I was walking in the market one day with my wife, and somebody stuck a cage in my face. And in between those slits were the saddest eyes I've ever seen. There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter. That evening I came back to the market in the dark and I heard "uhh, uhh," and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap. Of course, the cage was salvaged. I took up the little baby, massaged her, forced her to drink until she finally started breathing normally.
Jednoga sam dana sa ženom šetao tržnicom, kad mi netko uvali kavez pred lice. Između rešetaka su bile najtužnije oči koje sam ikada vidio. Unutra je bilo vrlo bolesno mladunče orangutana; moj prvi susret. Te večeri vratio sam se na tržnicu po mraku i začuo "ahh, ahh," i... tu sam pronašao umiruće mladunče orangutana na hrpi smeća. Naravno, kavez su zadržali. Uzeo sam tu mladu ženku, masirao je, tjerao je da pije sve dok nije počela normalno disati.
This is Uce. She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain, and this is Matahari, her second son, which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy. That changed my life quite dramatically, and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
Ovo je Uce. Sada živi u prašumi Sungai Wain, i ovo je Matahari, njen drugi sin, a on je također sin drugog orangutana kojega sam spasio, Dodoy-a. To mi je prilično dramatično promjenilo život, tako da danas imam skoro 1.000 mladunčadi u moja dva centra.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
No. No. No. Wrong. It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild. It's not good. This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing. Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together, just now like victims for every baby, six have disappeared from the forest.
Ne. Ne. Ne. Pogrešno. To je stravično. To je dokaz da ih ne uspijevamo spasiti u divljini. To nije dobro. To je samo dokaz da svi mi ne uspijevamo ispravno postupiti. Imajući u posjedu više orangutana nego svi zoološki vrtovi u svijetu zajedno, ali za svako takvo mladunče žrtvovano je šest koji su nestali sa šumom.
The deforestation, especially for oil palm, to provide biofuel for Western countries is what's causing these problems. And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat, the largest accumulation of organic material in the world. When you open this for growing oil palms you're creating CO2 volcanoes that are emitting so much CO2 that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world, after China and the United States. And we don't have any industry at all -- it's only because of this deforestation.
Krčenje šuma, posebno zbog uljnih palmi, zbog proizvodnje biogoriva za zapadne zemlje uzrok je ovih problema. A to su močvarne šume koje rastu na 20 metara treseta, što je najveća akumulacija organskog materijala na svijetu. Kada to izložite suncu zbog uzgoja uljnih palmi stvarate CO2 vulkane koji ispuštaju tako mnogo CO2 da je moja zemlja sada treća na svijetu prema emisiji stakleničnih plinova, nakon Kine i Sjedinjenih Država, iako uopće nemamo industriju. Samo zbog ovakvog krčenja šuma.
And these are horrible images. I'm not going to talk too long about it, but there are so many of the family of Uce, which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest, that still have to go through that process. And I don't know anymore where to put them. So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her but also a solution that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests, to get their hands on the last timber and that are causing, in that way, the loss of habitat and all those victims.
I ovo su stravične slike. Ne želim predugo pričati o tome, ali postoji toliko pripadnika Uce-ine obitelji koji nisu bili toliko sretni da žive u toj šumi, koji tek trebaju to naučiti, a ja ne znam gdje više da ih smjestim. Stoga sam odlučio da ću pronaći rješenje za njih, ali također i rješenje koje će biti od koristi ljudima koji eksploatiraju te šume, koji se žele dočepati i zadnjeg debla i koji na taj način uzrokuju gubitak staništa i sve te žrtve.
So I created the place Samboja Lestari, and the idea was, if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of where there is really nothing left, no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..." No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
Zato sam stvorio mjesto Samboja Lestari, a ideja je bila ako mogu to uraditi na najgorem mogućem mjestu za koje znam, gdje ništa nije ostalo, niko neće moći imati izgovora da kaže "Da, ali..." Ne. Svi bi trebali biti u stanju napraviti isto.
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started. As you can see there's only yellow terrain. There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there. In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there. There was a huge amount of crime. People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water. There was no agricultural productivity left. This was the poorest district in the whole province and it was a total extinction of wildlife. This was like a biological desert. When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects -- just this waving grass.
