As a lover of human anatomy, I'm so excited that we're finally putting our bodies at the center of focus. Through practices such as preventive medicine, patient empowerment and self-monitoring -- down to now obsessing over every single step we take in a day. All of this works to promote a healthy connection between ourselves and our bodies.
作为人体解剖学的爱好者, 我很高兴我们终于开始 关注人体之美了。 从预防医学、 病患赋权、 自我监测, 到现在我们甚至痴迷于 每天走多少步。 所有这一切 都旨在让我们与自己的 身体建立良好关系。
Despite all this focus on the healthy self, general public knowledge of the anatomical self is lacking. Many people don't know the location of their vital organs, or even how they function. And that's because human anatomy is a difficult and time-intensive subject to learn.
尽管有如此多对于 自身健康的关注, 大众对于解剖学的 了解仍十分匮乏。 很多人还不了解 重要器官的位置, 甚至不知道它们怎么发挥功能。 这是因为人体解剖学 是门非常复杂,耗力劳神的学科。
How many of you here made it through anatomy? Wow, good -- most of you are in medicine. I, like you, spent countless hours memorizing hundreds of structures. Something no student of anatomy could do without the help of visuals. Because at the end of the day, whether you remember every little structure or not, these medical illustrations are what makes studying anatomy so intriguing. In looking at them, we're actually viewing a manual of our very selves.
在座多少人拿到了解剖学学位? 哇哦,好的—— 各位大都是学医的。 我和你们一样,花了大量时间 熟记上百种身体结构。 没有视觉辅助,同学们不可能做到。 因为最终, 不管每个结构记没记住, 这些医学插画 都会成为解剖学迷人的地方。 看着这些图, 其实就是看着一本 关于自身的说明书。
But what happens when we're done studying? These beautiful illustrations are then shut back into the pages of a medical textbook, or an app, referenced only when needed. And for the public, medical illustrations may only be encountered passively on the walls of a doctor's office.
但课程完成之后呢? 这些美丽的插画 便尘封于医学课本里, 或某个APP中, 只在需要的时候才有人查看。 而对于普通人来说, 医学插画可能只是偶尔在 医生办公室的墙上瞥见过。
From the beginnings of modern medicine, medical illustration, and therefore anatomy, have existed primarily within the realm of medical education. Yet there's something fascinating happening right now. Artists are breaking anatomy out of the confines of the medical world and are thrusting it into the public space. For the past nine years, I have been cataloguing and sharing this rise in anatomical art with the public -- all from my perspective as a medical illustrator.
自现代医学诞生以来, 医学插画, 和随后的人体解剖学, 就主要存在于医学教育中。 但是一些不可思议的事情正在发生。 艺术家们正在让解剖学走出医学领域, 闯入公众的视野。 过去九年间,我一直在进行编目, 并与大众分享解剖艺术的兴起—— 仅以一位医学插画家的视角。
But before I get into showing you how artists are reclaiming anatomy today, it's important to understand how art influenced anatomy in the past.
不过,在讲述艺术家 如何掌握解剖学之前, 有必要先了解艺术在过去 是如何影响解剖学的。
Now, anatomy is by its very nature a visual science, and the first anatomists to understand this lived during the Renaissance. They relied on artists to help advertise their discoveries to their peers in the public. And this drive to not only teach but also to entertain resulted in some of the strangest anatomical illustrations.
解剖学本质上是一门视觉科学, 而第一批有这种想法的解剖学家 生活在文艺复兴时期。 他们求助于艺术家 向同行公开展示自己的新发现。 这种对寓教于乐的向往, 带来了一些极其诡异的解剖插画。
Anatomy was caught in a struggle between science, art and culture that lasted for over 500 years. Artists rendered dissected cadavers as alive, posed in these humorous anatomical stripteases. Imagine seeing that in your textbooks today. They also showed them as very much dead -- unwillingly stripped of their skin. Disembodied limbs were often posed in literal still lives. And some illustrations even included pop culture references. This is Clara, a famous rhinoceros that was traveling Europe in the mid-1700s, at a time when seeing a rhino was an exciting rarity. Including her in this illustration was akin to celebrity sponsorship today.
解剖学陷入科学、 艺术、文化的三角关系中 已经500多年了。 艺术家将解剖的尸体画成活人, 上演一场场幽默的解剖“脱皮舞”, 设想你们如今在课本 也能看到这些会怎样。 同样,也可以画得很逼真—— 被硬剥去外皮。 脱离躯干的肢体 通常作为静物写生的对象。 一些插图甚至还能 看到流行文化的影子。 这是克莱拉, 18世纪中叶 游历欧洲的明星犀牛, 那时犀牛非常罕见。 把它画进画里 就相当于今天找明星代言。
The introduction of color then brought a whole new depth and clarity to anatomy that made it stunning.
