As technology progresses, and as it advances, many of us assume that these advances make us more intelligent, make us smarter and more connected to the world. And what I'd like to argue is that that's not necessarily the case, as progress is simply a word for change, and with change you gain something, but you also lose something.
Kako se tehnologija razvija, i kako napreduje, mnogi od nas pretpostavljaju kako nas taj napredak čini inteligentnijima, pametnijima i povezanijima sa svijetom. Želio bih dokazati kako to nije nužno tako, jer razvitak je naprosto naziv za promjenu, a s promjenama se nešto dobiva, ali se ponešto i gubi.
And to really illustrate this point, what I'd like to do is to show you how technology has dealt with a very simple, a very common, an everyday question. And that question is this. What time is it? What time is it? If you glance at your iPhone, it's so simple to tell the time. But, I'd like to ask you, how would you tell the time if you didn't have an iPhone? How would you tell the time, say, 600 years ago? How would you do it?
Kako bih vam zorno prikazao tu tvrdnju, htio bih vam pokazati kako se tehnologija nosila s vrlo jednostavnim, uobičajenim i svakodnevnim pitanjem. To pitanje glasi ovako. Koliko je sati? Koliko je sati? Ako bacite pogled na svoj iPhone, lako je reći koliko je sati. No, želim vas upitati, kako biste odredili vrijeme kad ne biste imali iPhone? Kako biste odredili vrijeme, recimo, prije 600 godina? Kako biste to učinili?
Well, the way you would do it is by using a device that's called an astrolabe. So, an astrolabe is relatively unknown in today's world. But, at the time, in the 13th century, it was the gadget of the day. It was the world's first popular computer. And it was a device that, in fact, is a model of the sky. So, the different parts of the astrolabe, in this particular type, the rete corresponds to the positions of the stars. The plate corresponds to a coordinate system. And the mater has some scales and puts it all together.
Pa, učinili biste to koristeći napravu zvanu astrolab. Astrolab je u suvremenom svijetu relativno nepoznat. No, u ono doba, u 13. stoljeću, bio je to posljednji krik tehnologije. Bilo je to prvo popularno računalo na svijetu. Ta je naprava, u biti, model neba. Različiti dijelovi astrolaba, kod ove konkretne vrste, reta ("mreža") se podudara s položajem zvijezda. Ploča se podudara s koordinatnim sustavom. A mater ima skalu i povezuje sve zajedno.
If you were an educated child, you would know how to not only use the astrolabe, you would also know how to make an astrolabe. And we know this because the first treatise on the astrolabe, the first technical manual in the English language, was written by Geoffrey Chaucer. Yes, that Geoffrey Chaucer, in 1391, to his little Lewis, his 11-year-old son. And in this book, little Lewis would know the big idea.
Ako ste bili obrazovano dijete, znali biste ne samo kako upotrebljavati astrolab, već i kako izraditi astrolab. To znamo zato što je prvi traktat o astrolabu, prvi stručni priručnik na engleskom jeziku, napisao Geoffrey Chaucer. Da, onaj Geoffrey Chaucer, godine 1391. za svog malog Lewisa, svog 11-godišnjeg sina. I u toj knjizi, mali Lewis bi raspoznao osnovnu ideju.
And the central idea that makes this computer work is this thing called stereographic projection. And basically, the concept is, how do you represent the three-dimensional image of the night sky that surrounds us onto a flat, portable, two-dimensional surface. The idea is actually relatively simple. Imagine that that Earth is at the center of the universe, and surrounding it is the sky projected onto a sphere. Each point on the surface of the sphere is mapped through the bottom pole, onto a flat surface, where it is then recorded.
Osnovna ideja na temelju koje ovo računalo radi zove se stereografska projekcija. U osnovi, koncept je, kako prikazati trodimenzionalnu sliku noćnog neba koje nas okružuje na ravnoj, prijenosnoj, dvodimenzionalnoj površini. Ideja je zapravo relativno jednostavna. Zamislite da se Zemlja nalazi u središtu svemira, a okružuje je nebo projicirano na sferu. Svaka točka na površini sfere preslikava se kroz donji pol, na ravnu površinu, gdje se zatim zabilježava.
