I was walking in the market one day with my wife, and somebody stuck a cage in my face. And in between those slits were the saddest eyes I've ever seen. There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter. That evening I came back to the market in the dark and I heard "uhh, uhh," and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap. Of course, the cage was salvaged. I took up the little baby, massaged her, forced her to drink until she finally started breathing normally.
Intr-o zi m-am dus la piata cu sotia mea si cineva a ridicat o cusca chiar in fata mea, iar printre zabrele am zarit cei mai tristi ochi care i-am vazut vreodata. In cusca era un pui de urangutan foarte bolnav -- prima noastra intalnire. In seara aceea m-am intors la piata pe intuneric si am auzit "ahh, ahh," si asa cum ma asteptam am gasit puiul de urangutan muribund pe o gramada de gunoi. Bineinteles, cusca fusese recuperată. Am luat mica vietate in brate, am masat-o, am fortat-o sa bea apa, pana cand in sfarsit a inceput sa respire normal.
This is Uce. She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain, and this is Matahari, her second son, which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy. That changed my life quite dramatically, and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
Asta e Uce. Traieste acum in jugla Sungai Wain si acela e Matahari, al doilea ei pui, care, apropo, e puiul celui de-al doilea urangutan pe care l-am salvat, Dodoy. Imtamplarea mi-a schimbat viata radical, in prezent am aproape 1,000 de pui de urangutan in cele doua centre pe care le am.
(Applause)
(Aplauze)
No. No. No. Wrong. It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild. It's not good. This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing. Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together, just now like victims for every baby, six have disappeared from the forest.
Nu. Nu. Nu. Gresit. E oribil. E dovada faptului ca nu i-am putut salva in mediul lor natural. Nu e bine. E doar dovada ca nu facem ce e drept sa facem. Avand mai multi decat toti urangutanii din toate gradinile zoologice din lume la un loc, observam victime: la fiecare pui salvat sase urangutani dispar din padure.
The deforestation, especially for oil palm, to provide biofuel for Western countries is what's causing these problems. And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat, the largest accumulation of organic material in the world. When you open this for growing oil palms you're creating CO2 volcanoes that are emitting so much CO2 that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world, after China and the United States. And we don't have any industry at all -- it's only because of this deforestation.
Defrisarea, în special pentru palmierii de ulei, folositi in productia de biocombustibil in tarile occidentale, e cauza aceastei probleme. Aceste paduri tropicale umede stau pe 20 m de turba, cea mai mare acumulare de material organic din lume. Cand defrisezi terenuri pentru plantarea palmierilor de ulei creezi vulcani de CO2 care emit atat de mult CO2 incat tara mea acum e a 3-a tara in emiterea gazelor de sera din lume, dupa China si Statele Unite, si noi nu avem nici un fel de industrie. Numai din cauza defrisarii.
And these are horrible images. I'm not going to talk too long about it, but there are so many of the family of Uce, which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest, that still have to go through that process. And I don't know anymore where to put them. So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her but also a solution that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests, to get their hands on the last timber and that are causing, in that way, the loss of habitat and all those victims.
Astea sunt imagini oribile. Nu voi vorbi prea mult despre asta, dar sunt multi din familia lui Uce care nu au sansa sa traiasca in acea padure, care inca trebuie sa parcurga acel proces si eu nu mai stiu unde să-i plasez. Asa ca am decis sa gasesc o solutie pentru ea dar o solutie de care sa beneficieze si oamenii care incearca sa expoateze aceste paduri, pentru ultimul lemn disponibil si care cauzeaza in consecinta disparitia habitatului natural si toate acese victime.
So I created the place Samboja Lestari, and the idea was, if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of where there is really nothing left, no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..." No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
Asa ca am creat un loc numit Samboja Lestari si idea a fost: daca pot sa fac asta in cel mai nenorocit loc posibil, unde cu adevarat nu e nimic ramas, nimeni n-o sa aiba o scuza zicand "Da, dar ..." Nu. Toata lumea ar trebui sa poata urma.