Mi smo, dakle, u Istočnom Borneu. Ovo je mjesto odakle sam počeo. Kako možete vidjeti, ovdje postoji samo žuto zemljište, ništa nije ostalo, samo nešto trave tamo. 2002. tu smo imali oko 50 posto nezaposlenih. Kriminala je bilo jako puno. Ljudi su trošlili puno novca na liječenje i pitku vodu. Više nije postojala nikakva poljoprivredna djelatnost. Ovo je bio najsiromašniji okrug cijele provincije, sav je biljni i životnjski svijet bio uništen. To je bilo kao biološka pustinja. Kada sam stajao tamo u travi; tamo je vruće -- nisu se čuli ni kuci -- samo šuštanje trave.
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people. The climate has changed. I will show you: no more flooding, no more fires. It's no longer the poorest district, and there is a huge development of biodiversity. We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today. We have 30 species of reptiles.
Ipak, četiri godine kasnije stvorili smo posao za oko 3.000 ljudi. Klima se promijenila. Pokazat ću vam... nema više poplava, nema više požara. To više nije najsiromašniji okrug, a tu je i velik porast bioraznolikosti. Imamo preko 1.000 vrsta stabala, danas imamo 137 vrsta ptica. Imamo 30 vrsta reptila.
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest. So basically the whole process of destruction had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm. But we saw the same thing. We had slash and burn agriculture; people cannot afford the fertilizer, so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there; the fires become more frequent, and after a while you're stuck with an area of land where there is no fertility left. There are no trees left. Still, in this place, in this grassland where you can see our very first office there on that hill, four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
Što se ovdje dogodilo? U ovoj smo šumi napravili ogromnu ekonomsku grešku. Zapravo je cijeli proces uništenja bio nešto sporiji od onoga što se danas događa s uljnim palmama. Ali vidjeli smo istu stvar -- imali smo poljoprivredu tipa posjeci i zapali; ljudi si ne mogu priuštiti gnojivo pa spale drveće i pola tamo dostupnih minerala. Požari postaju češći i nakon nekog vremena preostane ti komad zemljišta koje nije više plodno. Nema više drveća. Ipak, na ovom mjestu, na tim livadama na kojima možete vidjeti naš prvi ured tamo na onom brdu, četiri godine kasnije stvorena je ova masa zelenila na površini Zemlje...
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy, and there's this economic value.
I tamo su sve ove životinje, i svi ovi ljudi - sretni, i tamo je sva ova ekonomska vrijednost.
So how's this possible? It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps: we bought the land, we dealt with the fire, and then only, we started doing the reforestation by combining agriculture with forestry. Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary. But we made sure that in every step of the way the local people were going to be fully involved so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that. The people would become the defenders of that forest. So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles, but we do it in addition to a sure legal status -- because if the forest belongs to the state, people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone." And then we apply all these other principles like transparency, professional management, measurable results, scalability, [unclear], etc.
Kako je to moguće? Bilo je vrlo jednostavno, ako razmotrimo ove korake: kupili smo zemlju, prekinuli paljevinu, i tek nakon toga smo krenuli sa pošumljavanjem kombinirajući poljoprivredu sa šumarstvom. Tek onda smo postavili infrastruturu, menadžment i nadzor. Ali, pobrinuli smo se da na svakom koraku lokalno stanovništvo bude potpuno uključeno tako da ne bude uplitanja vanjskih čimbenika. Da ljudi postanu branitelji te šume. Mi, dakle, provodimo načelo "ljudi, profit, planet" ali to radimo uz još nešto -- siguran pravni status -- jer ako šuma pripada državi ljudi će reći pripada meni, tj. pripada svakome. Uz to primjenjujemo i sve ostale principe poput transparentnosti, profesionalnog menadžmenta, mjerivih rezultata, skalabilnosti, replikabilnosti, itd.
What we did was we formulated recipes -- how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing to a target situation. You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control, whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice. And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out. Now in this recipe you also have the cost. You also know how much labor is needed. If you can drop this recipe on the map on a sandy soil, on a clay soil, on a steep slope, on flat soil, you put those different recipes; if you combine them, out of that comes a business plan, comes a work plan, and you can optimize it for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have, and you can do it.
