The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal started for me when I was 15 years old. I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex. And I started to feed them in the most traditional and environmentally friendly way. I went to my school kitchen, and I said, "Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned their noses up at." I went to the local baker and took their stale bread. I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer who was throwing away potatoes because they were the wrong shape or size for supermarkets. This was great. My pigs turned that food waste into delicious pork. I sold that pork to my school friends' parents, and I made a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.
Ülemaailmse toiduraiskamise paljastamine sai minu jaoks alguse 15-aastaselt. Ostsin endale mõned sead, elasin Sussexis ning toitsin neid kõige traditsioonilisemal ja keskkonnasõbralikumal moel. Käisin oma kooli köögis ja palusin ülejääke, mida mu koolikaaslased ei tahtnud. Käisin pagari juures ja võtsin nende seisnud leiba. Käisin aedviljamüüja ja taluniku juures, kes viskasid ära kartuleid, sest need olid poodide jaoks vale kuju või suurusega. See oli väga hea. Mu sead muutsid toidujäätmed maitsvaks sealihaks. Ma müüsin selle liha oma koolikaaslaste vanematele ja teenisin hea lisa oma taskurahale.
But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs was in fact fit for human consumption, and that I was only scratching the surface, and that right the way up the food supply chain, in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes, in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food. Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me about how much food they were wasting. I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites, and I thought, surely there is something more sensible to do with food than waste it.
Kuid ma märkasin, et enamus toidust, mida ma sigadele andsin, oli tegelikult kõlblik ka inimestele. See oli vaid jäämäe tipp. Terves toidutootmise ahelas – toidupoodides, turgudel, pagarite juures, kodudes, tehastes ja taludes – toimub meeletu raiskamine. Toidupoed ei tahtnud minuga isegi rääkida sellest, kui palju toitu raisatakse. Olin käinud poodide taga ja näinud prügikastidesse lukustatud toidu saatmist prügilatesse. Mõtlesin, et selle toiduga on äraviskamise asemel kindlasti midagi paremat peale hakata.
One morning, when I was feeding my pigs, I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time. I grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter) That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism, really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste, and the provision of the solution to food waste, which is simply to sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away. That became, as it were, a way of confronting large businesses in the business of wasting food, and exposing, most importantly, to the public, that when we're talking about food being thrown away, we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about stuff that's beyond the pale. We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted on a colossal scale.
Ühel hommikul kui oma sigu toitsin, märkasin ma ühte eriti maitsva välimusega päiksekuivatatud tomatiga leiba, mis aeg-ajalt mu teele sattus. Ma haarasin selle pihku, istusin maha ja sõin koos oma sigadega hommikust. (Naer) Sellest hetkest sai alguse minu usk freeganismi. See on viis näidata toidu raiskamises peituvat ebaõiglust ning pakkuda sellele lahendus, mis ei seisne muus, kui selle sama toidu söömises, mis muidu minema visataks. Sellest on saanud üks viisidest astuda vastu suurettevõtete toiduraiskamisele ning mis veelgi tähtsam – näidata avalikkusele, et äravisatud toidust rääkides ei pea me silmas ei halvaks läinud ega söögiks kõlbmatut toitu. Me räägime värskest toidust, mida raisatakse meeletutes kogustes.
Eventually, I set about writing my book, really to demonstrate the extent of this problem on a global scale. What this shows is a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world. Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist, and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find some proxy way of uncovering how much food was being wasted. So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was actually likely to be being consumed in each country. That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths. That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of consumption with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste. There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic that I think we can live in a waste-free world. But that black line shows what a food supply should be in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure, nutritional diet for every person in that country. Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the world, represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect levels of waste in each country.
