Election night 2008 was a night that tore me in half. It was the night that Barack Obama was elected. [One hundred and forty-three] years after the end of slavery, and [43] years after the passage of the Voting Rights Act, an African-American was elected president. Many of us never thought that this was possible until the moment that it happened. And in many ways, it was the climax of the black civil rights movement in the United States.
2008年的大选之夜, 我激动万分。 这一夜,巴拉克・奥巴马当选总统。 奴隶制废除后148年, 也是选举权法 通过后48年, 一位非裔美国人当选总统。 我们中有许多人从未想过这一天会到来, 直到此刻出现。 在诸多层面上,这是 美国黑人民权运动的巅峰。 那一夜,我在加州。
I was in California that night, which was ground zero at the time for another movement: the marriage equality movement. Gay marriage was on the ballot in the form of Proposition 8, and as the election returns started to come in, it became clear that the right for same sex couples to marry, which had recently been granted by the California courts, was going to be taken away. So on the same night that Barack Obama won his historic presidency, the lesbian and gay community suffered one of our most painful defeats.
那儿,那一刻,正发起 另一场运动: 婚姻平权运动。 同性恋婚姻以8号提案的形式, 被投票表决。 然而正当选举开始运作时 最近被加利福尼亚州法庭,通过的 同性夫妇结婚的权利, 似乎, 正趋于被剥夺(之边缘)。 所以,当夜, 正值巴拉克·奥巴马赢得他历史性总统席位之时 女同及男同社区却遭受了 有史以来最惨痛的失败之一。 然后,情势每况愈下
And then it got even worse. Pretty much immediately, African-Americans started to be blamed for the passage of Proposition 8. This was largely due to an incorrect poll that said that blacks had voted for the measure by something like 70 percent. This turned out not to be true, but this idea of pervasive black homophobia set in, and was grabbed on by the media. I couldn't tear myself away from the coverage. I listened to some gay commentator say that the African-American community was notoriously homophobic, and now that civil rights had been achieved for us, we wanted to take away other people's rights. There were even reports of racist epithets being thrown at some of the participants of the gay rights rallies that took place after the election. And on the other side, some African-Americans dismissed or ignored homophobia that was indeed real in our community. And others resented this comparison between gay rights and civil rights, and once again, the sinking feeling that two minority groups of which I'm both a part of were competing with each other instead of supporting each other overwhelmed and, frankly, pissed me off.
不久, 非裔美国人就因8号法案 被谴责 这很大程度上,缘于一份有误的民意调查。它显示, 黑人占选举人数的, 70%左右。 这后来被证明不实。 但是,同性恋恐惧症的概念,却由此四处扩散。 它被媒体恶意攫取了。 我不能将视线从这一新闻报道上转移, 我听到有些同性恋时事评论员说到, 非裔美国人社区, 是声名狼藉的同性恋恐惧者聚积地 现在我们的民权诉求已经实现 而我们却想剥夺他人之权利。 在大选后, 更有甚者,报道称, 种族主义者,对同性恋权利集会参与者 谩骂连篇。 另一方面, 有些非裔美国人也忽略了 同性恋恐惧症确然存在于我们社区。 亦有人,对同性恋权利运动与民权运动的比较 满腹牢骚。 又一次,那种 我所属的两个少数团体 在互相竞争而非相互支持的无力感 向我袭来。 它们最终压垮了我,坦率而言,也使得我怒发冲冠。
Now, I'm a documentary filmmaker, so after going through my pissed off stage and yelling at the television and radio, my next instinct was to make a movie. And what guided me in making this film was, how was this happening? How was it that the gay rights movement was being pitted against the civil rights movement? And this wasn't just an abstract question. I'm a beneficiary of both movements, so this was actually personal. But then something else happened after that election in 2008. The march towards gay equality accelerated at a pace that surprised and shocked everyone, and is still reshaping our laws and our policies, our institutions and our entire country. And so it started to become increasingly clear to me that this pitting of the two movements against each other actually didn't make sense, and that they were in fact much, much more interconnected, and that, in fact, some of the way that the gay rights movement has been able to make such incredible gains so quickly is that it's used some of the same tactics and strategies that were first laid down by the civil rights movement. Let's just look at a few of these strategies.