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started. As you can see there's only yellow terrain. There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there. In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there. There was a huge amount of crime. People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water. There was no agricultural productivity left. This was the poorest district in the whole province and it was a total extinction of wildlife. This was like a biological desert. When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this waving grass.
Suntem acum in East Borneo. De aici am pornit. Dupa cum vedeti tot pamantul e galben, nu e nimic ramas, numai putina iarba acolo. In 2002 jumatate din oamenii de aici nu aveau de lucru. Criminalitatea era foarte ridicata. Oamenii cheltuiau mare parte din bani pentru sanatate si apa de baut. Nu mai exista nici un fel de productivitate agricola. Era cel mai sarac district a provinciei si animalele salbatice erau complet extincte. Era ca un desert biologic. Acolo, in iarba fierbinte, nu auzeai nici bazait de insecte. numai iarba facand valuri.
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people. The climate has changed. I will show you: no more flooding, no more fires. It's no longer the poorest district, and there is a huge development of biodiversity. We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today. We have 30 species of reptiles.
Cu toate astea, 4 ani mai tarziu am creat joburi pentru 3.000 de oameni. Climatul s-a schimbat. O sa va arat: nu mai exista inundatii si nici incendii. Nu mai e cel mai sarac district, si avem o mare crestere in biodiversitate. Avem peste 1.000 de specii, 137 specii de pasari. Avem 30 de specii de reptile.
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest. So basically the whole process of destruction had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm. But we saw the same thing. We had slash and burn agriculture; people cannot afford the fertilizer, so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there; the fires become more frequent, and after a while you're stuck with an area of land where there is no fertility left. There are no trees left. Still, in this place, in this grassland where you can see our very first office there on that hill, four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
Deci, ce s-a intamplat aici? Am creat un mare esec economic in aceasta padure. Simplu, intregul proces de distrugere a incetinit ce se intampla acum cu palmierul de ulei. Dar noi am observat acelasi lucru -- am avut agricultura pe pamant defrisat. Oamenii nu au bani sa cumpere ingrasaminte asa ca ard copacii ca sa aiba ceva minerale in pamant. Focurile au devenit tot mai frecvente si dupa un timp tot ce ramane e o arie de pamant unde nimic nu mai e fertil. Nu e nici un copac ramas. Cu toate astea, in acest tarâm de iarba unde vedeti primul nostru centru acolo pe deal, patru ani mai tarziu apare un punct verde pe suprafata pamantului.
(Applause)
(Aplauze)
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy, and there's this economic value.
Si toate animalele si toti oamenii sunt fericiti, si exista valoare economica.
So how's this possible? It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps: we bought the land, we dealt with the fire, and then only, we started doing the reforestation by combining agriculture with forestry. Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary. But we made sure that in every step of the way the local people were going to be fully involved so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that. The people would become the defenders of that forest. So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles, but we do it in addition to a sure legal status -- because if the forest belongs to the state, people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone." And then we apply all these other principles like transparency, professional management, measurable results, scalability, [unclear], etc.
Cum este posibil? A fost destul de simplu, daca te uiti la pasii pe care i-am facut: am cumparat pamantul, am eliminat focurile, si numai dupa aceea am inceput reimpadurirea imbinand agricultura cu silvicultura. Numai apoi am demarat infrastructura, administrarea si fondurile. Dar ne-am asigurat ca la fiecare pas localnicii se implicau in totalitate astfel ca nimeni din afara sa nu poata sa interfereze. Am vrut ca oamenii sa devina aparatorii padurii. Noi urmam principiile "oameni, profit, planeta" si adugam legalitate, pentru ca daca padurea e a statului oamenii spun ca padurea apartine fiecaruia, apartine tuturor. Dupa aceea aplicam alte principii: transparenta, administrare profesionala, resultate masurabile, scalabilitate, replicabilitate, etc.
What we did was we formulated recipes -- how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing to a target situation. You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control, whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice. And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out. Now in this recipe you also have the cost. You also know how much labor is needed. If you can drop this recipe on the map on a sandy soil, on a clay soil, on a steep slope, on flat soil, you put those different recipes; if you combine them, out of that comes a business plan, comes a work plan, and you can optimize it for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have, and you can do it.
