So two weeks ago, I searched the word "nationalist" on Twitter. The results were quite colorful, with expressions like, "Emboldened Racist Moron," --
兩個星期前,我在推特上 搜索了「國家主義者」這個詞。 搜尋結果的描述五花八門,例如: 「有種的種族主義蠢蛋」、
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
"White Supremacist Idiot," "Fascist Sock Puppets," --
「白人至上主義白痴」、 「法西斯的傀儡」、
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
"Orwellian, Hitlerian, Terrifying." I then searched the word "globalist" and got things like, "Socialist Sell-Outs," "Disgusting Corporate Propaganda," "Elitist Financial Overlords," "Ruthless Cosmopolitan Rats."
「歐威爾主義的、 希特勒式的、讓人恐懼的。」 接著,我搜尋了「全球主義者」, 找到像這樣的詞: 「社會主義背叛者」、 「讓人作嘔的企業宣傳」、 「精英財務超載」、 「無情的世界主義鼠輩」。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Even by social media standards, the words are cruel and disgusting. But they reflect the intensity of one of the most fundamental questions of our times: Nationalism or globalism -- what is the best path forward? This question impacts everything we care about: our cultural identity, our prosperity, our political systems -- everything -- the health of our planet -- everything.
就算是用社交媒體標準來看, 這些字眼也很殘酷且讓人反感。 但它反映出我們這個時代對於 最根本的問題之一的強烈程度: 國家主義或全球主義—— 哪條路向前行才是最好的? 這個問題會影響我們在乎的一切: 我們的文化身分、 我們的興盛、 我們的政治體制—— 一切——地球的健康——一切。
So on the one hand, we have nationalism. Collins defines it as a "devotion to one's nation," but also, a "doctrine that puts national interests above international considerations." For nationalists, our modern societies are built on national grounds: we share a land, a history, a culture, and we defend each other. In a big and chaotic world, they see nationalism as the only sensible way to maintain social stability. But alarmed globalists warn us: self-centered nationalism can easily turn ugly. We've seen it with 20th-century fascisms: bloody wars, millions of deaths, immeasurable destruction.
所以,一方面,我們有國家主義。 柯林斯字典將之定義為 「對自己國家的忠誠」, 還有「將國家利益 放在國際考量之上的一種主義」。 對國家主義者而言, 我們的現代社會是 建立在國家的基礎上: 我們的土地、歷史、 文化都是共有的, 而且我們保衛彼此。 在一個大而混亂的世界裡, 他們認為國家主義是唯一可以 維持社會穩定的明智方式。 但憂心的全球主義者警告我們: 自我中心的國家主義 很容易就會變得很醜惡。 二十世紀法西斯主義 就是如此,我們已見識過: 殺戮的戰爭、數百萬人喪命、 無法衡量的毀滅。
On the other hand, we have globalism. The Oxford Living Dictionary defines it as: "the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis." For nationalists, globalism is rapidly deconstructing what our ancestors took decades to build. It's like spitting on our soldiers' tombs; it's eroding our national solidarities and opening the doors to foreign invasions. But globalists make the case that reinforcing our global governance is the only way to tackle big supernational problems, like nuclear proliferation, the global refugee crisis, climate change or terrorism or even the consequences of superhuman AI. So we are at the crossroads, and we are asked to choose: nationalism or globalism?
另一方面,我們有全球主義。 牛津生活字典將它定義為: 「以全球為基礎的 經濟和外交政策操作或規劃。」 國家主義者認為 全球主義者正在快速地瓦解 我們的祖先花了數十年 所建立的一切。 它就像是在對著 我們士兵的墳墓吐口水; 它在侵蝕我們國家的團結, 並打開門讓其他國家入侵。 但全球主義者則主張 強化我們的全球治理 是處理國際性的大問題的唯一方式, 比如核子武器擴張、 全球難民危機、 氣候變遷、恐怖主義, 或甚至超人類人工智慧的後果。 所以,我們正處於十字路口, 我們被要求要做選擇: 國家主義或全球主義?