如今,我是一位纪录片制作人。 所以,在经历人生低谷 并朝电视与收音机大喊大叫后, 我出于本能的, 做了部影片。 我的动力之源,(即为深深萦绕脑海的问题:) 这怎么发生的? 为何,同性恋权利运动 与民权运动争锋相对? 这不只是个抽象问题, 因为我同为这两个运动的受益者, 所以,这实际上,是个人问题。 但,在2008年大选之后, 发生了一些意想不到的事。 向着同性恋权利平等,大步迈进的响声, 震惊了每一人 并重塑着我们的法律,政策, 我们的制度,及整个国家。 所以,我愈发的清晰, 这两个运动, 互相扯皮,诉之无益。 相反,他们的联系 实际上非常地紧密。 而且,就某方面而言, 同性恋权利运动(的规模) 能如此飞速的增长, 得益于民权运动 留下的 策略与方法。 让我们来看看其中一些策略吧: 首先,非常有趣地,如果你们回顾下,
First off, it's really interesting to see, to actually visually see, how quick the gay rights movement has made its gains, if you look at a few of the major events on a timeline of both freedom movements. Now, there are tons of milestones in the civil rights movement, but the first one we're going to start with is the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. This was a protest campaign against Montgomery, Alabama's segregation on their public transit system, and it began when a woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person. The campaign lasted a year, and it galvanized the civil rights movement like nothing had before it. And I call this strategy the "I'm tired of your foot on my neck" strategy.
漫漫自由路上的一些主要事件, 你们会发现, (至少表面上如此) 同性恋权利运动,是呈何等飞速在增长啊! 民权运动, 已知的,就有数以万计的里程碑事件。 现在,让我们从, 1955年蒙哥马利公共汽车抵制事件说起。 这场运动旨在反对, 亚拉巴马州,蒙哥马利市对于公共交通系统的, 种族隔离政策。 它的导火索是,一位叫Rosa Parks的女士, 拒绝为一位白人让座。 此场运动持续一年, 它前所未有地, 激励了民权运动 我称此策略为: “我不再匍匐于你跟前。” 男同及女同自社会产生起,
So gays and lesbians have been in society since societies began, but up until the mid-20th century, homosexual acts were still illegal in most states. So just 14 years after the Montgomery bus boycott, a group of LGBT folks took that same strategy. It's known as Stonewall, in 1969, and it's where a group of LGBT patrons fought back against police beatings at a Greenwich Village bar that sparked three days of rioting. Incidentally, black and latino LGBT folks were at the forefront of this rebellion, and it's a really interesting example of the intersection of our struggles against racism, homophobia, gender identity and police brutality. After Stonewall happened, gay liberation groups sprang up all over the country, and the modern gay rights movement as we know it took off.
即与之共生。 但直到20世纪中期之前, 同性恋行为在大部分的州依然违法。 所以,仅在蒙哥马利公交车抵制事件后14年, 即1969年,同性恋社区的一伙人,就采取了相同的策略, 即我们所称的石墙事件。 三天骚乱后, 星星之火,终于点燃。 在格林尼治酒吧的同性恋顾客,以暴制暴, 勇敢反抗警察围捕。 巧合的是,于此役, 黑人和拉丁美洲的同性恋者被推向统一战线。 这是我们反抗种族主义, 同性恋恐惧症,性别歧视,及政策偏袒的 鲜明之例。 石墙事件后不久,同性恋自由组织 如雨后春笋般,在全国涌现。 并最终发展成我们如今知晓的,同性恋权利运动。 接着,我们要回顾的,
So the next moment to look at on the timeline is the 1963 March on Washington. This was a seminal event in the civil rights movement and it's where African-Americans called for both civil and economic justice. And it's of course where Martin Luther King delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech, but what's actually less known is that this march was organized by a man named Bayard Rustin. Bayard was an out gay man, and he's considered one of the most brilliant strategists of the civil rights movement. He later in his life became a fierce advocate of LGBT rights as well, and his life is testament to the intersection of the struggles. The March on Washington is one of the high points of the movement, and it's where there was a fervent belief that African-Americans too could be a part of American democracy. I call this strategy the "We are visible and many in numbers" strategy.