Ce am facut am creat retete de-a porni de la situatii in care n-ai nimic pana la atingerea tintei. Formulezi o reteta bazata pe factori pe care ii poti controla, fie calificare, fie ingrasaminte sau plantele pe care le alegi. Apoi urmaresti resultatele si incepi sa masori recolta. In aceasta reteta trebuie sa consideri si costul. De asemenea stii cata munca e necesara. Daca pui aceasta reteta pe o harta, pe un pamant nisipos sau pamant argilos, pe o panta abrupta sau pe un camp intins -- alcatuiesti toate aceste retete diferite; daca le combini obti un plan the afaceri, un plan de lucru și il poti optimiza pentru volumul de munca sau pentru volumul de ingrasamant disponibil, Se poate realiza.
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of. It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots. The acacia trees are of a very low value but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil and to shake out the grasses. And after eight years they might actually yield some timber -- that is, if you can preserve it in the right way, which we can do with bamboo peels. It's an old temple-building technique from Japan but bamboo is very fire-susceptible. So if we would plant that in the beginning we would have a very high risk of losing everything again. So we plant it later, along the waterways to filter the water, provide the raw products just in time for when the timber becomes available.
Asa arata in practica. Avem aceasta iarba de care vrem sa scapam. Exuda compusi toxici de cianura, KCN, de la radacini. Copacii de salcam Acacia sunt putin valorosi, dar avem nevoie de ei sa restauram micro-climatul, sa protejam solul si sa eliminam iarba toxica. Dupa 8 ani acesti copaci ar putea produce ceva cherestea dar numai daca mediul e corect prezervat, ceea ce se poate face cu coji de bambus. E o technica veche folosita la construirea templelor din Japonia. Dar bambusul e foarte susceptibil la foc. deci daca am planta bambus de la inceput am risca sa pierdem totul din nou. Asa ca-l plantam mai tarziu, pe langa cursurile de apa ca sa filtreze apa si sa furnizeze materialul brut pentru momentul cand copacii sunt taiati pentru cherestea.
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows in space, over time and with the limited means you have. So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees, the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops, for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land, the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration while even saving some money.
Intrebarea e cum sa integram aceste procese in spatiu, in timp, si cu resursele limitate pe care le avem. Plantam copacii, plantam ananasii, si fasole si ghimbir printre copaci, ca sa reducem competitia, adugam ingrasaminte -- material organic e folositor pentru recolte si pentru oameni, dar ajuta si copacii. Fermierii au pamant gratis, systemul produce venit, urangutanii au mancare sanatoasa, si putem grabi regenerarea ecosistemului, economisind ceva bani in acelasi timp.
So beautiful. What a theory.
Suna frumos. In teorie.
But is it really that easy? Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998, the fire started. This is an area of about 50 million hectares. January. February. March. April. May. We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months. This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States. And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks, oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
Dar e intr-adevar asa usor? Nu chiar, daca ne uitam la ce s-a imtamplat in 1998. Incendiul s-a declansat. E o arie de 50 de milione de hectare. Ianuarie. Februarie. Martie. Aprilie. Mai. Am pierdut 5.5 milione hectare in doar cateva luni. Asta pentru ca avem 10,000 focuri subterane care exista si aici in Pennsylvania, Statele Unite. Odata ce pamantul se usuca, in anotimp uscat se formeaza crapaturi. Oxigenul patrunde in subteran, flacarile ies la suprafata si tot dezastrul incepe iar.
So how to break that cycle? Fire is the biggest problem. This is what it looked like for three months. For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off because it was that dark. We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year; they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster for orangutans and people. So these fires are really the first things to work on. That was why I put it as a single point up there. And you need the local people for that because these grasslands, once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients to the first rainfall -- going to the sea killing off the coral reefs there.