So the North Star corresponds to the center of the device. The ecliptic, which is the path of the sun, moon, and planets correspond to an offset circle. The bright stars correspond to little daggers on the rete. And the altitude corresponds to the plate system. Now, the real genius of the astrolabe is not just the projection. The real genius is that it brings together two coordinate systems so they fit perfectly. There is the position of the sun, moon and planets on the movable rete. And then there is their location on the sky as seen from a certain latitude on the back plate. Okay?
Tako Sjevernjača odgovara središtu naprave. Ekliptika, što je putanja sunca, mjeseca i planeta odgovara izduženom krugu. Sjajne zvijezde odgovaraju malim bodežima na reti. Nadmorska visina odgovara sustavu ploče. Prava genijalnost astrolaba nije samo projekcija. Prava je genijalnost u tome da on združuje dva koordinatna sustava tako da se savršeno poklapaju. Na pomičnoj reti nalazi se položaj sunca, mjeseca i planeta. A onda imamo njihov položaj na nebu kao što se vidi iz određene geografske širine na stražnjoj ploči. U redu?
So how would you use this device? Well, let me first back up for a moment. This is an astrolabe. Pretty impressive, isn't it? And so, this astrolabe is on loan from us from the Oxford School of -- Museum of History. And you can see the different components. This is the mater, the scales on the back. This is the rete. Okay. Do you see that? That's the movable part of the sky. And in the back you can see a spider web pattern. And that spider web pattern corresponds to the local coordinates in the sky. This is a rule device. And on the back are some other devices, measuring tools and scales, to be able to make some calculations. Okay?
Dakle, kako biste upotrebljavali ovu napravu? Pa, da uzmem pomagalo. Ovo je astrolab. Prilično je impresivan, zar ne? Ovaj je astrolab kod nas na posudbi iz oksfordskog Povijesnog muzeja. Možete vidjeti različite sastavne dijelove. Ovo je mater, skale sa stražnje strane. Ovo je reta. U redu. Vidite li ovo? Ovo je pomični dio neba. Straga možete vidjeti uzorak poput paukove mreže. Taj mrežasti uzorak podudara se s lokalnim koordinatama na nebu. Ovo je ravnalo. Na stražnjoj su strani još neke sprave, mjerni alati i skale, kako biste mogli vršiti računske operacije. U redu?
You know, I've always wanted one of these. For my thesis I actually built one of these out of paper. And this one, this is a replica from a 15th-century device. And it's worth probably about three MacBook Pros. But a real one would cost about as much as my house, and the house next to it, and actually every house on the block, on both sides of the street, maybe a school thrown in, and some -- you know, a church. They are just incredibly expensive.
Znate, uvijek sam želio jedan ovakav. Za svoj sam doktorat čak izradio jedan od papira. Ovaj je replika naprave iz 15. stoljeća. Vrijedi otprilike kao tri MacBook Pro-a. Pravi bi koštao otprilike kao moja kuća, i kuća do nje, zapravo svaka kuća u ulici, na obje strane ulice, možda da ubacimo i školu, i -- znate, crkvu. Nevjerojatno su skupi.
