Natten før, jeg skulle til Skotland, blev jeg bedt om at være vært for finalen i "Kina Har Talent"-showet i Shanghai med 80.000 tilskuere i stadionet. Gæt, hvem der gæsteoptrådte? Susan Boyle. Og jeg fortalte hende, "Jeg skal til Skotland i morgen." Hun sang smukt, og hun formåede endda at sige et par ord på kinesisk: 送你葱 Det betyder hverken "hej" eller "tak," det der normale. Det betyder "gratis grønne løg." Hvorfor sagde hun det? Fordi det var et vers fra vores kinesiske parallel til Susan Boyle -- en nogen og 50 år gammel kvinde, en grønthandler i Shanghai, som elsker at synge vestlig opera, men hun forstod ikke engelsk eller fransk eller italiensk, så hun fyldte i stedet sangteksterne med grøntsagers navne på kinesisk. (Latter) Og den sidste sætning i Nessun Dorma, som hun sang i stadionet, var "gratis grønne løg." Så [imens] Susan Boyle sagde det, sang 80.000 tilskuere sammen. Det var vanvittigt sjovt.
The night before I was heading for Scotland, I was invited to host the final of "China's Got Talent" show in Shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium. Guess who was the performing guest? Susan Boyle. And I told her, "I'm going to Scotland the next day." She sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few words in Chinese: 送你葱 So it's not like "hello" or "thank you," that ordinary stuff. It means "green onion for free." Why did she say that? Because it was a line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle -- a 50-some year-old woman, a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, who loves singing Western opera, but she didn't understand any English or French or Italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in Chinese. (Laughter) And the last sentence of Nessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was "green onion for free." So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that, 80,000 live audience sang together. That was hilarious.
Jeg vil gætte på, at Susan Boyle og denne grønthandler i Shanghai tilhørte anderledesheden. De var dem, man mindst forventede, skulle få succes inden for underholdningsbranchen, og alligevel fik deres mod og talent dem igennem. Og et show og en platform gav dem scenen til at realisere deres drømme. Tja, at være anderledes er ikke så svært. Vi er alle forskellige fra forskellige perspektiver. Men jeg synes, det at være anderledes er godt, fordi du præsenterer en anderledes synsvinkel. Du har chancen for at gøre en forskel.
So I guess both Susan Boyle and this vegetable vendor in Shanghai belonged to otherness. They were the least expected to be successful in the business called entertainment, yet their courage and talent brought them through. And a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their dreams. Well, being different is not that difficult. We are all different from different perspectives. But I think being different is good, because you present a different point of view. You may have the chance to make a difference.
Min generation har været meget heldig at bevidne og deltage i Kinas historiske forvandling, der har lavet så mange forandringer i de sidste 20, 30 år. Jeg mindes, at i året 1990, da jeg graduerede fra universitetet, søgte jeg et job i salgsafdelingen på det første fem-stjernede hotel i Beijing, Great Wall Sheraton -- det er der stadig. Så efter at være blevet forhørt af den her japanske bestyrer i en halv time sagde han endelig, "Nå, Frøken Yang, har De nogen spørgsmål at stille mig?" Jeg fremmanede mit mod og selvsikkerhed og sagde, "Ja, men kunne De fortælle mig, hvad I egentlig sælger?" Jeg havde ingen anelse om, hvad en salgsafdeling lavede på et fem-stjernet hotel. Det var den første dag, jeg satte min fod på et fem-stjernet hotel.
My generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of China that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30 years. I remember that in the year of 1990, when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in Beijing, Great Wall Sheraton -- it's still there. So after being interrogated by this Japanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, "So, Miss Yang, do you have any questions to ask me?" I summoned my courage and poise and said, "Yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?" I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel. That was the first day I set my foot in a five-star hotel.