Deci cum impiedicam acest ciclu? Focul e cea mai mare problema. Asa a aratat timp de 3 luni. 3 luni luminile automate de-afara nu s-au stins. Asa de intuneric a fost. Am pierdul toate recoltele, nici un copil n-a crescut in greutate timp de un an. Copiii au pierdul 12 puncte IQ. Un dezastru pentru toti, urangutani si oameni. Aceste focuri sunt cu adevarat primul lucru care trebuie adresat. Motiv pentru care am listat-o ca singura problema. E nevoie de localnici pentru ca aceste terenuri cu iarba, odata ce incep sa arda, focul se imprastie ca o vijelie, si se pierd din nou putina cenusa si nutrienti cu prima ploaie care le cara in ocean, unde omoara reciful de corali.
So you have to do it with the local people. That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution. So what we did is, we created a ring of sugar palms around the area. These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant -- also flood-resistant, by the way -- and they provide a lot of income for local people.
Deci trebuie sa te bazezi pe localnici. Asta e solutia imediata, dar ai nevoie si de o solutie cu bataie lunga. Asa ca am creat un cerc de palmieri de zahar in jurul ariei. Acesti palmieri de zahar sunt rezistenti la foc si, apropo, si la inundatii. Plus furnizeaza un venit bun pentru localnici.
This is what it looks like: the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice -- and the only thing you harvest is sugar water, carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine. In principle, you make those trees into biological photovoltaic cells. And you can create so much energy from this -- they produce three times more energy per hectare per year, because you can tap them on a daily basis. You don't need to harvest [unclear] or any other of the crops.
Merge cam asa: Oamenii trebuie sa decupeze o fanta de doua ori pe zi, doar de 1 mm, si singurul lucru recoltat e apa de zahar, dioxid de carbon, apa de ploaie si un pic de soare. In principiu, transformi acesti copaci in celule biologice fotovoltaice. Poti crea atata energie, acesti palmieri produc de 3 ori mai multa energie pe hectar anual, daca ii creztezi in fiecare zi. Nu trebuie sa recoltezi partea organica sau alte recolte.
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics, which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology. But also your legal side needs to be in very good order. So we bought that land, and here is where we started our project -- in the middle of nowhere. And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area is divided into strips that go over different types of soil, and we were actually monitoring, measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres. And this forest is quite different.
Avem tot acest potential genetic la tropice inca neexploatat. Trebuie combinat cu technologia, dar totul trebuie de asemenea sa fie legal. Deci am cumparat acest teren si aici am inceput proiectul nostru, în acest loc departe de civilizatie. Daca privesti mai de-aproape vezi ca toata aceasta arie e impartita in fâsii compuse din tipuri diferite de sol, pe care le monitorizam, masurand fiecare copac pe aceste 2.000 hectare, 5.000 acri. Aceasta padure este insa diferita.
What I really did was I just followed nature, and nature doesn't know monocultures, but a natural forest is multilayered. That means that both in the ground and above the ground it can make better use of the available light, it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions. But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
Am urmat exemplul naturii, si natura nu stie de monocultura. O padure naturala are multe nivele. Asta inseamna ca și in pamant si deasupra pamantului se foloseste mai eficient lumina disponibila, se poate stoca mai mult carbon in system, se pot indeplini mai multe functii, dar e mai complicat, nu e simplu, trebuie lucrat cu oamenii.
So, just like nature, we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that, we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity that can optimally use that light. Then, what is just as important: get the right fungi in there that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours. And they become like nutrient pumps. You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen, and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
Asadar imitam natura. Plantam copaci tropicali care cresc rapid si sub ei pe cei care cresc mai greu, de o mare diversitate care pot optimiza lumina filtrata, iar apoi la fel de important introducem ciupercile potrivite, care vor creste printre frunze si vor returna nutrientii la radacinile copacilor care si-au pierdut frunzele in ultimele 24 de ore. Ele actioneaza ca pompe de nutrienti, sunt necesare bacteriile ca sa fixeze azotul, fara aceste microorganisme nu vor fi nici un fel de resultate.
