So in 1781, an English composer, technologist and astronomer called William Herschel noticed an object on the sky that didn't quite move the way the rest of the stars did. And Herschel's recognition that something was different, that something wasn't quite right, was the discovery of a planet, the planet Uranus, a name that has entertained countless generations of children, but a planet that overnight doubled the size of our known solar system. Just last month, NASA announced the discovery of 517 new planets in orbit around nearby stars, almost doubling overnight the number of planets we know about within our galaxy. So astronomy is constantly being transformed by this capacity to collect data, and with data almost doubling every year, within the next two decades, me may even reach the point for the first time in history where we've discovered the majority of the galaxies within the universe.
Godine 1781., engleski skladatelj, tehnolog i astronom William Herschel primijetio je da se objekt na nebu nije kretao kao i ostale zvijezde. Herschelovo zapažanje da je nešto drugačije, da nešto nije sasvim u redu, značilo je otkriće planeta, planeta Urana, čije ime je zabavljalo bezbrojne generacije djece, ali i planeta koji je preko noći udvostručio veličinu nama poznatog solarnog sustava. Samo prošli mjesec, NASA je objavila otkriće 517 novih planeta u orbiti oko obližnjih zvijezda, čime se preko noći udvostručio broj planeta koje znamo u našoj galaksiji. Astronomija se neprestano mijenja ovakvim kapacitetom skupljanja podataka, a ako se podatci udvostručuju svake godine, u sljedeća dva desetljeća, možda ćemo doći do točke da po prvi puta u povijesti otkrijemo većinu galaksija u svemiru.
But as we enter this era of big data, what we're beginning to find is there's a difference between more data being just better and more data being different, capable of changing the questions we want to ask, and this difference is not about how much data we collect, it's whether those data open new windows into our universe, whether they change the way we view the sky. So what is the next window into our universe? What is the next chapter for astronomy? Well, I'm going to show you some of the tools and the technologies that we're going to develop over the next decade, and how these technologies, together with the smart use of data, may once again transform astronomy by opening up a window into our universe, the window of time.
Kako ulazimo u ovo razdoblje mnoštva podataka, počinjemo shvaćati da postoji razlika između podataka koji su samo bolji i podataka koji su drugačiji, koji su u stanju promijeniti pitanja koja postavljamo i ovdje se ne radi o tome koliko podataka skupljamo, nego otvaraju li podatci nove prozore u naš svemir, mijenjaju li način na koji gledamo nebo. Koji je novi prozor u naš svemir? Koje je iduće poglavlje u astronomiji? Pokazat ću vam neke alate i tehnologije koje ćemo razviti tijekom sljedećeg desetljeća te kako ove tehnologije zajedno s pametnom upotrebom podataka mogu ponovno trasformirati astronomiju otvarajući prozor u naš svemir, prozor vremena.
Why time? Well, time is about origins, and it's about evolution. The origins of our solar system, how our solar system came into being, is it unusual or special in any way? About the evolution of our universe. Why our universe is continuing to expand, and what is this mysterious dark energy that drives that expansion?
Zašto vremena? Vrijeme je povezano s postankom i evolucijom. Postanak našeg solarnog sustava, kako je naš solarni sustav nastao, je li na neki način neobičan ili poseban? O evoluciji našeg svemira. Zašto se naš svemir nastavlja širiti i što je ta tajanstvena tamna energija koja gura širenje?