Ono što smo učinili jest da smo formulirali recepte kako krenuti sa startne situacije gdje nemate ništa do ciljne situacije. Formulirate recept na osnovu faktora koje možete kontrolirati. Bilo da su to vještine ili gnojivo ili izbor biljaka. Tada pogledate na ishode i započnete s mjerenjem rezultata. U takvom receptu također imate i troškove. Također znate koliko je rada potrebno. Ako taj recept možete baciti na mapu, na pješčano tlo, na glineno tlo, na strmu padinu, na ravnicu, ako razvijete tako različite recepte; ako ih iskombinirate, iz toga proizađe poslovni plan, proizađe radni plan, i možete ga optimizirati za količinu radne snage koju imate dostupnu ili za količinu gnojiva koje imate, i možete ga primjeniti.
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of. It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots. The acacia trees are of a very low value but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil and to shake out the grasses. And after eight years they might actually yield some timber -- that is, if you can preserve it in the right way, which we can do with bamboo peels. It's an old temple-building technique from Japan but bamboo is very fire-susceptible. So if we would plant that in the beginning we would have a very high risk of losing everything again. So we plant it later, along the waterways to filter the water, provide the raw products just in time for when the timber becomes available.
Ovako to izgleda u praksi. Imamo ovu travu koje se želimo rješiti. Ona ispušta alkalne spojeve iz korjenja, ali stabla akacije su male vrijednosti no trebaju nam za obnavljanje mikro klime, kako bismo zaštitili zemljište i riješili se trava. I nakon 8 godine mogli bi čak imati i debla za eksploataciju, tj, ako ga očuvamo na pravi način, što možemo učiniti sa bambusovom korom. To je stara japanska tehnika za građenje hramova ali bambus je veoma podložan vatri. Ako bi ga posadili na početku ima li bi visok rizik ponovnog gubitka svega Stoga ga posadimo kasnije, uz kanale za navodnjavanje u svrhu filtriranja vode, i dobivanja sirovine upravo u vrijeme kada debla budu spremna.
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows in space, over time and with the limited means you have. So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees, the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops, for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land, the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration while even saving some money.
Ideja je sljedeća: kako integrirati sve te tokove u prostoru, vremenu i s ograničenim sredstvima koja imate. Stoga posadimo drveće, posadimo ove ananase i grahorice i đumbir između, da umanjimo konkurenciju za drveće, gnojivo za kulture -- organski materijal je koristan za poljoprivredne kulture za ljude, ali također i za drveće, poljoprivrednici imaju slobodnu zemlju, sustav proizvodi godišnji prihod, orangutani dobivaju zdravu hranu a mi možemo ubrzati regeneraciju ekosustava pa čak i uštedjeti nešto novca.
So beautiful. What a theory.
Tako divno. Kakva teorija.
But is it really that easy? Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998, the fire started. This is an area of about 50 million hectares. January. February. March. April. May. We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months. This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States. And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks, oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
Ali je li to zbilja tako lako? Ne baš, jer ako ste vidjeli šta se desilo 1998, požari su započeli. Ovo je područje od oko 50 miliona hektara. Siječanj. Veljača. Ožujak. Travanj. Svibanj. Izgubili smo 5.5 milijuna hektara u samo nekoliko mjeseci. Zato jer imamo 10.000 takvih podzemnih požara kakve imate i vi u Pennsylvaniji, ovdje u Sjedinjenim Državama. A kad se zemlja isuši, kad dođe sušno razdoblje, zemlja popuca, kisik uđe unutra, plamen krene van i problem započne opet iznova.
So how to break that cycle? Fire is the biggest problem. This is what it looked like for three months. For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off because it was that dark. We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year; they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster for orangutans and people. So these fires are really the first things to work on. That was why I put it as a single point up there. And you need the local people for that because these grasslands, once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients to the first rainfall -- going to the sea killing off the coral reefs there.