Having lived in four continents, I've always been interested in this question. But it took a whole new level when I saw this happening: the biggest surge in nationalist votes in Western democracies since World War II. All of a sudden, this isn't theory anymore. I mean, these political movements have built their success with ideas that could mean, down the road, losing my French citizenship because I'm North African or not being able to come back home to the US because I come from a Muslim-majority country.
我曾經在四大洲住過, 我一直對這個問題很感興趣。 但當我看到以下的狀況時, 它已在完全不同的層級了: 在西方民主國家裡, 國家主義者的選票達到 自第二次世界大戰以來最大的激增。 突然間,國家主義不再只是理論了。 我的意思是,這些政治運動的 成功所立基的理念 可能意味著一段時間後 我會失去我的法國公民資格, 因為我是北非人, 或意味著我會無法回到美國, 因為我來自多數人信奉回教的國家。
You know, when you live in a democracy, you live with this idea that your government will always protect you, as long as you abide by the laws. With the rise of national populism, despite being the best citizen I can, I now have to live with the idea that my government can hurt me for reasons I cannot control. It's very unsettling. But it forced me to rethink and rethink this question and try to think deeper. And the more I thought about it, the more I started questioning the question. Why would we have to choose between nationalism and globalism, between loving our country and caring for the world? There's no reason for that. We don't have to choose between family and country or region or religion and country. We already have multiple identities, and we live with them very well. Why would we have to choose between country and world? What if, instead of accepting this absurd choice, we took it on ourselves to fight this dangerous, binary thinking?
當你生活在民主國家裡, 你抱著你的政府 永遠都會保護你的理念, 只要你守法即可。 隨著國家民粹主義的興起, 儘管我盡可能做最好的公民 , 現在,我也必須要接受, 我的政府有可能會傷害我, 基於我無法控制的理由。 這很讓人不安。 但這也迫使我重新思考這個問題, 並試著想得更深入。 我越去想它, 我越會開始質疑這個問題本身。 我們為什麼必須要在國家主義 和全球主義之間做選擇? 在愛自己的國家和 關心全世界之間做出選擇? 沒有理由要這麼做。 我們沒必要在家庭和國家之間, 或地區或宗教和國家之間做出選擇。 我們已經有多種身分, 而且我們以這些身分過得很好。 為什麼我們必須要在國家 和世界之間做出選擇呢? 若是我們拒絕接受這種荒謬的選擇, 我們自己擔起對抗這種危險的 二元思考的責任,會如何呢?
So for all the globalists in the audience, I want to ask: When I say the word "nationalist," what image comes to your mind? Something like this? Believe me, I think of that, too. But I'd like you to remember that for most people, nationalism feels more like this. Or maybe like that. You know, it's that thing inside you when you accidentally watch an obscure Olympic sport on TV --
對在座所有的全球主義者, 我想要問: 當我說「國家主義者」這個詞時, 你們的腦中出現的是什麼畫面? 像這樣嗎? 相信我,我也會這樣想。 但我希望你們能記得, 對大部分人來說, 國家主義感覺比較像是這樣。 或許像這樣。 它就是當你不小心在電視上看到 難懂的奧運時,內在的感受——
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
wait -- and the mere sight of an unknown athlete wearing your national colors gets you all excited. Your heartbeat goes up, your stress level goes up, and you're standing in front of the TV and screaming with passion for that athlete to win. That's nationalism. It's people happy to be together, happy to belong to a large national community. Why would it be wrong?
等等—— 你不過是看到不認識的運動員 穿著你的國家的顏色, 就讓你興奮起來。 你的心跳加速, 你的壓力等級提高, 你站在電視機前面, 帶著熱情大叫, 希望那位運動員獲勝。 那就是國家主義。 它使人們很高興在一起, 很高興屬於一個大的國家共同體。 那怎麼會是錯的?