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day. We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable. We didn't want to lose the people that are going to work in that plantation. And we do a lot of work here. We use indicator plants to look at what soil types, or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here. And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
Am inceput sa plantam -- numai 1.0000 de copaci pe zi. Am fi putut sa plantam mult mai multi, dar nu am vrut pentru ca am vrut sa pastram numarul de joburi constant. N-am vrut sa pierdem oamenii care urmau sa lucreze pe plantatie. E multa munca aici. Folosim plante indicator pentru a stabili tipurile de sol, și ce vegetale sau copaci pot creste in acel sol. Am monitorizat fiecare copac din spatiu.
This is what it looks like in reality; you have this irregular ring around it, with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms that can provide income for 648 families. It's only a small part of the area.
Asa arata in realitate, exista acest inel neregulat in jur, cu fâsii late de 100 m cu palmieri de zahar care pot produce venit pentru 648 de familii. E doar o mica parte din intreaga arie.
The nursery, in here, is quite different. If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance, from the Urals up to England, you know how many? 165. In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species. Can you imagine? You do need to know what you are working with, but it's that diversity which makes it work. That you can go from this zero situation, by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees in the lines in that grass there, putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost, and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest there are crops that can be used. In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn; in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas; later on, there will be chocolate and chilies. And then slowly, the trees start taking over, bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood. And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over and provides the people with permanent income.
Pepiniera de aici e foarte diferita. Daca te uiti la numarul de specii de copaci pe care-i avem in Europa, de ex., de la Urali pana in Anglia, stiti cate sunt? 165. In aceasta pepiniera vom creste de 10 ori mai multe specii. Va imaginati? Trebuie intr-adevar sa stii cu ce lucrezi, dar e acea diversitate care face totul sa mearga. Poti porni de la aceasta situatie zero, plantand vegetalele si copacii, ori numai copacii, pe liniile din iarba, creand o zona tampon, producandu-ti ingrasamintele, apoi asigurandu-te ca la fiecare stagiu al padurii in crestere exista recolte care pot fi folosite. La inceput, poate ananas, fasole si porumb. In a doua faza, vor fi babane si papaya. Mai tarziu, ciocolata si ardei iute. Apoi incet, copacii incep sa domine, producand fructe, cherestea, lemn pentru combustibil. In final, padurea de palmieri de zahar pune stapanire și furnizeaza oamenilor venit permanent.
On the top left, underneath those green stripes, you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants that you can see from space. And in that area we started growing some acacia trees that you just saw before. So this is after one year. And this is after two years. And that's green. If you look from the tower -- this is when we start attacking the grass. We plant in the seedlings mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people, but the trees are growing up fast in between as well. And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
In partea de sus stanga, sub acele fâsii verzi, vedeti niste puncte albe -- sunt palmieri de ananas care pot fi vazuti din spatiu. In zona aceea am inceput sa crestem salcami Acacia pe care ia-ti vazut mai devreme. Asa arata dupa un an. Si asa arata dupa doi ani. E verde. Daca privesti din turn, acesta-i momentul cand am inceput sa atacam iarba. Am plantat puieții amestecati cu bananieri, papaya și toate culturile pentru localnici, dar și copacii cresc repede. Iar 3 ani mai tarziu am avut 137 de specii de pasari.
(Applause)
(Aplauze)
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius. Air humidity is up 10 percent. Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up. Rainfall is up. And all these species and income.
Am redus temperatura aerului cu 3-5 grade Celsius. Umiditatea aerului a crescut cu 10%. Acoperirea cu nori -- o sa va arat -- a crescut. Volumul de ploaie a crescut. Plus toate aceste specii, si venit.
This ecolodge that I built here, three years before, was an empty, yellow field. This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency -- it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself is taking a picture. Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing, and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation. We can use these data now to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology. We actually have it already with Google Earth. If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks, and use Google Earth in combination with that, you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced, which company is stealing the timber, and you could save so much more carbon than with any measure of saving energy here.