Pa kako prekinuti taj ciklus? Požari su najveći problem. Ovako je izgledalo čak tri mjeseca. Tri mjeseca se vanjsko automatsko osvjetljenje nije gasilo jer je bilo toliko mračno. Izgubili smo sve kulture, nijedno dijete nije dobilo na težini čitave godine. Izgubili su 12 bodova na testu inteligencije; bila je to katastrofa za orangutane i ljude. Dakle ti požari prvi moraju biti riješeni. Zato sam ih ovdje i stavio kao zasebnu točku. Potrebno vam je lokalno stanovništvo, jer ova travnata područja kada počnu gorjeti, vatra prođe kroz njih kao oluja i vi ponovo izgubite zadnju trunku pepela i hranjivih sastojaka s prvim kišama koje ih otplave prema moru, gdje uništavaju koraljne grebene.
So you have to do it with the local people. That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution. So what we did is, we created a ring of sugar palms around the area. These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant -- also flood-resistant, by the way -- and they provide a lot of income for local people.
Stoga morate to raditi sa lokalnim stanovništvom. To je kratkoročno rješenje, ali morate imati i dugoročno rješenje. Stoga smo posadili krug šećernih palmi oko područja. Šećerne palme su otporne na vatru, uz to su i otporne na poplave. A omogućuju i pristojne prihode za lokalno stanovništvo.
This is what it looks like: the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice -- and the only thing you harvest is sugar water, carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine. In principle, you make those trees into biological photovoltaic cells. And you can create so much energy from this -- they produce three times more energy per hectare per year, because you can tap them on a daily basis. You don't need to harvest [unclear] or any other of the crops.
Ovako to izgleda: ljudi ih moraju zarezati dvaput dnevno, samo milimetarski rez i jedino što ubirete jeste šećerna voda - ugljični dioksid, kiša i malo sunca. Vi zapravo od tog drveća napravite biološke fotovoltažne ćelije. I iz ovoga možete proizvesti puno energije jer one proizvode trostruko više energije po hektaru po godini jer ih se zarezuje svakodnevno. Ne trebate dirati u rasadnik ili bilo koju od kultura.
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics, which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology. But also your legal side needs to be in very good order. So we bought that land, and here is where we started our project -- in the middle of nowhere. And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area is divided into strips that go over different types of soil, and we were actually monitoring, measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres. And this forest is quite different.
Ovo je kombinacija gdje imamo sav taj genetski potencijal tropa, koji je još uvijek neiskorišten, i koristimo ga u kombinaciji sa tehnologijom ali također vaša zakonska strana treba biti u redu. Stoga smo kupili zemljište i ovdje smo započeli naš projekt, u središtu pustare. I ako uvećate malo vidjeti ćete da je sve ovo područe podjeljeno u trake koje pokrivaju razne tipove zemljišta i mi u stvari pratimo, mjerimo svako pojedinačno stablo na ovih 2.000 hektara, 20 km2. A ova šuma je posve drugačija.
What I really did was I just followed nature, and nature doesn't know monocultures, but a natural forest is multilayered. That means that both in the ground and above the ground it can make better use of the available light, it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions. But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
Zapravo sam samo pratio prirodu, a u prirodi ne postoje monokulture, već prirodna šuma ima više razina. To znači da i na zemlji i iznad zemlje može bolje iskoristiti dostupno svijetlo, može uskladištiti ugljik u sustav, može omogućiti više funkcija, ali još više je zamršeno, nije tako jednostavno i morate raditi sa ljudima.
So, just like nature, we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that, we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity that can optimally use that light. Then, what is just as important: get the right fungi in there that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours. And they become like nutrient pumps. You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen, and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
Ono što radimo je također, kao priroda, uzgajamo brzorastuće drveće i ispod njega uzgajamo sporo rastuće, visoko kvalitetno šumsko drveće visoke raznolikosti koje može optimalno iskoristiti svetlo i onda, što je jednako važno, postaviti tamo ispravne gljive koje će urasti u to lišće, vratiti hranjive materije korijenju drveća s kojeg je to lišće opalo u zadnja 24 sata. I one postaju pumpe hranjivih materija i potebne su vam bakterije da vežu dušik, i bez tih mikroorganizama, nećete postići nikakve rezultate.