But first, I want to show you how technology is going to change the way we view the sky. So imagine if you were sitting in the mountains of northern Chile looking out to the west towards the Pacific Ocean a few hours before sunrise. This is the view of the night sky that you would see, and it's a beautiful view, with the Milky Way just peeking out over the horizon. but it's also a static view, and in many ways, this is the way we think of our universe: eternal and unchanging. But the universe is anything but static. It constantly changes on timescales of seconds to billions of years. Galaxies merge, they collide at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour. Stars are born, they die, they explode in these extravagant displays. In fact, if we could go back to our tranquil skies above Chile, and we allow time to move forward to see how the sky might change over the next year, the pulsations that you see are supernovae, the final remnants of a dying star exploding, brightening and then fading from view, each one of these supernovae five billion times the brightness of our sun, so we can see them to great distances but only for a short amount of time. Ten supernova per second explode somewhere in our universe. If we could hear it, it would be popping like a bag of popcorn. Now, if we fade out the supernovae, it's not just brightness that changes. Our sky is in constant motion. This swarm of objects you see streaming across the sky are asteroids as they orbit our sun, and it's these changes and the motion and it's the dynamics of the system that allow us to build our models for our universe, to predict its future and to explain its past.
Ali prvo, želim vam pokazati kako će tehnologija promijeniti način na koji vidimo nebo. Zamislite da sjedite na planini u sjevernom Čileu te gledate na zapad prema Tihom oceanu nekoliko sati prije zore. Ovo je noćno nebo koje biste vidjeli i pogled je divan, s Mliječnom stazom koja proviruje na horizontu. No ovo je i statičan pogled, a tako i razmišljamo o našem svemiru: kao vječnom i nepromjenjivom. No svemir je sve samo ne statičan. Neprestano se mijenja u rasponima od sekunde do milijardi godina. Galaksije se spajaju, sudaraju se stotinama tisuća kilometara na sat. Zvijezde se rađaju, umiru, eksplodiraju u ovim ekstravagantnim predstavama. Ako se možemo vratiti našem mirnom nebu iznad Čilea i prikazati protok vremena da vidimo promjene neba tijekom sljedeće godine, pulsacije koje vidite su supernove, posljednji tragovi umiruće zvijezde koji eksplodiraju, zasvijetle i izblijede iz pogleda. Svaka od ovih supernova je pet milijardi puta svjetlija od našeg Sunca stoga vidimo i vrlo udaljene, ali samo nakratko. Po deset supernova eksplodira u jednoj sekundi negdje u našem svemiru. Kada bismo ih mogli čuti pucketale bi kao kokice. Ako zablijedimo supernove, ne mijenja se samo svjetlina. Naše nebo se neprestano kreće. Ovaj roj objekata koji putuje nebom su asteroidi u Sunčevoj orbiti, a ove promjene i kretanja te dinamika sustava omogućava nam izgradnju modela našeg svemira, kako bi predvidjeli budućnost i objasnili prošlost.
But the telescopes we've used over the last decade are not designed to capture the data at this scale. The Hubble Space Telescope: for the last 25 years it's been producing some of the most detailed views of our distant universe, but if you tried to use the Hubble to create an image of the sky, it would take 13 million individual images, about 120 years to do this just once.
Teleskopi koje smo koristili tijekom prošlog desetljeća nisu izgrađeni za hvatanje ovakvih podataka. Svemirski teleskop Hubble: u zadnjih 25 godina stvorio je neke od najdetaljnijih slika dalekog svemira, ali kada bi Hubble pokušao uslikati nebo, slikao bi 13 milijuna pojedinačnih slika tijekom 120 godina kako bi dobio tu sliku.