是1963年的“向华盛顿进军” 这是民权运动中,具有里程碑意义的事件, 这是非裔美国人呼唤权利与财政公平之始。 这也是马丁·路德·金 发表著名的《我有一个梦想》之处。 但鲜为人知的是, 这次游行, 是由一个叫Bayard Rustin的人组织的。 Bayard是一名出柜了的同性恋, 也被认为是民权运动中, 最杰出的决策者之一。 他后来,也成为了同性恋权利运动的 热情拥护者。 他的一生,亦证明了民权运动和同性恋权利运动的交集。 “向华盛顿进军” 是此一运动(民权运动)的巅峰之一, 同时,也体现了 非裔美国人也是美国民主制度一部分 的热切信念。 我称这个策略为: “我们聚合众生,将被见证。” 有些早期的同性恋活动家,实际上
Some early gay activists were actually directly inspired by the march, and some had taken part. Gay pioneer Jack Nichols said, "We marched with Martin Luther King, seven of us from the Mattachine Society" -- which was an early gay rights organization — "and from that moment on, we had our own dream about a gay rights march of similar proportions." Several years later, a series of marches took place, each one gaining the momentum of the gay freedom struggle. The first one was in 1979, and the second one took place in 1987. The third one was held in 1993. Almost a million people showed up, and people were so energized and excited by what had taken place, they went back to their own communities and started their own political and social organizations, further increasing the visibility of the movement. The day of that march, October 11, was then declared National Coming Out Day, and is still celebrated all over the world. These marches set the groundwork for the historic changes that we see happening today in the United States.
直接被这一游行鼓舞。 他们中的一些人甚至参加了这一游行。 同性恋权利运动的先驱者Jack Nichols道:“ 我们同马丁·路德·金一起游行, 我们中有七个人来自马特辛社区”- 一个早期同性恋组织- “自此,我们梦想 同性恋权利运动,如它般卓尔不群。" 几年后,出现了一系列的游行 每一次都在为同性恋自由的抗争 积蓄能量。 第一次是1979年, 然后第二次是1987年 第三次游行发生在1993年。 有近百万人参与, 人们因所发生的 欢欣鼓舞 他们回到各自的社区, 组建自己的政治性组织, 或社会性组织, 以求使这一运动遍及大众视野。 游行被举行的那天,也就是每年10月11日, 被设为国家出柜日。 今天,它仍在世界广为流传,普天同庆。 这些运动, 铸就了我们今日所见的 美国历史性巨变的,基石。 最后,是“怀柔”政策。
And lastly, the "Loving" strategy. The name speaks for itself. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia, and invalidated all laws that prohibited interracial marriage. This is considered one of the Supreme Court's landmark civil rights cases. In 1996, President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, known as DOMA, and that made the federal government only have to recognize marriages between a man and a woman. In United States v. Windsor, a 79-year-old lesbian named Edith Windsor sued the federal government when she was forced to pay estate taxes on her deceased wife's property, something that heterosexual couples don't have to do. And as the case wound its way through the lower courts, the Loving case was repeatedly cited as precedent. When it got to the Supreme Court in 2013, the Supreme Court agreed, and DOMA was thrown out. It was incredible. But the gay marriage movement has been making gains for years now. To date, 17 states have passed laws allowing marriage equality. It's become the de facto battle for gay equality, and it seems like daily, laws prohibiting it are being challenged in the courts, even in places like Texas and Utah, which no one saw coming.