Aceasta cabana ecoturistica, ecolodge, pe care am construit-o, era acum trei ani intr-un camp gol și galben. Acest transponder pe care-l operam cu European Space Agency are avantajul ca fiecare satelit care orbiteaza deasupra lui pentru calibrare face o poza. Folosim aceste poze sa analizam nivelul de carbon, evolutia padurii, si putem monitoriza fiecare copac folosind aceste imagini prin cooperare. Putem folosi toate aceste informatii ca sa furnizam altor regiuni retete si technologii similare. De fapt, deja avem la dispozitie Google Earth. Daca am instala pe camione dispozitive de urmarire GPS si in acelasi timp am folosi Google Earth am putea determina direct care ulei de palmier a fost produs sustenabil, care companie fura cherestea, si am putea reduce mai mult carbonul decat cu orice alta masura de economisire a energiei.
So this is the Samboja Lestari area. You measure how the trees grow back, but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back. And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced, how many medicines can be kept here. And finally I made it into the rain machine because this forest is now creating its own rain. This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water; it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater, and we have now a lot of intrusion there. Now we looked at the clouds above this forest; we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
Asta este zona Samboja Lestari. Masuram cat de repede se regenereaza copacii, dar si biodiversitatea care se reface. Biodiversitatea e un indicator pt. cat de multa apa poate fi echilibrata, si cate remedii pot fi aplicate aici. In final am transformat-o intr-o masina de ploaie pentru ca acum aceasta padure isi creeaza singura ploaia. Orasul invecinat Balikpapan are mari probleme cu apa. E inconjurat 80% cu apa de mare, si noi avem acum un mare impact acolo. Am monitorizat norii deasupra acestei paduri, zona reimpadurita, zona semi-impadurita si zona defrisata.
And look at these images. I'll just run them very quickly through. In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals, which is the case in the temperate zones, you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees that initiate the raindrops. So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate, and you have the trees to initiate the rain. And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds -- already, after three years. If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time. Let's look at the next year, and you can see that that trend is continuing. Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall, that cap is now widening and getting higher. And if we look at the rainfall pattern above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place, but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there. So you can actually change the climate. When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears, but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes, you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
Priviti aceste imagini. Le voi rula insa foarte repede. La tropice, picaturile de ploaie nu se formeaza din cristale de gheata ca in zonele temperate. Aici e nevoie de copaci cu fermenți microscopici, chimicalele produse de frunze care initiaza picaturile de ploaie. Creezi o zona racoroasa unde norii se pot acumula si ai copacii care initiaza ploaia. Priviti, avem acum 11.2% mai multi nori fata de acum 3 ani. Nivelul ploii a crescut cu 20%. Pentru anul urmator vedem ca aceeasi tendinta continua. Unde am avut un plafon de ploi mai abundente acel plafon acum se largeste si se ridica la inaltimi mai mari. Daca ne uitam la peridiocitatea ploilor deasupra Samboja Lestari, care era cea mai uscata zona, acum se vede sistematic un maxim de ploaie formandu-se acolo. Prin urmare putem efectiv schimba clima. In perioada vanturilor tropicale, evident acest efect dispare, dar de indata ce vanturile se stabilizeaza vedem iar un maximum de precipitatii deasupra acestei arii.
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do, because we actually can make that difference if you integrate the various technologies. And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people, on your education. We have our farmer schools. But the real success of course, is our band -- because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family and you don't make trouble with your family.
Deci afirmand ca e fara speranta nu e corect, pentru ca de fapt putem schimba mediul daca integram diverse technologii. Stiinta ne ajuta, dar totusi depinde in principal de oameni, de instruirea lor. Avem scoli de fermieri. Dar cel mai mare sucess consta in legatura dintre noi. Cand apare un nou nascut toti contribuim pt. ca toti suntem o familie si nu dorim probleme in familie.
This is how it looks. We have this road going around the area, which brings the people electricity and water from our own area. We have the zone with the sugar palms, and then we have this fence with very thorny palms to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle -- and the people apart. And inside, we have this area for reforestation as a gene bank to keep all that material alive, because for the last 12 years not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up because the climatic triggers have disappeared. All the seeds get eaten.