So this is driving us to new technologies and new telescopes, telescopes that can go faint to look at the distant universe but also telescopes that can go wide to capture the sky as rapidly as possible, telescopes like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, or the LSST, possibly the most boring name ever for one of the most fascinating experiments in the history of astronomy, in fact proof, if you should need it, that you should never allow a scientist or an engineer to name anything, not even your children. (Laughter) We're building the LSST. We expect it to start taking data by the end of this decade. I'm going to show you how we think it's going to transform our views of the universe, because one image from the LSST is equivalent to 3,000 images from the Hubble Space Telescope, each image three and a half degrees on the sky, seven times the width of the full moon. Well, how do you capture an image at this scale? Well, you build the largest digital camera in history, using the same technology you find in the cameras in your cell phone or in the digital cameras you can buy in the High Street, but now at a scale that is five and a half feet across, about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, where one image is three billion pixels. So if you wanted to look at an image in its full resolution, just a single LSST image, it would take about 1,500 high-definition TV screens. And this camera will image the sky, taking a new picture every 20 seconds, constantly scanning the sky so every three nights, we'll get a completely new view of the skies above Chile. Over the mission lifetime of this telescope, it will detect 40 billion stars and galaxies, and that will be for the first time we'll have detected more objects in our universe than people on the Earth. Now, we can talk about this in terms of terabytes and petabytes and billions of objects, but a way to get a sense of the amount of data that will come off this camera is that it's like playing every TED Talk ever recorded simultaneously, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for 10 years. And to process this data means searching through all of those talks for every new idea and every new concept, looking at each part of the video to see how one frame may have changed from the next. And this is changing the way that we do science, changing the way that we do astronomy, to a place where software and algorithms have to mine through this data, where the software is as critical to the science as the telescopes and the cameras that we've built.
Ovo nas gura prema novim tehnologijama i novim teleskopima, teleskopima koji mogu ići u dubinu da vidimo daleki svemir, ali i teleskope koji mogu ići u širinu da uslikamo nebo što je brže moguće, teleskope poput Velikog teleskopa za sinoptički pregled neba ili LSST-a, što je vjerojatno najdosadniji naziv ikada za jedan od najfascinantnijih eksperimenata u povijesti astronomije. Zapravo je dokaz, ako vam je potreban, da nikada ne biste trebali dopustiti znanstveniku ili inženjeru da imenuje išta, čak ni svoju djecu. (Smijeh) Gradimo LSST. Očekujemo da će početi slati podatke do kraja ovog desetljeća. Pokazat ću vam kako mislimo da će transformirati naša viđenja svemira jer je jedna slika s LSST-a jednaka 3000 slika Svemirskog teleskopa Hubble. Svaka slika iznosi tri i pol stupnja na nebu, sedam puta širine punog Mjeseca. Kako uslikati sliku ove veličine? Pa, izgradite najveći digitalni fotoaparat u povijesti, upotrebom iste tehnologije koja je u fotoaparatima vaših mobitela ili u digitalnim fotoaparatima koje kupujete u centru, ali sada u razmjeru većem od metar i pol širine, veličinom otprilike kao Volkswagen Buba, gdje jedna slika ima tri milijarde piksela. Ako želite vidjeti sliku u punoj rezoluciji, samo jednu LSST-ovu sliku, trebalo bi vam oko 1500 TV ekrana visoke rezolucije. Ovaj fotoaparat će snimati nebo, okidajući novu sliku svakih 20 sekundi, konstantno će skenirati nebo tako da ćemo svake tri noći, imati potpuno novi pogled na nebo iznad Čilea. Tijekom trajanja misije ovog teleskopa, otkrit će 40 milijardi zvijezda i galaksija i to će biti prvi puta da ćemo otkriti više objekata u svemiru nego što je ljudi na Zemlji. Možemo pričati o ovome u terminima terabajta i petabajta i milijardama objekata, no ako želimo dobiti dojam količine podataka koje će ovaj fotoaparat poslati, to je kao da upalimo svaki TED Talk ikada snimljen, istovremeno, 24 sata na dan, sedam dana u tjednu, tijekom 10 godina. Procesuiranje ovih podataka znači pretraživati sve te govore za svakom novom idejom i novim konceptom tako da gledate svaki dio videa kako bi našli promjenu jednog okvira videa u usporedbi sa sljedećim. Ovo mijenja način na koji se bavimo znanošću, mijenja način na koji se bavimo astronomijom jer softver i algoritmi moraju rovati kroz ove podatke, pri čemu je softver jednako neophodan znanosti kao i teleskopi i kamere koje gradimo.