But let me show you how to work this device. So let's go to step one. First thing that you do is you select a star in the night sky, if you're telling time at night. So, tonight, if it's clear you'll be able to see the summer triangle. And there is a bright star called Deneb. So let's select Deneb. Second, is you measure the altitude of Deneb. So, step two, I hold the device up, and then I sight its altitude there so I can see it clearly now. And then I measure its altitude. So, it's about 26 degrees. You can't see it from over there. Step three is identify the star on the front of the device. Deneb is there. I can tell. Step four is I then move the rete, move the sky, so the altitude of the star corresponds to the scale on the back. Okay, so when that happens everything lines up. I have here a model of the sky that corresponds to the real sky. Okay? So, it is, in a sense, holding a model of the universe in my hands. And then finally, I take a rule, and move the rule to a date line which then tells me the time here. Right. So, that's how the device is used. (Laughter)
Dajte da vam pokažem kako raditi s ovom napravom. Započnimo s prvim korakom. Prvo što učinite jest da odaberete zvijezdu na noćnom nebu, ako određujete vrijeme noću. Dakle, noćas, ako je vedro moći ćete vidjeti Ljetni trokut. U njemu se nalazi sjajna zvijezda zvana Deneb. Odaberimo Deneb. Kao drugo, izmjerite visinu Deneba. Drugi korak, podignem napravu, zatim ondje poravnam njenu visinu tako da je sada mogu jasno vidjeti. Zatim mjerim njenu visinu. Ona iznosi otprilike 26 stupnjeva. Ne možete je vidjeti odande. Treći korak je identifikacija zvijezde na prednjoj strani naprave. Deneb je ondje. Vidim. Četvrti je korak pomicanje rete, pomicanje neba, tako da visina zvijezde odgovara skali na stražnjoj strani. U redu, događa se to da se sve poravna. Ovdje imam model neba koji odgovara stvarnom nebu. U redu? To je, na neki način, kao da u rukama držim model svemira. Na kraju, uzmem ravnalo, i pomaknem ga do linije datuma pomoću koje zatim ovdje odredim vrijeme. Dobro. Tako se, dakle, naprava koristi. (Smijeh)
So, I know what you're thinking: "That's a lot of work, isn't it? Isn't it a ton of work to be able to tell the time?" as you glance at your iPod to just check out the time. But there is a difference between the two, because with your iPod you can tell -- or your iPhone, you can tell exactly what the time is, with precision. The way little Lewis would tell the time is by a picture of the sky. He would know where things would fit in the sky. He would not only know what time it was, he would also know where the sun would rise, and how it would move across the sky. He would know what time the sun would rise, and what time it would set. And he would know that for essentially every celestial object in the heavens.
Znam što mislite: "To je mnogo posla, zar ne? Nije li to masu posla da bi se odredilo koje je vrijeme?" dok gledate na svoj iPod kako biste provjerili koje je vrijeme. No, postoji razlika između tih dvaju naprava, jer s vašim iPodom možete odrediti -- ili vašim iPhoneom, možete odrediti točno koje je vrijeme, precizno. Način na koji bi mali Lewis odredio vrijeme jest pomoću slike neba. Znao bi gdje bi se stvari uklapale na nebu. Ne bi samo znao koje je vrijeme, također bi znao i gdje će sunce izaći, i kako će se kretati preko neba. Znao bi u koje će vrijeme sunce izaći, i u koje će vrijeme zaći. Znao bi to u suštini za svako nebesko tijelo na nebesima.
So, in computer graphics and computer user interface design, there is a term called affordances. So, affordances are the qualities of an object that allow us to perform an action with it. And what the astrolabe does is it allows us, it affords us, to connect to the night sky, to look up into the night sky and be much more -- to see the visible and the invisible together. So, that's just one use. Incredible, there is probably 350, 400 uses. In fact, there is a text, and that has over a thousand uses of this first computer.
Dakle, u računalnoj grafici i računalnom dizajnu korisničkog sučelja, postoji izraz zvan pogodnosti. Pogodnosti su svojstva objekta koja nam omogućavaju da njime vršimo neku radnju. Ono što astrolab čini jest to da nam omogućava, pogoduje nam, da se povežemo s noćnim nebom, da pogledamo u noćno nebo i budemo mnogo više -- da zajedno vidimo ono vidljivo i nevidljivo. To je samo jedan od načina upotrebe. Nevjerojatno, postoji vjerojatno 350 ili 400 vrsta primjene. Zapravo, postoji tekst, i u njemu više od tisuću načina upotrebe ovog prvog računala.
On the back there is scales and measurements for terrestrial navigation. You can survey with it. The city of Baghdad was surveyed with it. It can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types. And it would take a full university course to illustrate it. Astrolabes have an incredible history. They are over 2,000 years old. The concept of stereographic projection originated in 330 B.C.