Iata cum arata: Avem acest drum in jurul ariei, care duce oamenilor electricitate si apa din regiunea noastra. Avem zona cu palmieri de zahar si apoi avem acest gard de palmieri cu ghimpi ca sa tinem urangutanii -- intr-un habitat in mijloc -- separati de oameni. In interior avem aceasta arie de reimpadurire, o banca de gene pentru a perpetua toate aceste specii. In ultimii 12 ani nu a crescut niciun rasad de copac cu lemn de esenta tare pentru ca disparuse circuitul climatic. Toate semintele ajungeau sa fie mancate.
So now we do the monitoring on the inside -- from towers, satellites, ultralights. Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back. And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees -- you have the shade trees planted in year one, then you underplanted with the sugar palms, and you plant this thorny fence. And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees. The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel, and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with. And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like. They have enough income for three families. But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people, meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values. There is no simple one recipe for one place.
Acum monitorizam ce se intampla inauntru, din turnuri, sateliti, avioane usoare. Fiecare familie care ne-a vandut pamant primeste o parcela de teren inapoi. inconjurata de un gard dublu de copaci tropicali din esenta tare. Copacii de umbra sunt plantati in primul an, apoi sunt plantati dedesupt palmieri de zahar si in final e plantat acest gard spinos. Dupa cativa ani, parte din copacii de umbra se pot indeparta, astfel oamenii obtin cheresteaua de salcam prezervata cu coji de bambus, isi construiasc o casa sau au lemn de foc pentru gatit. Si incep sa produca din copaci atata cat doresc. Au destul venit cat pentru 3 familii. Dar orice se face in acest program trebuie sprijinit de localnici, insemnand ca trebuie sa te adaptezi la valorile culturale locale. Nu exista o reteta simpla pentru un loc.
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt -- that it's transparent. Like here, in Samboja Lestari, we divide that ring in groups of 20 families. If one member trespasses the agreement, and does cut down trees, the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him. If the group doesn't take action, the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
De asemenea trebuie sa te asiguri ca e dificil de corupt, ca e transparent. De ex. aici, in Samboja Lestari, impartim acel cerc in grupuri de 20 de familii. Daca un membru nu respecta intelegerea si taie copaci, ceilalti 19 membri trebuie sa decida ce se imtampla cu el. Daca grupul nu ia nici o masura celelalte 33 grupuri trebuie sa decida ce sa se intample cu grupul care nu se conformeaza acestor intelegeri avantajoase pe care le oferim.
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative -- they have a democratic culture there, so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system. In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation, the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft. They also get free land in between the trees, where they can grow their crops. They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project. They get building material for houses, a contract for selling the sugar, so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally. They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money, they get education -- it's a great deal.
In Sulawesi de Nord exista exista un sistem de cooperare democratic, asa ca acolo putem face uz de sistemul local de justitie sa protejam sistemul. Pe scurt, in primul an oamenii isi pot vinde pamantul sa aiba venit, dar castiga un job in constructii, reimpadurire ori lucrand cu urangutanii. Pot folosi deseurile de lemn sa faca obiecte artizanale. De asemenea primesc teren gratuit printre copaci, unde pot creste recolte. Pot vinde parte din fructe pentru proiectul cu urangutani. Obtin material de constructie pentru case, un contract pentru vanzarea zaharului, ca noi sa putem produce local mari cantitati de etanol si energie. Obtin toate aceste beneficii de mediu, bani, educatie. E un acord avantajos.
And everything is based upon that one thing -- make sure that forest remains there. So if we want to help the orangutans -- what I actually set out to do -- we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit. Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer, is integration. I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
Si totul se bazeaza pe acel aspect esential -- sa se asigure ca padurea ramane acolo. Deci, daca vrem sa ajutam urangutanii -- care mi-a fost scopul primordial -- trebuie sa ne asiguram ca localnicii sunt cei care beneficiaza. Cred ca ingredientul cheie, ca raspuns concis, este integrarea. Asta e ce sper -- si daca vreti sa stiti mai mult, puteti citi mai mult.
(Applause)
(Aplauze)