彼之名,即为诠释。 1967年,最高法院在“洛文诉弗吉尼亚案”中 裁定了 所有禁止种族通婚的律法 违宪。 这被认为是, 最高法院人权法案的里程碑之一。 1996年,克林顿总统签署了 婚姻保护法,即DOMA文件。 这迫使联邦政府 只能承认 两性婚姻。 在美国温莎镇, 一位叫Edith Windsor的79岁女同性恋者, 状告了联邦政府 因为,她被迫支付去世妻子 的遗产税 而异性恋夫妇却不需要支付。 此案在地方法庭中屡次受阻, 根据先例,一直被裁定为(原告败诉)。 2013年,“洛文案” 被传讯到最高法院, 判决原告胜诉。 于是乎,DOMA文件被废止。 难以置信! 但同性婚姻运动 确然不断前行,历久经年。 细细数来,已有17州 通过了婚姻平等法案。 它已演化为事实上的 同性恋权利之争 而似乎,每天, 法规所禁止的,正在法庭上,被改变 即使像德克萨斯州和犹他州这样的地方, 巨变正迎来。 因而,自2008年的大选之夜,
So a lot has changed since that night in 2008 when I felt torn in half. I did go on to make that film. It's a documentary film, and it's called "The New Black," and it looks at how the African-American community is grappling with the gay rights issue in light of the gay marriage movement and this fight over the meaning of civil rights. And I wanted to capture some of this incredible change that was happening, and as luck or politics would have it, another marriage battle started gearing up, this time in Maryland, where African-Americans make up 30 percent of the electorate. So this tension between gay rights and civil rights started to bubble up once again, and I was lucky enough to capture how some people were making the connection between the movements this time. This is a clip of Karess Taylor-Hughes and Samantha Masters, two characters in the film, as they hit the streets of Baltimore and try to convince potential voters.
自我激动万分时起, 一切悄然不同。 我确实去做了那部电影 它是部纪录片 名叫《崭新的一代》 它回顾了,非裔美国人社区 如何紧抓同性恋权利议题,出现的一簇希望之光 而照亮了婚姻同权运动。 这一斗争超越民权运动之意义。 我想抓住 正发生的难以置信之巨变(的历史时刻) 以及为之实行的政策和那些承蒙眷顾的幸运儿。 此刻,在马里兰州, 另一场婚姻斗争,硝烟正燃起。 那儿,30%的选民是 非裔美国人。 而当婚姻同权运动与民权运动的 张力再一次悄然重合, 我有幸能在此刻, 发掘人们如何 建立此两者运动之联系。 这是录像中两位主人公, Karess Taylor-Hughes和Samkantha Masters的对话, 当时他们在巴尔的摩的街道四处搜罗, 试着说服潜在选民。 (录像)Samantha Masters::这便是症结所在了。 嘿,这儿有位义人。
(Video) Samantha Masters: That's what's up, man, this is a righteous man over here. Okay, are you registered to vote?
好的,你是选民吗? 路人:不是。 Karess :好吧,你多大了?
Man: No. Karess Taylor-Hughes: Okay. How old are you?
路人:21岁了。 KTH:21了?你应当去投票。
Man: 21. KTH: 21? You gotta get registered to vote.
我们得让你去投票。
We got to get you registered to vote.
路人:我不干。
Man: I ain't voting on no gay shit.
SM:好吧,为什么?你为什么不愿投票? 路人:我对那套不来电。
SM: Okay, why? What's up? Man: I ain't with that.
SM:这回答可不好玩。
SM: That's not cool.
路人:是什么让你想搞基? SM:那你又为什么是直的?
Man: What made you be gay? SM: So what made you be straight?
你为什么是直男呢?