You know, globalists, you may think of nationalism as an old, 19th-century idea that is destined to fade. But I'm sorry to tell you that the facts are not on your side. When the World Values Survey asked more than 89,000 people across 60 countries how proud they felt about their country, 88.5 percent said "very proud" or "quite proud" -- 88.5 percent. Nationalism is not going away anytime soon. It's a powerful feeling that, according to another study, is a strong predictor of individual happiness. It's crazy, but your happiness is more correlated with national satisfaction than with things you would expect, like household income or your job satisfaction or your health satisfaction. So if nationalism makes people happy, why would anybody take it away from them?
全球主義者們, 你們可能會認為國家主義是 十九世紀的古老想法, 注定會逐漸消失。 但,我很遺憾要告訴你們, 事實並不是在你們那一邊。 當「世界價值觀調查」 向六十個國家的至少八萬九千人 詢問他們對於自己國家 感到多驕傲時, 88.5% 的人說「非常驕傲」 或「相當驕傲」—— 88.5%。 國家主義在近期內不會消失。 它是一種很強烈的感覺。 另一項研究指出, 它是用來預測個人幸福感的 重要預測指數。 聽起來很扯,但你的幸福感 與你對國家的滿意度 有很強的關聯性, 勝過你預期的其他因素, 例如家庭收入、 你的工作滿意度、 或你的健康滿意度。 所以,如果國家主義讓人民幸福, 為什麼會有人要將它奪走呢?
Fellow globalists, if you are like me, you may be attached to globalization for humanistic reasons. And you may take great joy in some of its accomplishments since 1945. After all, major regions of the world have been exceptionally peaceful; extreme poverty rates around the globe are trending down; and more than two billion people, most notably in Asia, show spectacular improvements in their standards of living. But studies also show that globalization has a dark side. And left on the side of the road are hundreds of millions of people in Western middle classes with anemic income growth for more than two decades, possibly three decades, according to some studies. We cannot ignore this elephant in our room. If anything, our collective energy would be better used finding ways to fix this aspect of globalization, instead of fighting this polarizing battle against nationalism.
全球主義朋友們, 如果你們和我一樣, 你們依戀全球化的背後原因 可能和人性有關。 1945 年以後的一些全球化的成就 可能讓你感到很大的喜悅。 畢竟,世界上的主要地區 都一直非常和平; 全球的貧窮比率呈現下降趨勢; 超過二十億人,最明顯是在亞洲, 在生活水準上有驚人的改善。 但研究也顯示, 全球化有一個黑暗面。 數億名西方中產階級的人被遺忘了, 他們的收入在二十多年以來 幾乎沒有增加, 根據一些研究,甚至長達三十年。 我們不能忽略這麼大的問題。 如果可以的話, 我們集體的能量最好能用來 尋找解決全球化問題的方法, 而不是用來打這場對抗 國家主義的兩極化戰爭。
So now, the nationalists in the audience, I have some crusty, nonbinary nuggets for you.
現在,在座的國家主義者, 我有一些有殼的 非二元金塊要給你們。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
When I say the word "globalist," what comes to your mind? Out-of-touch, one-percent plutocrats?
當我說「全球主義者」 這個詞時,你們想到什麼? 不諳時勢、百分之一的富豪?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Or maybe the heartless, greedy Wall Street type, right? Or maybe people like me, with multiple origins, living in a big, cosmopolitan metropolis.
或者,也許是沒心肝又貪心的 華爾街類型,對嗎? 或者,像我這樣的人, 有多重身分來源, 住在世界性的大都市中。
Well, you remember that World Values Survey that I mentioned earlier? It showed another fascinating finding: 71 percent of the world population agreed with the statement, "I am a citizen of the world." Do you know what it means? Most of us are simultaneously proud of our country and citizens of the world. And it gets even better. The citizens of the world in the survey show a higher level of national pride than the ones that rejected that label. So once and for all, being a globalist doesn't mean betraying your country. It just means that you have enough social empathy, and you project some of it outside your national borders.