På omkring samme tid stillede jeg op til en audition -- den første åbne audition nogensinde til landsdækkende fjernsyn i Kina -- med tusind andre universitetspiger. Produceren fortalte os, at de ledte efter et sødt, uskyldigt og smukt frisk ansigt. Så da det var min tur, stillede jeg mig op og sagde, "Hvorfor er kvinders personligheder i fjernsynet nødt til at være smukke, søde, uskyldige og, I ved, opbakkende? Hvorfor kan de ikke have deres egne idéer og deres egen stemme?" Jeg troede egentligt, jeg fornærmede dem. Men i virkeligheden blev de imponerede over mine ord. Og så var jeg i konkurrencens anden runde, og så den tredje og den fjerde. Efter syv runder i konkurrence var jeg den sidste tilbage. Så var jeg med i et landsdækkende tv-show i bedste sendetid. Og tro det eller ej, det var det første show på kinesisk tv, der tillod sin vært at tale frisindigt uden at læse op fra et godkendt manuskript. (Bifald) Og mit ugentlige publikum på det tidspunkt var mellem 200 og 300 millioner seere.
Around the same time, I was going through an audition -- the first ever open audition by national television in China -- with another thousand college girls. The producer told us they were looking for some sweet, innocent and beautiful fresh face. So when it was my turn, I stood up and said, "Why [do] women's personalities on television always have to be beautiful, sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? Why can't they have their own ideas and their own voice?" I thought I kind of offended them. But actually, they were impressed by my words. And so I was in the second round of competition, and then the third and the fourth. After seven rounds of competition, I was the last one to survive it. So I was on a national television prime-time show. And believe it or not, that was the first show on Chinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script. (Applause) And my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.
Nå, men efter nogle få år besluttede jeg mig for at tage til U.S.A. og Columbia University for at forfølge min kandidatuddannelse, og så startede jeg min egen medievirksomhed, hvilket var utænkeligt i årene, da jeg startede min karriere. Så vi gør en masse ting. Jeg har interviewet over tusind personer igennem tiden. Og nogle gange har jeg unge, der kommer til mig og siger, "Lan, du forandrede mit liv," og det er jeg stolt af. Men så er vi også så heldige at bevidne hele landets forvandling. Jeg deltog i Beijings anmodning om de Olympiske Lege. Jeg repræsenterede Shanghai Expo. Jeg så Kina omfavne verden og vice versa. Men nogle gange tænker jeg, hvad har dagens generation af unge gang i? Hvordan er de anderledes, og hvilke forskelle vil de gøre for at forme Kinas fremtid eller verden generelt?
Well after a few years, I decided to go to the U.S. and Columbia University to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started my own media company, which was unthought of during the years that I started my career. So we do a lot of things. I've interviewed more than a thousand people in the past. And sometimes I have young people approaching me say, "Lan, you changed my life," and I feel proud of that. But then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country. I was in Beijing's bidding for the Olympic Games. I was representing the Shanghai Expo. I saw China embracing the world and vice versa. But then sometimes I'm thinking, what are today's young generation up to? How are they different, and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of China, or at large, the world?
Så i dag vil jeg gerne tale om unge gennem de sociale mediers platform. For det første, hvem er de? [Hvordan] ser de ud? Tja, det her er en pige ved navn Guo Meimei -- 20 år gammel, smuk. Hun viste sine dyre tasker, tøj og bil på sin mikroblog, der er den kinesiske version af Twitter. Og hun påstod, at hun var Røde Kors' administrerende direktør i Handelskammeret. Hun indså ikke, at hun trådte på en følsom nerve og udløste landsdækkende udspørgen, næsten et oprør, om Røde Kors' troværdighed. Striden var så ophedet, at Røde Kors var nødt til at afholde en pressekonference for at klargøre det, og efterforskningen er i gang.
So today I want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. First of all, who are they? [What] do they look like? Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei -- 20 years old, beautiful. She showed off her expensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog, which is the Chinese version of Twitter. And she claimed to be the general manager of Red Cross at the Chamber of Commerce. She didn't realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost a turmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross. The controversy was so heated that the Red Cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and the investigation is going on.
Så vidt, i dag, ved vi, at hun selv opfandt den titel -- sandsynligvis fordi hun føler sig stolt over at være involveret i velgørenhed. Alle de dyre ting blev givet til hende som gaver af hendes kæreste, der plejede at være bestyrelsesmedlem i en underafdeling af Røde Kors i Handelskammeret. Det er meget kompliceret at forklare. Men alligevel, offentligheden køber den stadigvæk ikke. Den koger stadig. Det viser os en generel mistillid til regeringen eller institutioner bakket op af regeringen, der manglede gennemskuelighed i fortiden. Og det viste os også de sociale mediers magt og indflydelse som mikroblog.