Ma asusin kirjutama raamatut, et ilmestada selle probleemi laia levikut. See tabel näitab toidu raiskamise ligikaudset taset riikide kaupa kogu maailmas. Kahjuks pole selle kohta piisavalt empii- rilisi andmeid ja korralikku statistikat ja seega pidin ma oma teooria tõestamiseks leidma kaudsetele andmetele tuginedes, kui palju toitu päriselt raisatakse. Ma kogusin kõikide riikide toiduvarude statistika ja võrdlesin seda sellega, kui palju neis riikides toitu tõenäoliselt tegelikult tarbiti. Tuginesin toitumisuuringutele, ülekaaluliste hulgale ja paljudele teistele faktoritele, mis annavad kaudselt aimu, kui palju inimesed päriselt söövad. See must joon tabeli keskel on toidu tarbimise arvatav tase koos teatud hulga vältimatute jäätmetega. Mingid jäätmed tekivad alati. Ma pole nii naiivne, et arvaksin, et saaksime elada jäätmevabas maailmas. Kuid see must joon näitab, millised peaksid iga riigi toiduvarud olema, et tagada hea, stabiilne, ohutu ja toitev toiduvaru igale oma elanikule. Iga punkt üle selle joone, ning ilmselt märkate, et see on enamus riike maailmas, näitab tarbetut ülejääki ja arvatavat raiskamise hulka igas riigis.
As a country gets richer, it invests more and more in getting more and more surplus into its shops and restaurants, and as you can see, most European and North American countries fall between 150 and 200 percent of the nutritional requirements of their populations. So a country like America has twice as much food on its shop shelves and in its restaurants than is actually required to feed the American people.
Mida rikkamaks riik saab, seda enam investeeritakse ülejäägi tekkimisse poodides ja restoranides. Nagu näha, toodab enamus Euroopa ja Põhja-Ameerika riike 150% kuni 200% rahvastikule vajalikust toidust. Riigis nagu Ameerika, on poodides ja restoranides kaks korda nii palju toitu kui on tegelikult tarvis ameeriklaste toitmiseks.
But the thing that really struck me, when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers, was that you can see how it levels off. Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark, and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising as you might expect. So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further to see if that was true or false. And that's what I came up with. If you include not just the food that ends up in shops and restaurants, but also the food that people feed to livestock, the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce increasing amounts of meat and dairy products, what you find is that most rich countries have between three and four times the amount of food that their population needs to feed itself. A country like America has four times the amount of food that it needs.
Mis mind statistikat kogudes enim paelus, oli see, kuidas teatud hetkel tasemed ühtlustuvad. Riigid tõusevad kiiresti 150% piirini misjärel tõus seiskub, ega liigu enam edasi nagu seda võiks arvata. Otsustasin neid andmeid pisut lähemalt uurida, et näha kas see vastab tõele. Jõudsin sellise tulemuseni. Kui võtame lisaks poodides ja restoranides olevale toidule arvesse ka seda mis söödetakse loomadele – mais, soja ja nisu, mida inimesed võiksid isegi süüa, kuid annavad loomadele, et toota üha enam liha- ja piimatooteid –, siis näeme, et enamikus rikastes riikides on kolm kuni neli korda rohkem toitu kui nende rahvastiku toitmiseks tarvis läheb. Riigis nagu USA on neli korda rohkem toitu, kui neil tegelikult tarvis on.
When people talk about the need to increase global food production to feed those nine billion people that are expected on the planet by 2050, I always think of these graphs. The fact is, we have an enormous buffer in rich countries between ourselves and hunger. We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before. In many ways, this is a great success story of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago. It is a success story. It has been a success story. But what we have to recognize now is that we are reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear, and when we chop down forests, as we are every day, to grow more and more food, when we extract water from depleting water reserves, when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest to grow more and more food, and then we throw away so much of it, we have to think about what we can start saving.
Alati kui räägitakse vajadusest tõsta üleilmset toidutootmist, et toita 9 miljardit inimest, keda on 2050. aastaks meie planeedile oodata, mõtlen ma nendele tabelitele. Tõde on, et rikastes riikides on tohutu puhver meie endi ja nälja vahel. Meil pole kunagi varem olnud nii meeletut ülejääki. Mõneski mõttes on see inimkonna ja põllumajanduse edulugu, mida me 12 000 aaastat tagasi saavutama asusime. See on edulugu. See on olnud edulugu, kuid peame mõistma, et ajal, mil me oleme viinud planeedi ökoloogilise kandevõime piirini, ajal, mil me võtame päevast päeva maha metsi, et kasvatada rohkem toitu, ajal, mil me ammutame vett kahanevatest reservidest, ajal, mil me paiskame õhku fossiilkütuste heitmeid, et kasvatada rohkem toitu, mille me lõpuks ära viskame, peame leidma viisi, kuidas hakata säästma
And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets that I often visit to inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away. I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst all the fruit and vegetables and everything else that was in there. And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.