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day. We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable. We didn't want to lose the people that are going to work in that plantation. And we do a lot of work here. We use indicator plants to look at what soil types, or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here. And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
I tada smo počeli sadnju -- samo 1.000 stabala dnevno. Mogli smo posaditi mnogo, mnogo više, ali nismo htjeli jer smo željeli održati stabilan broj radnih mjesta. Nismo željeli izgubiti ljude koji će raditi na toj plantaži. A mi ovdje imamo jako puno posla. Koristimo biljke koje upućuju na vrstu zemljišta, ili koje će povrće, ili kakvo će drveće tamo rasti. Pratili smo svako pojedinačno stablo iz svemira.
This is what it looks like in reality; you have this irregular ring around it, with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms that can provide income for 648 families. It's only a small part of the area.
Ovako to izgleda u stvarnosti, imate ovaj nepravilan krugu uokolo, sa 100 metara širokim trakama šećernih palmi koje mogu dati prihod za 648 obitelji. I to je samo mali dio područja.
The nursery, in here, is quite different. If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance, from the Urals up to England, you know how many? 165. In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species. Can you imagine? You do need to know what you are working with, but it's that diversity which makes it work. That you can go from this zero situation, by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees in the lines in that grass there, putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost, and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest there are crops that can be used. In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn; in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas; later on, there will be chocolate and chilies. And then slowly, the trees start taking over, bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood. And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over and provides the people with permanent income.
Rasadnik, ovo ovdje, je sasvim drugačiji. Ako pogledate na broj vrsta stabala koje imamo na primjer u Europi, od Urala do Engleske, znate li koliko imamo? 165 U ovom rasadniku, uzgajat ćemo 10 puta veći broj vrsta. Možete li zamisliti? Trebate znati sa čime radite, ali upravo je raznolikost ono što sve pokreće. Da možete poći od ove nulte situacije sadnjom povrća i drveća, ili direktno drveća u linijama u toj travi, postavljajući zaštitnu zonu, proizvodeći svoj kompost, i onda se pobrinuti da na svakom koraku ove rastuće šume postoje kulture koje se mogu iskorištavati. U početku, možda ananas i grahorice i kukuruz. U drugoj fazi bit će banane i papaje. Kasnije bit će čokolade i čili. I onda, polako, drveće počinje prevladavati, donoseći rod, od voća, debla, drva za gorivo. I na kraju šuma šećerne palme prevlada i omogućuje ljudima stalne prihode.
On the top left, underneath those green stripes, you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants that you can see from space. And in that area we started growing some acacia trees that you just saw before. So this is after one year. And this is after two years. And that's green. If you look from the tower -- this is when we start attacking the grass. We plant in the seedlings mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people, but the trees are growing up fast in between as well. And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
Gore lijevo, ispod tih zelenih traka, vidite neke bijele točke -- to su zapravo pojedinačne sadnice ananasa koje možete vidjeti iz svemira. U ovom smo području započeli uzgajati stabla akacije koja ste vidjeli prije Dakle ovo je godinu poslije. I ovo je nakon dvije godine. Ako ovo zeleno, ako gledate s tornja, to je kada smo započeli napadati travu. Posadili smo sadnice pomiješane s bananama, papayom, kulturama za lokalno stanovništvo, ali u međuvremenu drveće također raste brzo. I tri godine kasnije, 137 vrsta ptica... koje možete čuti.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius. Air humidity is up 10 percent. Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up. Rainfall is up. And all these species and income.
Dakle spustili smo temparaturu zraka za tri do pet stupnja Celzijusa. Vlažnost zraka porasla je za 10 posto. Oblačnost -- pokazat ću vam -- raste. Kišne padaline rastu. I sve ove vrste donose prihod.
This ecolodge that I built here, three years before, was an empty, yellow field. This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency -- it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself is taking a picture. Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing, and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation. We can use these data now to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology. We actually have it already with Google Earth. If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks, and use Google Earth in combination with that, you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced, which company is stealing the timber, and you could save so much more carbon than with any measure of saving energy here.