So far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title -- probably because she feels proud to be associated with charity. All those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend, who used to be a board member in a subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce. It's very complicated to explain. But anyway, the public still doesn't buy it. It is still boiling. It shows us a general mistrust of government or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in the past. And also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.
Mikroblog blomstrede i år 2010, med dobbelt så mange besøgende og en tredobling af tiden brugt på det. Sina.com, en stor nyhedsportal, har alene mere end 140 millioner mikrobloggere. På Tencent, 200 millioner. Den populæreste blogger -- det er ikke mig -- det er en filmstjerne, og hun har mere end 9,5 millioner tilhængere eller fans. Omkring 80 procent af disse mikrobloggere er unge under 30 år gamle. Og fordi, som I ved, de traditionelle medier stadig er stærkt kontrollerede af regeringen, tilbyder sociale medier en åbning til at lukke lidt af dampen ud. Men fordi man ikke har mange andre åbninger, er varmen, der kommer ud af denne åbning, nogle gange meget stærk, aktiv og endda voldelig.
Microblog boomed in the year of 2010, with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled. Sina.com, a major news portal, alone has more than 140 million microbloggers. On Tencent, 200 million. The most popular blogger -- it's not me -- it's a movie star, and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans. About 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people, under 30 years old. And because, as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government, social media offers an opening to let the steam out a little bit. But because you don't have many other openings, the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.
Så igennem mikroblogging er vi i stand til at forstå kinesisk ungdom endnu bedre. Så hvordan er de anderledes? For det første blev mange af dem født i 80'erne og 90'erne under etbarnspolitikken. Og på grund af den valgte abort af familier, der favoriserer drenge frem for piger, er vi nu endt med 30 millioner flere unge mænd end kvinder. Det kunne vise sig som en potentiel fare for samfundet, men hvem ved; vi lever i en globaliseret verden, så de kan lede efter kærester fra andre lande. De fleste af dem har en ret god uddannelse. Andelen af analfabeter i Kina i denne generation er under en procent. I byer kommer 80 procent af alle børn på universitetet. Men de står over for et aldrende Kina med en befolkning på over 65 år, der stiger med 7 komma-et-eller-andet procent i år, og som er ved at være 15 procent i år 2030. Og I ved, vi har tradition for, at yngre generationer støtter de ældre finansielt og tager sig af dem, når de er syge. Så det betyder, at unge par er nødt til at støtte fire forældre, der har en forventet levetid på 73 år.
So through microblogging, we are able to understand Chinese youth even better. So how are they different? First of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. And because of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls, now we have ended up with 30 million more young men than women. That could pose a potential danger to the society, but who knows; we're in a globalized world, so they can look for girlfriends from other countries. Most of them have fairly good education. The illiteracy rate in China among this generation is under one percent. In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college. But they are facing an aging China with a population above 65 years old coming up with seven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030. And you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially, and taking care of them when they're sick. So it means young couples will have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.
Så at tjene til livets ophold er ikke let for unge. Akademikere er der ikke mangel på. I byområder kan akademikere få en startløn på omkring 400 U.S. dollars om måneden, imens den gennemsnitlige leje er over $500. Så hvad gør de? De er nødt til at dele plads -- mast sammen på meget begrænset plads for at spare penge -- og de kalder sig selv "Stamme af myrer." Og for dem, der er klar til at blive gift og købe egen lejlighed, de har fundet ud af, at de må arbejde i 30 til 40 år for at få råd til deres første lejlighed. Det forhold i Amerika ville kun koste et par fem år at tjene, men i Kina er det 30 til 40 år med de til himmels flyvende priser på fast ejendom.
So making a living is not that easy for young people. College graduates are not in short supply. In urban areas, college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 U.S. dollars a month, while the average rent is above $500. So what do they do? They have to share space -- squeezed in very limited space to save money -- and they call themselves "tribe of ants." And for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their first apartment. That ratio in America would only cost a couple five years to earn, but in China it's 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing real estate price.