Eile käisin ma ühes kohalikus toidupoes, mida ma tihti kontrollimas käin, kui nii võib öelda, et näha, mida nad ära viskavad. Puu- ja aedviljade ja kõige muu hulgas, mis seal oli, leidsin ka mõned pakid küpsiseid. Mõtlesin neid kasutada tänasel üritusel sümbolina.
So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits that I found in the bin represent the global food supply, okay? We start out with nine. That's what's in fields around the world every single year. The first biscuit we're going to lose before we even leave the farm. That's a problem primarily associated with developing work agriculture, whether it's a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields. The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya. Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals, and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat, so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one in meat and dairy products. Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins. This is what most of us think of when we think of food waste, what ends up in the garbage, what ends up in supermarket bins, what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two, and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on. That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources, especially when you think of the billion hungry people that exist already in the world.
Kujutage ette, et need üheksa prügikastist leitud küpsist esindavad ülemaailmset toidutootmist. Alustame üheksaga. See on kogus, mis on igal aastal põldudel üle terve maailma. Esimese küpsise kaotame juba enne talust lahkumist. See on mure, mida seostame arengumaade põllumajandussektoriga. Olgu selleks siis taristu, külmikute, pastöriseerimisvõimaluste, laohoonete või isegi puuviljakastide puudumine, see tähendab, et toit rikneb enne, kui see jõuab põllult lahkuda. Järgmised kolm küpsist sümboliseerivad toitu, mille otsustame anda loomadele – mais, nisu ja soja. Kahjuks pole kariloomad kuigi tõhusad, 2/3 nende söödavast lõppeb väljaheidete ja soojusena, seega me kaotame need kaks küpsist ja vaid üks jääb alles liha- ja piimatoodetena. Kaks küpsist viskame otse prügikasti. See on see osa, mida me enamasti toidujäätmetega seostame, mis on kodude, poodide, restoranide prügikastides. Oleme kaotanud veel kaks ning alles jääb vaid neli küpsist meie endi toitmiseks. See pole just kõige tõhusam üleilmsete ressursside kasutus, eriti kui mõtleme miljardile näljasele inimesele, kes täna maailmas elavad.
Having gone through the data, I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends up. Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff on our plates, but what about all the stuff that goes missing in between?
Ollen need andmed läbi töötanud, pidin ma näitama, mis raisatud toidust saab. Kuhu see läheb? Oleme harjunud nägema toitu oma taldrikutel, aga mis saab sellest, mis vahepeal kaduma läheb?
Supermarkets are an easy place to start. This is the result of my hobby, which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter) Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores, we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back, opening up bins and having a look at what's inside. But this is what you can see more or less on every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America. It represents a colossal waste of food, but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book was that this very evident abundance of waste was actually the tip of the iceberg. When you start going up the supply chain, you find where the real food waste is happening on a gargantuan scale.
Toidupoed on hea koht, kust alustada. See on minu hobi tulemus, milleks on mitteametlik prügikastide kontrollimine. (Naer) On kummaline mõelda, et kui usuksime, mida suurettevõtted räägivad oma poodide tagaruumides toimuvast, ei peaks me sinna hiilima ja prügikastidesse kiikama. Ent seda on näha pea igal tänavanurgal Suurbritannias, Euroopas ja Põhja-Ameerikas. See esindab tohutut toiduraiskamist. Oma raamatut kirjutades avastasin aga, et sulaselge jäätmete üleküllus oli vaid jäämäe tipp. Toidutootmise ahelas ülespoole liikudes näeme, kus toimub kõige hullem toidu raiskamine.
Can I have a show of hands if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house? Who lives in a household where that crust -- that slice at the first and last end of each loaf -- who lives in a household where it does get eaten? Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people, and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world, and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches with crusts on it? (Laughter) I certainly haven't. So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter) This is the answer, unfortunately: 13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread. In the same year that I visited this factory, I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies. We contribute to that squeeze by depositing food in bins here in Britain and elsewhere in the world. We take food off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.