色彩的应用, 带来全新的清晰度和层次感 令解剖插画焕然一新。
By the early 20th century, the perfect balance of science and art had finally been struck with the emergence of medical illustrators. They created a universal representation of anatomy -- something that was neither alive nor dead, that was free from those influences of artistic culture. And this focus on no-frills accuracy was precisely for the benefit of medical education. And this is what we get to study from today.
20世纪初, 科学与艺术的完美平衡 因医学插画家的出现而实现了。 他们创造了一套通用解剖表现手法, 无关生死, 也不受艺术文化的影响。 这种毫无夸张的准确性, 使医学教育从中受益, 这也是我们如今使用的教学材料。
But why is it that medical illustration -- both past and present -- captures our imaginations? Now, we are innately tuned into the beauty of the human body. And medical illustration is still art. Nothing can elicit an emotional response -- from joy to complete disgust -- more than the human body. And today, artists armed with that emotion, are grasping anatomy from the medical world, and are reinvigorating it through art in the most imaginative ways.
但为何医学插画 从古至今都能 激发我们的想象力呢? 我们天生懂得欣赏人体之美。 医学插画依然是静态艺术。 任何事物都无法像人体一样 表达诸多情感—— 从快乐到厌恶至极。 当今 艺术家正运用这一情感, 带着解剖学从医学走出来, 通过艺术的无限想象力 让解剖学焕然一新。
A perfect example of this is Spanish contemporary artist Fernando Vicente. He takes 19th century anatomical illustrations of the male body and envelops them in a female sensuality. The women in his paintings taunt us to view beyond their surface anatomy, thereby introducing a strong femininity that was previously lacking in the history of anatomical representation.
一个典型的例子是西班牙 当代艺术家费尔南多·韦森特。 他将一副19世纪男性解剖插画 用女性的感性重新呈现。 画中的女性迫使我们 揭开表皮一探究竟, 透着一股浓郁的女性气质, 在以前的解剖表现手法中前所未见。
Artistry can also be seen in the repair and recovery of the human body. This is an X-ray of a woman who fractured and dislocated her ankle in a roller-skating accident. As a tribute to her trauma, she commissioned Montreal-based architect Federico Carbajal to construct a wire sculpture of her damaged lower leg. Now, notice those bright red screws magnified in the sculpture. These are the actual surgical screws used in reconstructing her ankle. It's medical hardware that's been repurposed as art.
艺术技巧还能体现在人体修复上。 这张X光片的主人是位女性, 轮滑时摔伤, 导致踝关节骨折错位, 为了纪念这场灾难, 她请求蒙特利尔 建筑师费德里科·卡瓦哈尔 用金属丝给她受伤的小腿做雕塑。 请注意这些放大的红色螺丝钉, 那都是脚踝重塑手术中 使用过的医用螺丝钉。 医疗器械在艺术中被重现了。
People often ask me how I choose the art that I showcase online or feature in gallery shows. And for me it's a balance between the technique and a concept that pushes the boundaries of anatomy as a way to know thyself, which is why the work of Michael Reedy struck me. His serious figure drawings are often layered in elements of humor. For instance, take a look at her face. Notice those red marks. Michael manifests the consuming insecurity of a skin condition as these maniacal cartoon monsters annoying and out of control in the background. On the mirrored figure, he renders the full anatomy and covers it in glitter, making it look like candy. By doing this, Michael downplays the common perception of anatomy so closely tied to just disease and death.
大家总问我如何选择作品 在网上或画廊中展出。 我觉得重点是要平衡技巧, 和突破解剖学自我认知的理念, 这也是迈克尔·里迪的 作品打动我的地方。 他画的严肃的人像透着一丝幽默。 比如这幅,看看画中女孩的脸。 注意这些红色印记。 迈克尔将这种 对皮肤状态的强烈不安感 用疯狂卡通怪物表现出来, 在背景中不受控制,惹人心烦。 而一旁的镜面人像, 是一整幅解剖图, 闪闪发光, 看起来像糖果。 这样一来, 迈克尔淡化了人们 对解剖学的普遍理解—— 它原本和疾病死亡紧密相关。
Now, this next concept might not make much sense, but human anatomy is no longer limited to humans. When you were a child, did you ever wish that your toys could come to life? Well, Jason Freeny makes those dreams come true with his magical toy dissections.
下一个理念可能不太好懂, 不过人体解剖学不仅仅局限于人体。 在孩童时期, 你希望过玩具有生命吗? 杰森·福瑞利通过解剖玩具, 让这成为现实。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
One might think that this would bring a morbid edge to one's innocent childhood characters, but Jason says of his dissections, "One thing I've never seen in a child's reaction to my work is fear." It's always wonder, amazement and wanting to explore. Fear of anatomy and guts is a learned reaction.