Ova eko koliba koju sam sagradio, na tom je mjestu prije tri godine bilo prazno, žuto polje. Ovaj transponder Evropske svemirske agencije koristimo tako da svaki satelit koji prolazi preko nas u trenutku kalibracije fotografira područje. S tih fotografija analiziramo koje je koliko je ugljika, koliko se šuma razvila, i možemo pratiti svako stablo koristeći satelitske fotografije, ali te podatke sada možemo koristiti da ostalim regijama damo recepte i istu tehnologiju. Mi to zapravo već imamo na Google Earthu. Ako bi htjeli upotrijebiti malo vaše tehnologije i postaviti uređaje za praćenje u kamione i koristili Google Earth u kombinaciji s tim mogli bi izravno znati koje je palmino ulje održivo proizvedeno, koje kompanije kradu debla i mogli bi uštedjeti puno više ugljika nego sa svim mjerama za uštedu energije ovdje.
So this is the Samboja Lestari area. You measure how the trees grow back, but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back. And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced, how many medicines can be kept here. And finally I made it into the rain machine because this forest is now creating its own rain. This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water; it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater, and we have now a lot of intrusion there. Now we looked at the clouds above this forest; we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
Ovo je, dakle, područje Samboja Lestari, mjerite kako se drveće obnavlja, ali također možete mjeriti kako se vraća bioraznolikost. A bioraznolikost je pokazatelj količine vode koja može biti usklađena, koliko se lijekova može ovdje držati. I konačno, pretvorili smo ga u stroj za kišu jer ova šuma sada stvara svoju kišu. Obližnji grad Balikpapan ima veliki problem s vodom, Okružen je 80 posto morskom vodom i tu je sada puno upada. Sad smo gledali na oblake iznad ove šume, pa na pošumljeno područne, poluotvoreno područen i otvoreno područje.
And look at these images. I'll just run them very quickly through. In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals, which is the case in the temperate zones, you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees that initiate the raindrops. So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate, and you have the trees to initiate the rain. And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds -- already, after three years. If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time. Let's look at the next year, and you can see that that trend is continuing. Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall, that cap is now widening and getting higher. And if we look at the rainfall pattern above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place, but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there. So you can actually change the climate. When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears, but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes, you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
I pogledajte ove slike. Brzo ću vas provesti kroz njih. U tropama, kišne kapi nisu formirane od ledenih kristala kao što je slučaj u umjerenim zonama, trebate drveća s kemikalije koje izlaze iz lišća stabala koja iniciraju kišne kapi. Dakle stvorite hladno mjesto na kojem se oblaci mogu akumulirati, i imate drveće koje inicira kišu. I pogledajte, sada ima 11,2 posto više oblaka, to je bilo već nakon tri godine. Ako pogledate na padaline, već su povećane za 20 posto. Pogledajmo na narednu godinu, i možete vidjeti da se ovaj trend nastavlja. Gdje smo na početku imali malu učestalost većih padavina. ta se učestalost sada širi i količina postaje veća. I ako pogledamo na obrazac padalina iznad Samoja Lestari, to je bilo najsušnije područje, ali sada se može vidjeti da se tamo dosljedno stvara najviše kiše Dakle zbilja možete promjenuti klimu. Naravno, u sezoni tropskih vjetrova efekat nestane, ali poslije, čim se vjetar stabilizira, možete vidjeti da je maksimum padavina ponovo iznad ovog područja.
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do, because we actually can make that difference if you integrate the various technologies. And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people, on your education. We have our farmer schools. But the real success of course, is our band -- because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family and you don't make trouble with your family.
Dakle, reći da nema nade nije ispravno, jer mi u stvari možemo to promijeniti ako objedinimo razne tehnologije. I lijepo je imati znanost, ali ipak najviše ovisi o ljudima, o vašoj edukaciji. Imamo naše škole za poljoprivrednike. Ali pravi uspjeh je naravno, naš bend jer ako se beba rodi, mi ćemo svirati, svi su naša obitelj i ne pravite probleme sa vašom obitelji.
This is how it looks. We have this road going around the area, which brings the people electricity and water from our own area. We have the zone with the sugar palms, and then we have this fence with very thorny palms to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle -- and the people apart. And inside, we have this area for reforestation as a gene bank to keep all that material alive, because for the last 12 years not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up because the climatic triggers have disappeared. All the seeds get eaten.