Blandt de 200 millioner omvandrende arbejdere er 60 procent af dem unge. De befinder sig ligesom klemt mellem byområderne og landområderne. De fleste af dem vil ikke tilbage til landet, men de har ikke følelsen af at høre til. De arbejder længere med mindre indkomst, mindre velfærd. Og de er mere sårbare over for at miste jobs, udsat for inflation, strammere lån fra banker, stigning i renminbiens kurs, eller nedgang i efterspørgsel fra Europa eller Amerika af de produkter, de producerer. Sidste år, dog, en forfærdende hændelse i et sydligt OEM fabrikskompleks i Kina: 13 unge arbejdere i deres sene teenageår og tidlige 20'ere begik selvmord, bare en efter en som forårsagede det en smitsom sygdom. Men de døde på grund af meget forskellige årsager. Men hele denne hændelse vakte stor opstand fra samfundet over isolationen, både fysisk og mentalt, af disse omvandrende arbejdere.
Among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are young people. They find themselves sort of sandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas. Most of them don't want to go back to the countryside, but they don't have the sense of belonging. They work for longer hours with less income, less social welfare. And they're more vulnerable to job losses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks, appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from Europe or America for the products they produce. Last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern OEM manufacturing compound in China: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease. But they died because of all different personal reasons. But this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental, of these migrant workers.
For dem, der vender tilbage til landet, finder sig meget velkomne lokalt, for med den viden, de evner og de netværk, de har tilegnet sig i byerne med Internettets hjælp, er de i stand til at skabe flere jobs, forbedre det lokale landbrug og skabe nyt forretningsliv i det mindre udviklede marked. Så i de seneste par år har kystområderne været i underskud af arbejdskraft.
For those who do return back to the countryside, they find themselves very welcome locally, because with the knowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the cities, with the assistance of the Internet, they're able to create more jobs, upgrade local agriculture and create new business in the less developed market. So for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.
Disse diagrammer viser en mere generel social baggrund. Det første er Engels-koefficienten, der forklarer, at priserne på dagligvarer er faldet i procent hele vejen igennem det seneste årti med hensyn til familieindkomst til omkring nogen og 37 procent. Men så i de seneste to år går den op igen til 39 procent, hvilket indikerer en stigning i leveomkostninger. Gini-koefficienten er allerede steget over den farlige 0,4 linje. Nu er den 0,5 -- endnu værre end i Amerika -- hvilket viser os uligheden i indkomst. Og på den måde ser I hele dette samfund, der bliver frustreret over at tabe noget af sin mobilitet. Og også bitterheden og endda vrede mod de rige og de magtfulde er ret udbredt. Så enhver beskyldning om korruption eller bagdørshandler mellem myndigheder eller virksomheder ville fremkalde et ramaskrig i samfundet eller endda uro.
These diagrams show a more general social background. The first one is the Engels coefficient, which explains that the cost of daily necessities has dropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms of family income, to about 37-some percent. But then in the last two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising living cost. The Gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4. Now it's 0.5 -- even worse than that in America -- showing us the income inequality. And so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility. And also, the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful is quite widespread. So any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.
Så igennem nogle af de varmeste emner på mikroblogging kan vi se, hvad unge bekymrer sig mest om. Social retfærdighed og regeringsansvar indtager førstepladsen af, hvad de kræver. I det forgangne årti eller deromkring har en massiv urbanisering og udvikling ladet os bevidne en masse beretninger om den tvungne nedrivning af privat ejendom. Og det har vakt stor vrede og frustration blandt vores unge generation. Nogle gange bliver folk dræbt, og andre gange sætter folk ild til sig selv i protest. Så når disse episoder bliver rapporteret oftere og oftere på Internettet, råber folk op for at få regering til at tage affære og stoppe det.
So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging, we can see what young people care most about. Social justice and government accountability runs the first in what they demand. For the past decade or so, a massive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports on the forced demolition of private property. And it has aroused huge anger and frustration among our young generation. Sometimes people get killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. So when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the Internet, people cry for the government to take actions to stop this.