So what made you be straight? Man 2: You can't answer that question. (Laughter)
路人乙:这可不好说。(笑) KSM:我本来没有像你一样的(选举权)
KSM: I used to not have the same rights as you, but I know that because a black man like yourself stood up for a woman like me, I know that I've got the same opportunities. So you, as a black man, have the opportunity to stand up for somebody else. Whether you're gay or not, these are your brothers and sisters out here, and they need you to represent.
但是因为一个像你一样的黑人, 为一个像我一样的女士,勇敢站了出来 我才有了选举权。 所以,你,作为一个黑人,有机会 为他人而战。 不论你是不是同性恋 那些是你的兄弟姊妹 他们需要你。 路人乙:是谁告诉你
Man 2: Who is you to tell somebody who they can't have sex with, who they can't be with? They ain't got that power. Nobody has that power to say, you can't marry that young lady. Who has that power? Nobody.
他们不能和某人做爱 不能和别人处对象? 他们没权力这么做。 没有人有权说,你不能和那位年轻女士结婚 谁有权这么说?没人。 SM:但是你知道吗?
SM: But you know what? Our state has put the power in your hands, and so what we need you to do is vote for, you gonna vote for 6.
我们国家已将这一权利交由你手上 所以我们需要你做的 只是投票,为6号候选人投票。 路人乙:我懂了。
Man 2: I got you.
SM:投给6号候选人,好吗? 路人乙:好的。
SM: Vote for 6, okay? Man 2: I got you.
KSM:好的。你们需要社区服务吗?
KSM: All right, do y'all need community service hours? You do? All right, you can always volunteer with us to get community service hours. Y'all want to do that? We feed you. We bring you pizza.
要?那好,你可以随时志愿加入 以获得一定时间的社区服务。 你们都想做? 我们包吃。这有披萨。 (笑)(鼓掌)
(Laughter) (Applause)
Yoruba Richen:谢谢。
Yoruba Richen: Thank you. What's amazing to me about that clip that we just captured as we were filming is, it really shows how Karess understands the history of the civil rights movement, but she's not restricted by it. She doesn't just limit it to black people. She sees it as a blueprint for expanding rights to gays and lesbians. Maybe because she's younger, she's like 25, she's able to do this a little bit more easily, but the fact is that Maryland voters did pass that marriage equality amendment, and in fact it was the first time that marriage equality was directly voted on and passed by the voters. African-Americans supported it at a higher level than had ever been recorded. It was a complete turnaround from that night in 2008 when Proposition 8 was passed. It was, and feels, monumental. We in the LGBT community have gone from being a pathologized and reviled and criminalized group to being seen as part of the great human quest for dignity and equality. We've gone from having to hide our sexuality in order to maintain our jobs and our families to literally getting a place at the table with the president and a shout out at his second inauguration. I just want to read what he said at that inauguration: "We the people declare today that the most evident of truths, that all of us are created equal. It is the star that guides us still, just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall."
令我诧异的是,从我们录制的 这段对话中,可以看出, Karess 对民权运动知之甚多 但她没被束缚, 她不只将它局限于黑人 她视之为同性恋者争取权利的 宏伟蓝图。 也许因为她年轻,她看上去25岁左右 她更能轻松胜任。 但事实是马里兰州 确实决议通过了婚姻平权修正案。 事实上这也是第一次 婚姻平权法案被全名公投 并决议通过。 非裔美国人视之为 从未企及的新高度。 与2008年的大选之夜,8号法案被通过相比, 现在局势已然完全扭转。 这无疑,作为里程碑事件,也被我们感同身受, 我们这些同性恋社区的成员 一开始被视为病态, 被人指摘辱骂, 被视作违法, 而发展到如今,我们被视作 人类平等,人权斗争的一份子。 我们从为了不丢工作,家庭和睦, 须隐藏我们的性取向, 到在圆桌前有一席之地。 我们在总统的 第二届就职典礼上呐喊助威。 我只想读出他在就职典礼上 所说的: “我们认为如下真理 是不言而喻的: 人生而平等。 星辰指引我们伫立于此。 正如它指引着我们的先辈。 透过塞内卡瀑布 塞尔玛,及石墙,照耀万世。”
Now we know that everything is not perfect, especially when you look at what's happening with the LGBT rights issue internationally, but it says something about how far we've come when our president puts the gay freedom struggle in the context of the other great freedom struggles of our time: the women's rights movement and the civil rights movement. His statement demonstrates not only the interconnectedness of those movements, but how each one borrowed and was inspired by the other. So just as Martin Luther King learned from and borrowed from Gandhi's tactics of civil disobedience and nonviolence, which became a bedrock of the civil rights movement, the gay rights movement saw what worked in the civil rights movement, and they used some of those same strategies and tactics to make gains at an even quicker pace.