Na stražnjoj su strani skala i mjerila za zemaljsku navigaciju. Njime možete premjeravati. Grad Bagdad je premjeren njime. Može ga se koristiti za izračun matematičkih jednadžbi različitih vrsta. Bio bi potreban čitav sveučilišni predmet da ga se prikaže. Astrolabi imaju nevjerojatnu povijest. Stari su više od 2.000 godina. Koncept stereografske projekcije nastao je 330. god. prije Krista.
And the astrolabes come in many different sizes and shapes and forms. There is portable ones. There is large display ones. And I think what is common to all astrolabes is that they are beautiful works of art. There is a quality of craftsmanship and precision that is just astonishing and remarkable.
Astrolabi dolaze u mnogo različitih veličina i oblika i vrsta. Postoje prijenosni. Postoje veliki pokazni. Mislim da je svim astrolabima zajedničko to što su prekrasna umjetnička djela. Kvaliteta izrade i preciznost naprosto su zapanjujuće i izvanredne.
Astrolabes, like every technology, do evolve over time. So, the earliest retes, for example, were very simple and primitive. And advancing retes became cultural emblems. This is one from Oxford. And I find this one really extraordinary because the rete pattern is completely symmetrical, and it accurately maps a completely asymmetrical, or random sky. How cool is that? This is just amazing.
Astrolabi se, kao i svaka tehnologija, razvijaju s vremenom. Na primjer, najranije su rete bile vrlo jednostavne i primitivne. Napredne su rete postale kulturni simboli. Ovaj je iz Oxforda. Ja ga smatram doista izvanrednim jer uzorak rete je posve simetričan, i točno mapira posve asimetrično, ili slučajno nebo. Nije li to fantastično? Upravo je nevjerojatno.
So, would little Lewis have an astrolabe? Probably not one made of brass. He would have one made out of wood, or paper. And the vast majority of this first computer was a portable device that you could keep in the back of your pocket. So, what does the astrolabe inspire? Well, I think the first thing is that it reminds us just how resourceful people were, our forebears were, years and years ago. It's just an incredible device.
Dakle, bi li mali Lewis imao astrolab? Vjerojatno ne mjedeni. Imao bi jedan načinjen od drveta, ili papira. Najveći dio ovih prvih računala bile su prijenosne naprave koje ste mogli držati u stražnjem džepu. Što, dakle, astrolab nadahnjuje? Pa, prvo što mi pada na pamet jest to da nas podsjeća koliko su snalažljivi ljudi bili, naši preci, prije mnogo godina. To je naprosto nevjerojatna naprava.
Every technology advances. Every technology is transformed and moved by others. And what we gain with a new technology, of course, is precision and accuracy. But what we lose, I think, is an accurate -- a felt sense of the sky, a sense of context. Knowing the sky, knowing your relationship with the sky, is the center of the real answer to knowing what time it is.
Svaka tehnologija napreduje. Svaka se tehnologija mijenja i na nju utječu druge. Ono što dobivamo s novom tehnologijom, naravno, su preciznost i točnost. No, mislim da je ono što gubimo točan -- osjećaj neba, osjećaj konteksta. Poznavanje neba, poznavanje vašeg odnosa s nebom, je središte pravog odgovora na poznavanje točnog vremena.
So, it's -- I think astrolabes are just remarkable devices. And so, what can you learn from these devices? Well, primarily that there is a subtle knowledge that we can connect with the world. And astrolabes return us to this subtle sense of how things all fit together, and also how we connect to the world. Thanks very much. (Applause)
Tako da -- mislim da su astrolabi jednostavno izvanredne naprave. Dakle, što možete naučiti od tih naprava? Pa, kao prvo to da postoji suptilno znanje da se možemo povezati sa svijetom. I astrolabi nam vraćaju taj suptilni osjećaj toga kako se stvari uklapaju jedne s drugima, i kako smo mi povezani sa svijetom. Mnogo vam hvala. (Pljesak)