你們還記得我剛才提到的 世界價值觀調查嗎? 它還有另一項很迷人的發現: 世界人口中有 71% 同意「我是世界公民」這項陳述。 你們知道它意味著什麼嗎? 我們大部分人不但 對自己的國家感到驕傲, 同時也是世界公民。 更好的還在後面。 在調查中的世界公民 對於自己國家的驕傲程度 比排斥這個標籤的人還高。 所以我再強調最後一次, 身為全球主義者 並不表示背叛你的國家。 它只表示你有足夠的社會同理心, 你把一部分同理心 擴展到你的國家之外。
Now, I know that when I dig into my own nationalist feelings, one of my anxieties versus the globalized world is national identity: How are we going to preserve what makes us special, what makes us different, what brings us together? And as I started thinking about it, I realized something really strange, which is that a lot of the key ingredients of our national identities actually come from outside our national borders. Like, think of the letters that we use every day. I don't know if you realize, but the Latin script, the Latin alphabet that we use has its origins thousands of years ago, near the Nile River. It all started with a cow just like this, that was captured by a scribe into an elegant hieroglyph. That hieroglyph was transcribed by a Semite in the Sinai into the letter aleph. Aleph traveled with Phoenicians and reached the European shores in Greece, where it became alpha, the mother of our letter A. So that's how an Egyptian cow became our letter A.
我知道當我深入探究 我的國家主義感受時, 我對於全球化世界的焦慮之一 就是國家身分: 我們要如何保有我們的獨特性? 我們的差異性?我們的團結性? 當我開始思考這問題時, 我發現了一件非常奇怪的事, 那就是,我們的國家身分 其實有許多關鍵組成要素 都來自於我們的國界之外。 比如,想想我們每天使用的字母, 不知道你們是否有發現,但, 我們使用的拉丁字母 源自於數千年前的尼羅河附近。 它是從像這樣的一隻牛開始, 牠被抄寫員畫成優雅的象形文字。 那象形文字被西奈山的 一名閃米特人抄寫, 成為原始迦南文字的第一個字母。 這個字母被腓尼基人 帶到了歐洲海岸的希臘, 在那裡,它演變成了 α, 後來成為我們的字母 A。 埃及的牛就這樣 變成了我們的字母 A。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And same thing with the Egyptian house that became bet, beta and B. And the Egyptian fish that became daleth, delta and D. Our most fundamental texts are full of Egyptian cows, houses and fish.
同樣的,埃及的房子變成了 第二個字母,及後來的 β 和 B。 埃及的魚變成了 第四個字母,及 δ 和 D。 我們的基礎文本中充滿了 埃及的牛、房子,和魚。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And there are so many other examples. Take the United Kingdom and its monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II? German ancestry. The mottos on the royal coat of arms? All written in French, not a single word of English. Take France and it's iconic Eiffel Tower. The inspiration? The United States of America -- and I don't mean Las Vegas, I mean 19th-century New York.
還有許多其他的例子。 比如英國和它的君主政體。 伊莉莎白二世? 德國血統。 英國皇家徽章上的格言? 都是用法文寫的,沒有一個英文字。 比如法國和它標誌性的艾菲爾鐵塔。 靈感來自哪裡呢? 美國—— 我不是指拉斯維加斯, 我是指十九世紀的紐約市。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
This was the tallest building in New York in the mid-19th century. Does it remind you of something? And you may think of China as a self-contained civilization, protected behind its Great Wall. But think twice. The Chinese official ideology? Marxism, made in Germany. One of China's biggest religions? Buddhism, imported from India. India's favorite pastime? Cricket. I really love this quote from Ashis Nandy, who said, "Cricket is an Indian game accidentally discovered by the British."