Så de gode nyheder er, at tidligere i år vedtog statsrådet en ny bestemmelse vedrørende husbeslaglæggelse og -nedrivning og flyttede retten til at beordre tvungen nedrivning fra lokale regeringer til domstolen. På samme måde er mange andre spørgsmål omkring offentlig sikkerhed et varmt emne på Internettet. Vi hørte om forurenet luft, forurenet vand, forgiftet mad. Og gæt engang, vi har falsk bøf. De har forskellige ingredienser, som du pensler et stykke kylling eller fisk med, og så kommer det til at ligne bøf. Og så for nylig er folk meget optaget af madlavningsolie, fordi tusindvis af mennesker er blevet taget i at raffinere madlavningsolie fra madrester fra restauranter. Så alle disse ting har vakt stor opstandelse fra Internettet. Og heldigvis har vi set regeringen svare hurtigere og også oftere på de offentlige bekymringer.
So the good news is that earlier this year, the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition and passed the right to order forced demolition from local governments to the court. Similarly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the Internet. We heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food. And guess what, we have faked beef. They have sorts of ingredients that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef. And then lately, people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. So all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the Internet. And fortunately, we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.
Imens unge lader til at være meget sikre på deres deltagelse i offentlig politik, er de nogle gange en smule fortabte, hvad angår det, de vil have i deres personlige liv. Kina overgår snart U.S.A. som det største marked for luksusmærker -- det er ikke inkluderet det kinesiske forbrug i Europa og andre steder. Men ved I hvad, halvdelen af disse forbrugere tjener en løn på under 2000 U.S. dollars. De er overhovedet ikke rige. De opfatter de tasker og det tøj som en form for identitet og social status. Og det her er en pige, der udtrykkeligt siger på et datingshow i tv, at hun hellere ville græde i en BMW end smile på en cykel. Men selvfølgelig har vi unge, der stadig foretrækker at smile, uanset om det er i en BMW eller på en cykel.
While young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. China is soon to pass the U.S. as the number one market for luxury brands -- that's not including the Chinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere. But you know what, half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S. dollars. They're not rich at all. They're taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status. And this is a girl explicitly saying on a TV dating show that she would rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle. But of course, we do have young people who would still prefer to smile, whether in a BMW or [on] a bicycle.
Så på det næste billede ser I et meget populært fænomen kaldet "nøgent" bryllup eller "nøgen" vielse. Det betyder ikke, at de ikke har noget på til brylluppet, men det viser, at disse unge par er klar til at blive viet uden et hus, uden en bil, uden en diamantring og uden en brudebuket for at vise deres engagement i ægte kærlighed. Og folk gør også godt gennem de sociale medier. Og det første billede viste os, at en lastbil med 500 hjemløse og kidnappede hunde til fødevarefremstilling blev set og stoppet på motorvejen, mens hele landet så med via mikroblogging. Folk donerede penge, hundemad og tilbød frivilligt arbejde for at stoppe den lastbil. Og efter timevis af forhandling blev 500 hunde befriet. Og her hjælper folk også med at finde forsvundne børn. En far opslog sin søns billede på Internettet. Efter tusindvis af [uklart] blev barnet fundet, og vi bevidnede familiens genforening via mikroblogging.
So in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called "naked" wedding, or "naked" marriage. It does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show their commitment to true love. And also, people are doing good through social media. And the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing was spotted and stopped on the highway with the whole country watching through microblogging. People were donating money, dog food and offering volunteer work to stop that truck. And after hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued. And here also people are helping to find missing children. A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet. After thousands of resends in relay, the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging.
Så lykke er det populæreste ord, vi har hørt gennem de sidste to år. Lykke er ikke kun forbundet med personlige erfaringer og personlige værdier, men det handler også om miljøet. Folk tænker over de følgende spørgsmål: Vil vi ofre vores miljø yderligere for at producere højere BNP? Hvordan skal vi udføre vores sociale og politiske reform for at kunne følge med den økonomiske vækst for at opretholde bæredygtighed og stabilitet? Og også, hvor kompetent er systemet til selvkorregering for at holde flere mennesker tilfredse, når der er alle mulige former for gnidninger på samme tid? Jeg gætter på, at disse er spørgsmål, folk vil besvare. Og vores yngre generation vil forandre dette land mens de på samme tid selv forandres.
So happiness is the most popular word we have heard through the past two years. Happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but also, it's about the environment. People are thinking about the following questions: Are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher GDP? How are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keep sustainability and stability? And also, how capable is the system of self-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts of friction going on at the same time? I guess these are the questions people are going to answer. And our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.
Mange tak.
Thank you very much.
(Bifald)
(Applause)