetlosnu godinu daleko od Sunca. I kako uvećavamo detalje ove slike 10 do 100 puta, moći ćemo da odgovorimo na pitanja kao što je: ima li dokaza za postojanje planeta izvan Neptunove orbite, da pronađemo asteroide koji mogu da udare u Zemlju pre nego što postanu opasni, i da otkrijemo da li je možda naše Sunce formirano samo ili u klasteru zvezda, ili su možda Sunčeve sestre-zvezde uticale na formiranje našeg solarnog sistema, i možda je to jedan od razloga zašto su solarni sistemi kao što je naš retki.
Now, distance and changes in our universe — distance equates to time, as well as changes on the sky. Every foot of distance you look away, or every foot of distance an object is away, you're looking back about a billionth of a second in time, and this idea or this notion of looking back in time has revolutionized our ideas about the universe, not once but multiple times.
Udaljenost i promene u našem svemiru - udaljenost je u vezi sa vremenom, kao i promene na nebu. Svaku stopu daljine koju gledate ili svaku stopu udaljenosti objekta, gledate unazad za oko milijarditi deo sekunde i ova ideja ili predstava o gledanju unazad kroz vreme transformisala je naše ideje o svemiru, ne jednom, već više puta.
The first time was in 1929, when an astronomer called Edwin Hubble showed that the universe was expanding, leading to the ideas of the Big Bang. And the observations were simple: just 24 galaxies and a hand-drawn picture. But just the idea that the more distant a galaxy, the faster it was receding, was enough to give rise to modern cosmology.
Prvi put je to bilo 1929, kada je astronom po imenu Edvin Habl pokazao da se svemir širi, što je dovelo do ideja o Velikom prasku. A posmatranja su bila jednostavna: samo 24 galaksije i crtež nacrtan rukom. Ali sama ideja da što je galaksija udaljenija, to se još više udaljava bila je dovoljna da da podstreka modernoj kosmologiji.
A second revolution happened 70 years later, when two groups of astronomers showed that the universe wasn't just expanding, it was accelerating, a surprise like throwing up a ball into the sky and finding out the higher that it gets, the faster it moves away. And they showed this by measuring the brightness of supernovae, and how the brightness of the supernovae got fainter with distance. And these observations were more complex. They required new technologies and new telescopes, because the supernovae were in galaxies that were 2,000 times more distant than the ones used by Hubble. And it took three years to find just 42 supernovae, because a supernova only explodes once every hundred years within a galaxy. Three years to find 42 supernovae by searching through tens of thousands of galaxies. And once they'd collected their data, this is what they found. Now, this may not look impressive, but this is what a revolution in physics looks like: a line predicting the brightness of a supernova 11 billion light years away, and a handful of points that don't quite fit that line.
Druga revolucija desila se 70 godina kasnije, kad su dve grupe astronoma pokazale da univerzum ne samo da se širi već i ubrzava, iznenađenje kao kad biste bacili loptu u vazduh i otkrili da što više leti, to brže ide. I to su nam pokazali mereći sjajnost supernova i to kako sjajnost supernova bledi s udaljenošću. Ova posmatranja su bila složenija. Zahtevala su nove tehnologije i nove teleskope jer su supernove bile u galaksijama koje su 2.000 puta udaljenije od onih koje je koristio Habl. I trebalo je tri godine za nalaženje 42 supernove, jer supernova eksplodira samo jednom u sto godina u galaksiji. Tri godine za nalaženje 42 supernove pretraživanjem desetina hiljada galaksija. I kad su sakupili podatke, ovo je ono što su pronašli. Možda ne izgleda impresivno, ali ovako izgleda revolucija u fizici: linija koja predviđa sjajnost supernove udaljene 11 milijardi svetlosnih godina i nekoliko tačaka koje ne pripadaju toj liniji.
Small changes give rise to big consequences. Small changes allow us to make discoveries, like the planet found by Herschel. Small changes turn our understanding of the universe on its head. So 42 supernovae, slightly too faint, meaning slightly further away, requiring that a universe must not just be expanding, but this expansion must be accelerating, revealing a component of our universe which we now call dark energy, a component that drives this expansion and makes up 68 percent of the energy budget of our universe today.
Male promene daju podstrek velikim posledicama. Male promene nam omogućavaju otkrića, kao planeta koju je otkrio Heršel. Male promene preokreću naše shvatanje svemira. 42 supernove, malo izbledele, znači da su malo dalje, zahtevajući da se svemir ne samo širi, već to širenje mora da se ubrzava, otkrivajući komponentu svemira koju zovemo tamna energija, komponentu koja pokreće ovo širenje i čini 68 procenata energetskog budžeta našeg svemira danas.
So what is the next revolution likely to be? Well, what is dark energy and why does it exist? Each of these lines shows a different model for what dark energy might be, showing the properties of dark energy. They all are consistent with the 42 points, but the ideas behind these lines are dramatically different. Some people think about a dark energy that changes with time, or whether the properties of the dark energy are different depending on where you look on the sky. Others make differences and changes to the physics at the sub-atomic level. Or, they look at large scales and change how gravity and general relativity work, or they say our universe is just one of many, part of this mysterious multiverse, but all of these ideas, all of these theories, amazing and admittedly some of them a little crazy, but all of them consistent with our 42 points.