Now, thousands of discoveries will come from this project, but I'm just going to tell you about two of the ideas about origins and evolution that may be transformed by our access to data at this scale.
Tisuće će otkrića poteći iz ovoga projekta, ali navesti ću samo dvije ideje o postanku i evoluciji koje bi se mogle transformirati našim pristupom podatcima ovih razmjera.
In the last five years, NASA has discovered over 1,000 planetary systems around nearby stars, but the systems we're finding aren't much like our own solar system, and one of the questions we face is is it just that we haven't been looking hard enough or is there something special or unusual about how our solar system formed? And if we want to answer that question, we have to know and understand the history of our solar system in detail, and it's the details that are crucial. So now, if we look back at the sky, at our asteroids that were streaming across the sky, these asteroids are like the debris of our solar system. The positions of the asteroids are like a fingerprint of an earlier time when the orbits of Neptune and Jupiter were much closer to the sun, and as these giant planets migrated through our solar system, they were scattering the asteroids in their wake. So studying the asteroids is like performing forensics, performing forensics on our solar system, but to do this, we need distance, and we get the distance from the motion, and we get the motion because of our access to time.
U posljednjih pet godina, NASA je otkrila preko 1000 planetarnih sustava oko obližnjih zvijezda. No sustavi koje pronalazimo nisu poput našeg solarnog sustava i postavlja se pitanje je li možda nismo dovoljno tražili ili postoji nešto posebno ili neobično u tome kako se naš solarni sustav oblikovao? Ako želimo odgovoriti na ovo pitanje, moramo znati i razumjeti povijest našeg solarnog sustava u detalje, a detalji su doista presuđujući. Ako ponovno pogledamo nebo, u naše asteroide koji prelijeću preko neba, ovi asteroidi su poput ostataka našeg solarnog sustava. Pozicija asteroida je poput otiska prsta nekog prošlog vremena u kojem su orbite Neptuna i Jupitera bile puno bliže Suncu, a kako su ovi ogromni planeti migrirali kroz naš solarni sustav, razbacivali su asteroide na svom putu. Proučavanje asteroida je poput forenzike, forenzike nad našim solarnim sustavom, ali za ovo, treba nam udaljenost, udaljenost dobivamo pokretom, a pokret dobivamo našim pristupom vremenu.
So what does this tell us? Well, if you look at the little yellow asteroids flitting across the screen, these are the asteroids that are moving fastest, because they're closest to us, closest to Earth. These are the asteroids we may one day send spacecraft to, to mine them for minerals, but they're also the asteroids that may one day impact the Earth, like happened 60 million years ago with the extinction of the dinosaurs, or just at the beginning of the last century, when an asteroid wiped out almost 1,000 square miles of Siberian forest, or even just last year, as one burnt up over Russia, releasing the energy of a small nuclear bomb. So studying the forensics of our solar system doesn't just tell us about the past, it can also predict the future, including our future.
Što nam ovo govori? Ako pogledate u male žute asteroide koji prolaze ekranom, ovi asteroidi se najbrže kreću jer su nam najbliže, najbliže Zemlji. Na ove asteroide bi možda mogli slati letjelice i rudariti minerale, ali ovo su asteroidi koji bi jednom mogli i udariti u Zemlju kao prije 60 milijuna godina kada su izumrli dinosauri ili čak početkom prošlog stoljeća kada je asteroid uništio preko 2500 kvadratnih kilometara Sibirske šume ili pak prošle godine, kada je jedan izgorio iznad Rusije i ispustio energiju male nuklearne bombe. Proučavanje forenzike našeg solarnog sustava nam ne govori samo o prošlosti, nego može predvidjeti i budućnost, uključujući i našu budućnost.