Palun andke kätega märku, kui teil on kodus päts viilutatud saia? Kelle kodus on inimesed harjunud sööma saiapätsi nukke, esimest ja viimast tükki? Enamus inimesi, mitte kõik, aga enamus ja nii on see õnneks üle maailma. Kuid kas keegi teist on üheski toidupoes või kioskis näinud müügil nendest otsadest valmistatud võileibu? (Naer) Mina küll mitte. Mõtlesin, kuhu need otsad küll lähevad. (Naer) Vastus on kahjuks siin. 13 000 viilu värsket saia, mis ühes tehases iga päev toodetakse. Samal aastal, kui külastasin seda tehast, käisin Pakistanis, kus inimesed nälgisid toidukriisi tõttu, mis tabas maailma 2008. aastal. Visates toitu minema Suurbritannias ja mujal maailmas, panustame sellesse kriisi. Me võtame poodide riiulitelt toitu, mida näljased inimesed vajavad.
Go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards. This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested, because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it. Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect, all going for pigs. Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications, tomatoes in Tenerife, oranges in Florida, bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year, all being discarded. This is one day's waste from one banana plantation in Ecuador. All being discarded, perfectly edible, because they're the wrong shape or size.
Astume veel ühe sammu ja jõuame talunikeni, kes viskavad mõnikord ilustandardite tõttu minema kolmandiku või rohkemgi oma saagist. See talunik oli investeerinud 16 000 naela istutamaks spinatit, millest ta ei korjanud lehtegi, kuna spinatitaimede vahel kasvas natuke heina. Kartulid, mille välimus pole ideaalne, lähevad kõik sigadele. Pastinaagid, mis on toidupoodide standardite kohaselt liiga väiksed, tomatid Tenerifel, apelsinid Floridas, banaanid Ecuadoris, kus käisin eelmisel aastal, kõik on minema visatud. See on üheainsa päeva jäätmete kogus ühes Ecuadori banaaniistanduses. Kõik minema visatud – täiesti söödavad, aga vale kuju või suurusega.
If we do that to fruit and vegetables, you bet we can do it to animals too. Liver, lungs, heads, tails, kidneys, testicles, all of these things which are traditional, delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy go to waste. Offal consumption has halved in Britain and America in the last 30 years. As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best, or is incinerated. This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China, is serving up his national dish. It's called sheep's organs. It's delicious, it's nutritious, and as I learned when I went to Kashgar, it symbolizes their taboo against food waste. I was sitting in a roadside cafe. A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl, and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking and he started frowning into my bowl. I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken? How have I insulted my host?" He pointed at three grains of rice at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter) I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world telling people to stop wasting food. This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)
Kui saame seda teha puu- ja juurviljadega, saame seda teha ka loomadega. Maks, kopsud, pead, sabad, neerud ja munandid – kõik traditsioonilised, maitsvad ja toitvad osad meie toidusedelist – lähevad raisku. Rupskite tarbimine Suurbritannias ja USAs on vähenenud viimase 30 aasta jooksul poole võrra. Seetõttu läheb kogu see toit koeratoiduks või põletamisele. See mees Lääne-Hiina Xinjiangi provintsis Kashgari külas pakub oma rahvustoitu. Selle nimi on lamba organid. See on maitsev ja toitev ning nagu ma Kashgaris õppisin, sümboliseerib see toidujäätmete vastast tabu. Istusin tänavaäärses kohvikus. Kokk tuli minuga rääkima, lõpetasin oma toidu, poolel vestlusel jäi ta vait ning kortsutas mu kaussi vaadetes kulmu. Mõtlesin, et mis tava ma rikkunud olen, millega oma võõrustajat solvanud? Ta osutas kolmele riisiterale mu kausis ja ütles: "Puhas." (Naer) See mees oli minu, kes ma käin igalpool toidu raiskamisest rääkimas, paika pannud. (Naer)
But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people, do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources if we regard it as socially unacceptable to waste food on a colossal scale, if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it, tell governments we want to see an end to food waste, we do have the power to bring about that change.
Aga see andis lootust. See andis lootust, et suudame meeletut toidu raiskamist peatada, kui muudame selle sotsiaalselt vastuvõetamatuks. Tõmmates sellele tähelepanu, rääkides ettevõttetega, öeldes valitsustele, et toidu raiskamine peab lõppema, suudame süsteemi muuta.
Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed. In our homes, we've lost touch with food. This is an experiment I did on three lettuces. Who keeps lettuces in their fridge? Most people. The one on the left was kept in a fridge for 10 days. The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference. The one on the right I treated like cut flowers. It's a living organism, cut the slice off, stuck it in a vase of water, it was all right for another two weeks after this.
40–60% Euroopa kaladest visatakse juba merel olles ära, need ei jõua kunagi maale. Oleme oma kodudes kaotanud sideme toiduga. Tegin kodus katse kolme lehtsalatiga. Kes hoiab lehtsalatit külmkapis? Enamus inimesi. Vasakul olevat salatit hoidsin 10 päeva külmikus. Keskmist hoidsin köögilaual. Suurt vahet pole. Parempoolset kohtlesin kui lõikelille. See on elav taim – lõikasin otsa ära, panin veega täidetud vaasi ja see säilis kenasti veel kaks nädalat.
Some food waste, as I said at the beginning, will inevitably arise, so the question is, what is the best thing to do with it? I answered that question when I was 15. In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago: We domesticated pigs to turn food waste back into food. And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak. It's unscientific. It's unnecessary. If you cook food for pigs, just as if you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe. It's also a massive saving of resources. At the moment, Europe depends on importing millions of tons of soy from South America, where its production contributes to global warming, to deforestation, to biodiversity loss, to feed livestock here in Europe. At the same time we throw away millions of tons of food waste which we could and should be feeding them. If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save that amount of carbon. If we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste, to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity, you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs. We knew that during the war. (Laughter)
Nagu alguses ütlesin, läheb osa toidust paratamatult raisku, seega küsimus on, mis on parim, mida sellega teha saame? Vastasin sellele 15-aastasena. Inimesed vastasid sellele küsimusele 6000 aastat tagasi: kodustasime sead, et nad muudaksid toidujäätmed uuesti toiduks. Ometi muudeti see Euroopas 2001. aastal suu- ja sõrataudi tõttu ebaseaduslikuks. See on ebateaduslik ja ebavajalik. Kui sigade toitu kuumutada, nagu küpsetatame endi toitu, muutub see ohutuks. Lisaks on see tohutu sääst. Euroopa sõltub Lõuna-Ameerikast, importides sealt miljoneid tonne soja. Sellega anname oma panuse kliimamuutusesse, metsade hävimisse ja elurikkuse vähenemisse, kõik selleks, et toita loomi Euroopas. Samal ajal viskame me ära miljoneid tonne toidujäätmeid, mida võiksime ja peaksime neile söötma. Toidujäätmedega sigu söötes säästaksime sellise hulga süsihappegaasi. Kui me suuname toidujäätmed anaeroobsesse kääritamisse, mis on valitsuste eelistatud viis toidujäätmetest lahtisaamiseks, kust saadakse gaasi elektri tootmiseks, säästetakse pelgalt 448 kg ühe tonni CO2 toidujäätmete kohta. Palju mõistlikum on see sigadele anda. Sõja ajal me teadsime seda. (Naer)
A silver lining: It has kicked off globally, the quest to tackle food waste. Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009. We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise would have been wasted. Since then, it's happened again in London, it's happening internationally, and across the country. It's a way of organizations coming together to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it. For the sake of the planet we live on, for the sake of our children, for the sake of all the other organisms that share our planet with us, we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land to grow food that no one eats. Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
Lohutav on teadmine, et toidujäätmete vähendamine on ülemaailmselt tähelepanu saamas. Üritust "5000 toitmine" korraldasin esmaskordselt 2009. aastal. Me andsime 5000 inimesele toitu, mis oleks raisku läinud. Alates sellest on üritusi toimunud Londonis, rahvusvaheliselt ja üle kogu riigi. See on viis tuua organisatsioonid kokku, et tunda toidust rõõmu, et utsitada inimesi toitu minema viskamise asemel sööma ja nautima. Meie koduplaneedi nimel, meie laste nimel, kõigi teiste liikide nimel, kes meiega siin planeedil elavad – me oleme maised loomad ja sõltume toidutootmisel maast. Praegu me reostame aga oma maad, et kasvatada toitu, mida keegi ei söö. Lõpetage toidu raiskamine. Suur aitäh. (Aplaus) (Aplaus)