如今我们已知晓,“金无足赤,人无完人” 尤其当你正关注同性恋权利 的全球议题时。 当我们的总统将同性恋自由运动, 同我们这一时代之女权运动、民权运动 这些伟大的自由运动相提并论时, 我们才意识到 我们在不断前行,且愈发的远了。 他的陈述报告 不只阐明了这些运动内在的联系 也阐述了 它们如何互相借鉴以及相互激励。 正如马丁·路德·金 学习及借鉴甘地的 非暴力不合作运动, 酝酿了民权运动的温床一样 婚姻平权运动也从民权运动中 看到了可取之处 他们使用其中一些相同的策略 从而以更迅捷的步伐 取得成就。
Maybe one more other reason for the relative quick progress of the gay rights movement. Whereas a lot of us continue to still live in racially segregated spaces, LGBT folks, we are everywhere. We are in urban communities and rural communities, communities of color, immigrant communities, churches and mosques and synagogues. We are your mothers and brothers and sisters and sons. And when someone that you love or a family member comes out, it may be easier to support their quest for equality. And in fact, the gay rights movement asks us to support justice and equality from a space of love. That may be the biggest, greatest gift that the movement has given us. It calls on us to access that which is most universal and most intimate: a love of our brother and our sister and our neighbor. I just want to end with a quote by one of our greatest freedom fighters who's no longer with us, Nelson Mandela of South Africa. Nelson Mandela led South Africa after the dark and brutal days of Apartheid, and out of the ashes of that legalized racial discrimination, he led South Africa to become the first country in the world to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation within its constitution. Mandela said, "For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others."
也许,婚姻平权运动 取得如此长足进步 的另一原因 是我们许多人 仍被种族隔离。 同性恋社区的朋友们啊,我们无处不在 我们在城市, 我们在乡村, 我们聚积在有色人种社区,移民区 我们可能信仰不同:伊斯兰教,犹太教,基督教。。。 但我们同为 兄弟姊妹。 当你爱的 家庭成员出柜了, 支持他们寻求平等,也许是更好的做法 事实上,婚姻平权运动 需要我们,以爱之名 支持公平正义。 这可能是这一运动 给我们的最大,最棒的礼物。 它呼吁我们,去到最普遍的 最亲密的(人身边): 我们对邻居和兄弟姊妹的爱 让我引用一位 已不在人世的,也是 最伟大的自由先驱之一的话,来结束今天的演讲。 他是南非的,尼尔森·曼德拉。 尼尔森·曼德拉引领南非 走过了黑暗无情的种族隔离之夜。 在废止合法的种族歧视政策后, 他引领南非铸就了世界上 第一个在建制内 以全面禁止性别歧视为目标的国度。 曼德拉道: “为了自由,不仅要砍断镣铐 也需得以尊重 并确保他人自由的方式生活.”
So as these movements continue on, and as freedom struggles around the world continue on, let's remember that not only are they interconnected, but they must support and enhance each other for us to be truly victorious.
故曰,在这些运动如火如荼进行时 以及世界争取自由的斗争,永不停歇 让我们谨记,它们不仅于内紧密相连 他们亦须支持护佑彼此 以致得那真正的胜。
Thank you.
谢谢
(Applause)
(掌声)