Now when we get distance, we get to see the asteroids in their natural habitat, in orbit around the sun. So every point in this visualization that you can see is a real asteroid. Its orbit has been calculated from its motion across the sky. The colors reflect the composition of these asteroids, dry and stony in the center, water-rich and primitive towards the edge, water-rich asteroids which may have seeded the oceans and the seas that we find on our planet when they bombarded the Earth at an earlier time. Because the LSST will be able to go faint and not just wide, we will be able to see these asteroids far beyond the inner part of our solar system, to asteroids beyond the orbits of Neptune and Mars, to comets and asteroids that may exist almost a light year from our sun. And as we increase the detail of this picture, increasing the detail by factors of 10 to 100, we will be able to answer questions such as, is there evidence for planets outside the orbit of Neptune, to find Earth-impacting asteroids long before they're a danger, and to find out whether, maybe, our sun formed on its own or in a cluster of stars, and maybe it's this sun's stellar siblings that influenced the formation of our solar system, and maybe that's one of the reasons why solar systems like ours seem to be so rare.
Kada se udaljimo, vidimo asteroide u njihovom prirodnom staništu, u orbiti oko Sunca. Svaka točka koju vidite u ovom prikazu je stvarni asteroid. Njegova orbita je izračunata pomoću njegovog kretanja po nebu. Boje označavaju sastav ovih asteroida, suhih i kamenih u sredini, bogatih vodom i primitivnih prema rubovima, asteroidi bogati vodom koji su možda posijali oceane i mora na našem planetu dok su u prošlosti bombardirali Zemlju. S obzirom da će LSST moći snimati duboko a ne samo široko, moći ćemo vidjeti ove asteroide puno dalje od unutarnjeg dijela našeg solarnog sustava do asteroida iza orbita Neptuna i Marsa, do kometa i asteroida koji su možda gotovo svjetlosnu godinu udaljeni od našeg Sunca. Kako povećavamo detalje ove slike do faktora od 10 ili 100, možemo odgovoriti na pitanja: ima li dokaza o planetima izvan Neptunove orbite, kako bi pronašli asteroide koji mogu udariti u Zemlju puno prije nego postanu opasni te kako bismo saznali je li se naše Sunce možda oblikovalo samo ili u zvjezdanom jatu, a možda su i zvjezdana braća našeg Sunca utjecala na oblikovanje našeg solarnog sustava i to je možda razlog zašto su solarni sustavi poput našeg rijetki.
Now, distance and changes in our universe — distance equates to time, as well as changes on the sky. Every foot of distance you look away, or every foot of distance an object is away, you're looking back about a billionth of a second in time, and this idea or this notion of looking back in time has revolutionized our ideas about the universe, not once but multiple times.
Udaljenost i promjene u našem svemiru - udaljenost je jednaka vremenu, kao i promjene na nebu. Svaki metar udaljenosti ili svaki metar za koji je objekt udaljeniji, gledate oko milijardu sekunde u prošlost, a ova ideja ili teorija gledanja u prošlost je iz temelja promijenila naše ideje o svemiru, ne jedanput nego nekoliko puta.
The first time was in 1929, when an astronomer called Edwin Hubble showed that the universe was expanding, leading to the ideas of the Big Bang. And the observations were simple: just 24 galaxies and a hand-drawn picture. But just the idea that the more distant a galaxy, the faster it was receding, was enough to give rise to modern cosmology.
Prvi puta je to bilo 1929., kada je astronom Edwin Hubble pokazao da se svemir širi, što je dovelo do ideje Velikog praska. Zapažanja su bila jednostavna: samo 24 galaksije i rukom nacrtan crtež. Sama ideja da što je galaksija udaljenija, ona brže uzmiče, bila je dovoljna da prouzrokuje modernu kozmologiju.