這是十九世紀中期 紐約市最高的建築物。 它有沒有讓你想到什麼? 你們可能認為中國 是獨立自足的文明, 被長城保護在裡面。 再想一下。 中國官方的意識形態? 馬克思主義,德國製造。 中國最大的宗教之一? 佛教,印度進口。 印度最愛的消遣娛樂? 板球。 我真的很喜歡阿細斯·南迪 講的這句話,他說: 「板球是一項印度運動, 不小心被英國人發現的。」
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
So these are good reminders that a lot of what we love in our national traditions actually come from previous waves of globalization. And beyond individual symbols, there are whole national traditions that could not have existed without globalization. And the example that comes to my mind is a world-beloved national tradition: Italian cuisine. My friends, if you ever have a chance to go to a superauthentic Italian restaurant that only serves ancient Roman recipes, my advice for you is: don't go.
所以,這些都是很好的提醒, 讓我們知道, 很多我們喜愛的國家傳統 其實是來自前幾波的全球化。 除了個別符號之外, 還有非常多的國家傳統, 若沒有全球化是不可能存在的。 我想到的一個例子是 受到全世界喜愛的一項國家傳統: 意大利美食。 朋友們,如果你曾經有機會 去一間超級道地的義大利餐廳, 只提供古早的羅馬食譜, 我給你的建議是:別去。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
You'd get very, very disappointed. No spaghetti, no pasta -- that really started in Sicily in the eighth century, when it was under Arabian rule. No perfect espresso, no creamy cappuccino -- that came from Abyssinia via Yemen in the 17th century. And of course, no perfect pizza Napoletana -- how would you make it without the tomatoes of the New World? No, instead, you would be served probably a lot of porridge, some vegetable -- mostly cabbage -- some cheese, and maybe if you're lucky, the absolute delicacy of that time -- mmm, perfectly cooked fattened dormice.
你會非常非常失望。 沒有義大利麵—— 它其實是第八世紀 從西西里島發展出來的, 當時是受到阿拉伯人統治。 沒有完美的濃縮咖啡, 沒有加奶的卡普奇諾—— 那是十七世紀從阿比西尼亞 經過葉門傳來的。 當然,也沒有完美的 拿坡里披薩—— 沒有新世界的蕃茄怎麼 可能做出拿坡里披薩? 不可能,你反而可能會吃到很多粥、 一些蔬菜——大部分是高麗菜—— 一些起士, 如果你幸運的話, 還有當時絕對的佳餚—— 嗯,完美地烹調過的養肥的睡鼠。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Thankfully, it was not a close tradition preserved by fanatic watchdogs. No, it was an open process, nourished by explorers, traders, street sellers and innovative home cooks. And in many ways, globalization is a chance for our national traditions to be questioned, regenerated, reinterpreted, to attract new converts to stay vibrant and relevant over time.
謝天謝地,不是由狂熱監視者 來保留封閉的傳統。 不,它是一個開放的過程, 由探索家、商人、攤販, 和創新的家庭廚師所滋養。 就許多方面來說, 全球化是一個機會, 讓我們的國家傳統可以 被質疑、再生、重新詮釋, 吸引新的愛好者,隨著時間的推移 仍然保持生氣、仍然存在。
So just remember this: most of us nationalists in the world are globalists, and most of us globalists in the world are nationalists. A lot of what we like in our national traditions come from outside our national borders. And the reason we venture outside our national borders is to discover these other national traditions. So the real question should not be to choose between nationalism and globalism. The real questions is: How can we do both better? It's a complex question for a complex world that calls for creative, nonbinary solutions.
所以,記住這一點: 全世界大部分的國家主義者 都是全球主義者, 世界上大部分的全球主義者 都是國家主義者。 許多我們喜愛的國家傳統 都來自我們國界以外的地方。 而我們冒險到 國界以外的地方的原因就是 去發掘這些其他的國家傳統。 所以,真正的問題應該不是 在國家主義和全球主義之間做選擇。 真正的問題是: 我們能把兩者都做更好嗎? 這是一個複雜世界的複雜問題, 需要創意、非二元的解決方案。
What are you waiting for?
你們還在等什麼?
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)