Kako će onda izgledati sledeća revolucija? Šta je tamna energija i zašto ona postoji? Svaka od ovih linija pokazuje različit model onoga šta bi tamna energija mogla da bude, pokazujući osobine tamne energije. Sve su u skladu sa te 42 tačke, ali ideja iza ovih linija je drastično drugačija. Neki ljudi shvataju tamnu energiju kao promene s vremenom ili da li se osobine tamne energije razlikuju u zavisnosti od toga u koji deo neba gledate. Drugi prave razlike i promene u fizici na subatomskom nivou. Ili gledaju u velikim razmerama i menjaju ono kako gravitacija i opšta relativnost funkcionišu, ili kažu da je naš univerzum samo jedan od mnogih, deo misterioznog multiverzuma, ali od svih ovih ideja i teorija neverovatno je, i sigurno da su neke od njih malo lude, ali sve su u skladu sa naše 42 tačke.
So how can we hope to make sense of this over the next decade? Well, imagine if I gave you a pair of dice, and I said you wanted to see whether those dice were loaded or fair. One roll of the dice would tell you very little, but the more times you rolled them, the more data you collected, the more confident you would become, not just whether they're loaded or fair, but by how much, and in what way. It took three years to find just 42 supernovae because the telescopes that we built could only survey a small part of the sky. With the LSST, we get a completely new view of the skies above Chile every three nights. In its first night of operation, it will find 10 times the number of supernovae used in the discovery of dark energy. This will increase by 1,000 within the first four months: 1.5 million supernovae by the end of its survey, each supernova a roll of the dice, each supernova testing which theories of dark energy are consistent, and which ones are not. And so, by combining these supernova data with other measures of cosmology, we'll progressively rule out the different ideas and theories of dark energy until hopefully at the end of this survey around 2030, we would expect to hopefully see a theory for our universe, a fundamental theory for the physics of our universe, to gradually emerge.
Kako se nadamo da ćemo razumeti ovo tokom sledeće decenije? Zamislite da imate par kockica i želite da vidite da li su te kockice nameštene ili regularne. Jedno bacanje će vam reći vrlo malo, ali što ih više puta bacite, više podataka ćete sakupiti i bićete sigurniji ne samo u to da li su nameštene ili regularne, već i u kojoj meri i na koji način. Trebalo je tri godine da se pronađe samo 42 supernove, jer su teleskopi koje smo gradili mogli da gledaju samo mali deo neba. Sa LSST-om, dobijamo potpuno nov pogled na nebo iznad Čilea na svake tri noći. U prvoj noći rada, pronaći će 10 puta više supernova nego što je korišćeno u otkriću tamne energije. To će se uvećati za 1.000 u prva četiri meseca: 1,5 miliona supernova do kraja rada, svaka supernova kao bacanje kockice, svaka supernova testira koje su teorije o tamnoj energiji dosledne, a koje ne. I tako, kombinujući ove podatke o supernovama sa drugim merama kosmologije, postepeno ćemo isključiti različite ideje i teorije o tamnoj energiji dok, nadamo se, krajem istraživanja oko 2030, ne vidimo kako se teorija našeg svemira, osnovna teorija za fiziku našeg svemira, postepeno pojavljuje.
Now, in many ways, the questions that I posed are in reality the simplest of questions. We may not know the answers, but we at least know how to ask the questions. But if looking through tens of thousands of galaxies revealed 42 supernovae that turned our understanding of the universe on its head, when we're working with billions of galaxies, how many more times are we going to find 42 points that don't quite match what we expect? Like the planet found by Herschel or dark energy or quantum mechanics or general relativity, all ideas that came because the data didn't quite match what we expected. What's so exciting about the next decade of data in astronomy is, we don't even know how many answers are out there waiting, answers about our origins and our evolution. How many answers are out there that we don't even know the questions that we want to ask?
Na više načina, pitanja koja sam postavio su u suštini najprostija pitanja. Možda ne znamo odgovore na njih, ali barem znamo kako da ih postavimo. Ali ako je pretraživanje desetina hiljada galaksija otkrilo 42 supernove koje su okrenule naglavačke naše razumevanje svemira, kad radimo sa milijardama galaksija, koliko puta ćemo još pronaći 42 tačke koje se ne poklapaju kako smo očekivali? Kao planeta koju je pronašao Heršel ili tamna energija ili kvantna mehanika ili opšta relativnost, sve ideje koje su javile jer se podaci nisu baš poklapali kao što smo očekivali. Ono što je uzbudljivo u vezi sa sledećom decenijom podataka u astronomiji je to da čak i ne znamo koliko odgovora čeka da bude otkriveno, odgovora o našem poreklu i evoluciji. Koliko odgovora postoji za koje čak i ne znamo da postavimo pitanja?
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)