A second revolution happened 70 years later, when two groups of astronomers showed that the universe wasn't just expanding, it was accelerating, a surprise like throwing up a ball into the sky and finding out the higher that it gets, the faster it moves away. And they showed this by measuring the brightness of supernovae, and how the brightness of the supernovae got fainter with distance. And these observations were more complex. They required new technologies and new telescopes, because the supernovae were in galaxies that were 2,000 times more distant than the ones used by Hubble. And it took three years to find just 42 supernovae, because a supernova only explodes once every hundred years within a galaxy. Three years to find 42 supernovae by searching through tens of thousands of galaxies. And once they'd collected their data, this is what they found. Now, this may not look impressive, but this is what a revolution in physics looks like: a line predicting the brightness of a supernova 11 billion light years away, and a handful of points that don't quite fit that line.
Druga revolucija dogodila se 70 godina poslije kada su dvije grupe astronoma pokazale da osim širenja svemira, on i ubrazava, iznenađenje poput bacanja lopte u zrak i što više ona leti, sve više i ubrzava. I pokazali su ovo mjerenjem svjetline supernove te toga da je svjetlina supernove bila blijeđa što je udaljenija. Ova zapažanja bila su kompliciranija. Zahtijevala su nove tehnologije i nove teleskope jer su supernove bile u galaksijama koje su 2000 puta udaljenije od onih koje je Hubble koristio. Tri godine su tražili samo 42 supernove jer supernova eksplodira jednom u sto godina unutar jedne galaksije. Tri godine za pronalazak 42 supernove, pretraživanjem desetaka tisuća galaksija. Kada su prikupili podatke, pronašli su ovo. Ovo možda ne izgleda impresivno, ali ovako izgleda revolucija u fizici: linija koja predviđa svjetlinu supernove udaljene 11 milijardi svjetlosnih godina i skup točaka koji baš i ne idu uz liniju.
Small changes give rise to big consequences. Small changes allow us to make discoveries, like the planet found by Herschel. Small changes turn our understanding of the universe on its head. So 42 supernovae, slightly too faint, meaning slightly further away, requiring that a universe must not just be expanding, but this expansion must be accelerating, revealing a component of our universe which we now call dark energy, a component that drives this expansion and makes up 68 percent of the energy budget of our universe today.
Male promjene dovode do velikih posljedica. Male promjene nam omogućavaju otkrića poput planeta kojeg je Herschel pronašao. Male promjene okreću naše razumijevanje svemira naglavačke. Dakle, 42 supernove, koje su malo preblijede što znači malo udaljenije, koje iziskuju širenje svemira, ali i ubrzavanje tog širenja što je otkrilo novi sastavni dio našeg svemira, koji sada nazivamo tamnom energijom, sastavni dio koji gura ovo širenje i tvori 68% energetskog proračuna našeg svemira.
So what is the next revolution likely to be? Well, what is dark energy and why does it exist? Each of these lines shows a different model for what dark energy might be, showing the properties of dark energy. They all are consistent with the 42 points, but the ideas behind these lines are dramatically different. Some people think about a dark energy that changes with time, or whether the properties of the dark energy are different depending on where you look on the sky. Others make differences and changes to the physics at the sub-atomic level. Or, they look at large scales and change how gravity and general relativity work, or they say our universe is just one of many, part of this mysterious multiverse, but all of these ideas, all of these theories, amazing and admittedly some of them a little crazy, but all of them consistent with our 42 points.
Kako će izgledati sljedeća revolucija? Što je tamna energija i zašto postoji? Svaka od ovih linija pokazuje drugačiji model toga što bi tamna energija mogla biti i pokazuje svojstva tamne energije. Konzistentne su u sve 42 točke, ali ideje iza ovih linija su drastično različite. Neki smatraju da se tamna energija s vremenom mijenja ili da su svojstva tamne energije drugačija ovisno o tome gdje gledate. Drugi pripisuju razlike i promjene fizici na subatomskoj razini. Ili, gledaju velike razmjere i mijenjaju način rada gravitacije i opće relativnosti ili smatraju da je naš svemir jedan od mnogih, dio misterioznog multiverzuma. Sve su ove ideje, sve su ove teorije, zadivljujuće, a neke i malo lude, sve su konzistentne s naše 42 točke.