To tako izgleda. Imamo cestu koja ide oko ovog područja, koja donosi ljudima struju i vodu sa našeg područja. Imamo zone sa šećernim palmama, i onda imamo ovu ogradu sa vrlo trnovitim palmama da bi zadržala orangutane -- kojima osiguravamo mjesto da žive u sredini --- i ljude razdvojene. A unutra imamo ovo područje za pošumljavanje kao genetsku banku za održavanje materijala živim, jer u posljednjih 12 godina niti jedna sadnica tropskog drveta nije izrasla usljed nestanka klimatskih okidača. Sve sjeme biva pojedeno.
So now we do the monitoring on the inside -- from towers, satellites, ultralights. Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back. And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees -- you have the shade trees planted in year one, then you underplanted with the sugar palms, and you plant this thorny fence. And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees. The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel, and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with. And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like. They have enough income for three families. But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people, meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values. There is no simple one recipe for one place.
Dakle sada pratimo iznutra s tornjeva, sa satelita, pomoću UV senzora. Svaka od obitelji koja je prodala svoju zemlju sada dobiva komad zemlje nazad. I ima dvije fine ograde od tropskih stabala, imate krošnjevito drveće posađeno prve godine ispod kojeg ste posadili šećerne palme i posadili ovu trnovitu ogradu. A nakon nekoliko godina možete srušiti neko od tih krošnjevitih stabala, ljudi će dobiti debla akacija koje smo očuvali s bambusovim korama, i mogu sagraditi dom, mogu imati nešto drveta za potpalu za kuhanje. I mogu početi ubiranjem plodova sa drveća po želji Imaju dovoljno prihoda za tri obitelji. Šta god radili u tom programu, mora biti u potpunosti podržano od strane ljudi, što znači da se morate prilagoditi lokalnim kulturnim vrijednostima Ne postoji jednostavan, jedan recept za svako mjesto.
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt -- that it's transparent. Like here, in Samboja Lestari, we divide that ring in groups of 20 families. If one member trespasses the agreement, and does cut down trees, the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him. If the group doesn't take action, the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
Morate osigurati da sustav bude vrlo teško korumpirati, da je transparentan. Kao ovdje u Samboja Lestari, podijelili smo krug u grupe od po 20 obitelji. Ako jedan član prekrši dogovor i sasječe drveće ostalih 19 članova mora odlučiti šta će biti s njim. Ako grupa ništa ne poduzme, ostale 33 grupe će morati odlučiti šta će se dogoditi toj grupi koja se nije pridržaval dobrih pogodbi koje smo im ponudili.
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative -- they have a democratic culture there, so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system. In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation, the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft. They also get free land in between the trees, where they can grow their crops. They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project. They get building material for houses, a contract for selling the sugar, so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally. They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money, they get education -- it's a great deal.
U sjevernom Sulawesiju to je zadruga, tamo imaju demokratsku kulturu stoga tamo možete koristiti lokalno pravosuđe kao zaštitu sustava. Dakle, zaključno, pogledajte: u prvoj godini ljudi mogu prodati svoju zemlju da dobiju prihode, ali dobiju nazad poslove u izgradnji i pošumljavanju, radeći sa orangutanima, mogu koristiti otpadno drvo za rukotvorine. Također dobiju slobodnu zemljište između stabala, gdje mogu posaditi svoje kulture. Dio svoga voća mogu prodati projektu orangutana. Dobiju građevinski materijal za kuće, ugovor za prodaju šećera da možemo proizvesti velike količine etanola i energije lokalno. Dobijaju i sve te ostale blagodati u svojem okolišu, novac, dobiju školovanje, to je odličan posao.
And everything is based upon that one thing -- make sure that forest remains there. So if we want to help the orangutans -- what I actually set out to do -- we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit. Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer, is integration. I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
I sve se temelji na jednome -- pobrinuti se da šuma ostane tamo. Dakle ako želimo pomoći orangutanima -- što je zapravo i bila naša namjera -- moramo se pobrinuti da lokalno stanovništvo ima od toga koristi. Mislim da je pravi ključ za to, da dam jednostavan odgovor, jest intergracija. Nadam se -- ako želite doznati više, možete čitati više.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)