有人可能觉得对于孩子天真的童年来说 这种做法有点变态, 但杰森说: “没有哪个孩子被我的解剖玩具吓到过。” 孩子的反应都是好奇、 惊讶, 想研究一下。 对解剖的恐惧不是天生的。
This anatomization also extends to politically and socially charged objects. In Noah Scalin's "Anatomy of War," we see a gun dissected to reveal human organs. But if you look closely, you'll notice that it lacks a brain. And if you keep looking, you might also notice that Noah has so thoughtfully placed the rectum at the business end of that gun barrel.
这种解剖艺术也蔓延到了 政治和社会话题上。 在诺亚·斯凯林的《解剖战争》中, 我们看到内部有着人体器官的枪, 但仔细看, 你会发现枪没有大脑。 再仔细看,你还会发现 诺亚良巧妙地设计让 枪口对应的是直肠。
Now, this next artist I've been following for many years, watching him excite the public about anatomy. Danny Quirk is a young artist who paints his subjects in the process of self-dissection. He bends the rules of medical illustration by inserting a very dramatic light and shadow. And this creates a 3-D illusion that lends itself very well to painting directly on the human skin. Danny makes it look as if a person's skin has actually been removed. And this effect -- also cool and tattoo-like -- easily transitions into a medical illustration. Now Danny is currently traveling the world, teaching anatomy to the public via his body paintings, which is why it was so shocking to find out that he was rejected from medical illustration programs. But he's doing just fine.
下一位艺术家我已追随多年, 看着他如何使公众为解剖学而疯狂。 丹尼·阔克是位年轻艺术家, 他笔下的人物都在做自我解剖。 他改变医学插画的原则, 采用极富戏剧性的光影。 呈现的3D效果 非常适用于直接画在人的皮肤上。 丹尼的画作看起来就像 表皮真的被揭下一样。 这一效果—— 很酷,很像纹身, 能很方便的被用作医学插画。 丹尼正在世界各地, 通过人体彩绘为民众 普及解剖学知识。 这也让我在得知他被 医学插画项目拒绝的时候深感意外。 不过他照样很享受现状。
Then there are artists who are extracting anatomy from both the medical world and the art world and are placing it directly on the streets. London-based SHOK-1 paints giant X-rays of pop culture icons. His X-rays show how culture can come to have an anatomy of its own, and conversely how culture can become part of the anatomy of a person. You come to admire his work because reproducing X-rays by hand, let alone with spray paint, is extremely difficult. But then again this is a street artist, who also happens to hold a degree in applied chemistry.
还有些艺术家 将解剖学从艺术和医学中抽离, 直接带上了街头。 位于伦敦的SHOK-1展示了 关于流行文化的巨幅X光片的涂鸦。 这些X光片表现出 文化怎样拥有自己的解剖学, 而相反地,文化如何 演变成人体解剖的一部分。 你喜欢他的涂鸦, 因为手绘复制X光片已经很难了, 更不用说喷漆, 简直难上加难。 不过他不但是街头艺术家, 还拥有应用化学的学位。
Nychos, an Austrian street artist, takes the term "exploded view" to a whole new level, splattering human and animal dissections on walls all over the world. Influenced by comics and heavy metal, Nychos inserts a very youthful and enticing energy into anatomy that I just love.
Nychos,一位奥地利街头艺术家, 将“爆炸式分解”带上了新高度, 他肢解的人体和动物 涂鸦在世界各地的墙上。 受漫画和重金属的熏陶, Nychos为解剖学 注入了青春诱人的力量, 让我爱不释手。
Street artists believe that art belongs to the public. And this street anatomy is so captivating because it is the furthest removed from the medical world. It forces you to look at it, and confront your own perceptions about anatomy, whether you find it beautiful, gross, morbid or awe-inspiring, like I do. That it elicits these responses at all is due to our intimate and often changing relationship with it.
街头艺术家坚信艺术是大众的。 街头解剖学之所以迷人, 是因为它离医学最远。 它迫使你注视, 令你直面自己对解剖学的理解, 不管你觉得好看, 恶心, 变态, 还是和我一样觉得叹为观止。 之所以会有如此多感受, 是因为我们与解剖学 亲密又无常的关系。
All of the artists that I showed you here today referenced medical illustrations for their art. But for them, anatomy isn't just something to memorize, but a base from which to understand the human body on a meaningful level; to depict it in ways that we can relate, whether it be through cartoons, body painting or street art.
今天给大家介绍的所有艺术家 都借鉴了医学插画进行艺术创作。 但对他们而言, 解剖学不是死记硬背的东西, 而是作为一种了解人体意义的基础; 用我们能联想到的方式描绘出来, 可以是卡通, 人体彩绘, 也可以是街头艺术。
Anatomical art has the power to reach far beyond the pages of a medical textbook, to ignite an excitement in the public, and reinvigorate an enthusiasm in the medical world, ultimately connecting our innermost selves with our bodies through art.
解剖艺术有着 超越医学课本范畴的力量, 它能点燃大众的热情, 重燃医学界的热忱, 最终通过艺术, 将身体与我们内心深处连接起来。
Thank you.
谢谢。
(Applause)
(掌声)