So how can we hope to make sense of this over the next decade? Well, imagine if I gave you a pair of dice, and I said you wanted to see whether those dice were loaded or fair. One roll of the dice would tell you very little, but the more times you rolled them, the more data you collected, the more confident you would become, not just whether they're loaded or fair, but by how much, and in what way. It took three years to find just 42 supernovae because the telescopes that we built could only survey a small part of the sky. With the LSST, we get a completely new view of the skies above Chile every three nights. In its first night of operation, it will find 10 times the number of supernovae used in the discovery of dark energy. This will increase by 1,000 within the first four months: 1.5 million supernovae by the end of its survey, each supernova a roll of the dice, each supernova testing which theories of dark energy are consistent, and which ones are not. And so, by combining these supernova data with other measures of cosmology, we'll progressively rule out the different ideas and theories of dark energy until hopefully at the end of this survey around 2030, we would expect to hopefully see a theory for our universe, a fundamental theory for the physics of our universe, to gradually emerge.
Možemo li se nadati dati smisao ovome tijekom sljedećeg desetljeća. Zamislite da sam vam dao dvije kockice i rekao da pogledate jesu li kockice namještene ili ispravne. Jedno bacanje kockice reklo bi vam jako malo, ali što biste ih više bacali, više podataka biste imali te biste postajali sve uvjereniji ne samo u to jesu li namještene ili ispravne nego i koliko i na koji način. Trebalo je tri godine da se pronađu 42 supernove jer izgrađeni teleskopi mogu vidjeti samo mali djelić neba. S LSST-em, imat ćemo potpuno novi pogled na nebo iznad Čilea, svake tri noći. U svojoj prvoj noći rada, pronaći će 10 puta više supernova nego što je korišteno u otkriću tamne energije. Ovo će se povećati za 1000 u prva četiri mjeseca: 1,5 milijuna supernova do kraja pretraživanja. Svaka supernova je poput bacanja kockice, svaka supernova testira koje su teorije o tamnoj energiji konzistentne, a koje nisu. Kombinacijom ovih podataka o supernovama s drugim kozmološkim mjerama, postupno ćemo isključivati razne ideje i teorije o tamnoj energiji sve do kraja ovog pretraživanja, oko 2030. godine, kada s nadom očekujemo vidjeti teoriju o našem svemiru, osnovnu teoriju fizike našeg svemira i njezinu postupnu pojavu.
Now, in many ways, the questions that I posed are in reality the simplest of questions. We may not know the answers, but we at least know how to ask the questions. But if looking through tens of thousands of galaxies revealed 42 supernovae that turned our understanding of the universe on its head, when we're working with billions of galaxies, how many more times are we going to find 42 points that don't quite match what we expect? Like the planet found by Herschel or dark energy or quantum mechanics or general relativity, all ideas that came because the data didn't quite match what we expected. What's so exciting about the next decade of data in astronomy is, we don't even know how many answers are out there waiting, answers about our origins and our evolution. How many answers are out there that we don't even know the questions that we want to ask?
Na neki način, pitanja koja sam postavio su doista najjednostavnija pitanja. Možda nemamo odgovore, ali barem znamo postaviti pitanja. Ako je pregledavanje desetaka tisuća galaksija otkrilo 42 supernove i okrenulo naše razumijevanje svemira naglavačke, kada budemo radili s milijardama galaksija, koliko puta ćemo naći još 42 točke koje se ne poklapaju s onim što očekujemo? Kao planet koji je Herschel pronašao ili tamna energija ili kvantna mehanika ili opća relativnost, sve ideje koje su se javile jer se podatci nisu poklapali s onim što smo očekivali. Ono što je uzbudljivo u idućem desetljeću podataka u astronomiji jeste to da ne znamo koliko odgovora nas čeka, odgovora o našem postanku i našoj evoluciji. Koliko nas odgovora čeka za koje čak ne znamo ni pitanja koja želimo postaviti?
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)