I'm here to offer you a new way to think about my field, artificial intelligence. I think the purpose of AI is to empower humans with machine intelligence. And as machines get smarter, we get smarter. I call this "humanistic AI" -- artificial intelligence designed to meet human needs by collaborating and augmenting people. Now, today I'm happy to see that the idea of an intelligent assistant is mainstream. It's the well-accepted metaphor for the interface between humans and AI. And the one I helped create is called Siri.
今天來到這裡,是想邀請大家 從一個新的角度來看我熟悉的領域: 人工智慧。 我認為人工智慧的目的, 是要用機器智慧來增強人類的能力。 而隨著機器變得更聰明, 我們也會更聰明。 我稱這個為「人性化人工智慧」── 透過與人工智慧合作並 強化人類的設計方式 來滿足人類的需求。 如今,我很高興能看到 智慧助理的這個想法 能成為主流。 這象徵了人類與人工智慧之間的 互動介面已被廣泛接受。 而其中一個 我協助創造的就是 Siri。
You know Siri. Siri is the thing that knows your intent and helps you do it for you, helps you get things done. But what you might not know is that we designed Siri as humanistic AI, to augment people with a conversational interface that made it possible for them to use mobile computing, regardless of who they were and their abilities.
各位都認識 Siri。 Siri 會知道你的意圖, 並協助你 把一切搞定。 但各位可能不知道, 當初我們在設計 Siri 時, 就把它定位在 「人性化的人工智慧」, 透過對話介面的方式來強化人類, 讓使用行動計算成為可能, 不論他們是誰、 能力如何,都可以使用。
Now for most of us, the impact of this technology is to make things a little bit easier to use. But for my friend Daniel, the impact of the AI in these systems is a life changer. You see, Daniel is a really social guy, and he's blind and quadriplegic, which makes it hard to use those devices that we all take for granted. The last time I was at his house, his brother said, "Hang on a second, Daniel's not ready. He's on the phone with a woman he met online." I'm like, "That's cool, how'd he do it?" Well, Daniel uses Siri to manage his own social life -- his email, text and phone -- without depending on his caregivers. This is kind of interesting, right? The irony here is great. Here's the man whose relationship with AI helps him have relationships with genuine human beings. And this is humanistic AI.
對我們大多數人而言, 受到這項技術的影響 是讓我們在使用東西上 變得比較容易。 但對我朋友丹尼爾而言, 卻是改變了他一生的人工智慧系統。 丹尼爾是個很愛社交的人, 他也是個四肢麻痺的盲人, 我們認為理所當然的裝置設備, 對他來說卻很難用。 上次我去他家,他哥哥說: 「等等,丹尼爾還沒準備好。 他正在和他線上認識的女生講電話。」 我說:「好酷,他怎麼辦到的?」 丹尼爾用 Siri 來管理 他自己的社交生活── 他的電子郵件、訊息、電話── 不用依賴他的照護者。 這挺有趣的,對吧? 這也相當諷刺。 這個人與人工智慧的關係 協助他與真正的人類建立了關係。 這就是人性化的人工智慧。
Another example with life-changing consequences is diagnosing cancer. When a doctor suspects cancer, they take a sample and send it to a pathologist, who looks at it under a microscope. Now, pathologists look at hundreds of slides and millions of cells every day. So to support this task, some researchers made an AI classifier. Now, the classifier says, "Is this cancer or is this not cancer?" looking at the pictures. The classifier was pretty good, but not as good as the person, who got it right most of the time.
還有一個可以 改變人生結果的例子, 也就是癌症診斷。 當醫生懷疑你有癌症時, 他們會先取樣交給病理學家, 病理學家再利用顯微鏡來看樣本。 病理學家每天要看數百片的載玻片 及數百萬個細胞。 所以為了支援這項工作, 有幾位研究人員做出了一種 人工智慧分類器。 現在,分類器已經會看著圖片說: 「這是不是癌症?」 分類器挺厲害的, 但沒有人類那麼厲害, 人類大部份都能判讀正確。
But when they combine the ability of the machine and the human together, accuracy went to 99.5 percent. Adding that AI to a partnership eliminated 85 percent of the errors that the human pathologist would have made working alone. That's a lot of cancer that would have otherwise gone untreated. Now, for the curious, it turns out that the human was better at rejecting false positives, and the machine was better at recognizing those hard-to-spot cases. But the lesson here isn't about which agent is better at this image-classification task. Those things are changing every day. The lesson here is that by combining the abilities of the human and machine, it created a partnership that had superhuman performance. And that is humanistic AI.
但,當機器與人類的能力 結合在一起時, 正確率可以達到 99.5%。 加上人工智慧的協作, 人類病理學家 能減少個人判斷時 85% 的錯誤。 這相當多啊,很多癌症患者, 當初就是因誤判而耽擱了治療。 人類因為好奇的原因,所以 比較擅長判斷錯誤的假陽性案例, 而機器比較擅長判斷 難以辨別的案例。 但我們學到的並不是 在比誰在圖像分類上比較厲害。 那些東西每天都會變。 這裡我們學到的是, 藉由結合人類與機器的能力, 其創造出的合作關係 會有超人般的表現。 而這就是人性化的人工智慧 。
Now let's look at another example with turbocharging performance. This is design. Now, let's say you're an engineer. You want to design a new frame for a drone. You get out your favorite software tools, CAD tools, and you enter the form and the materials, and then you analyze performance. That gives you one design. If you give those same tools to an AI, it can generate thousands of designs.
我們再舉個例子, 這方面的進步也是突飛猛進。 那就是「設計。」 假設你是個工程師, 你想要設計一個新的無人機骨架。 你拿出你最愛的 軟體工具,電腦繪圖輔助工具, 你輸入了外形和材料, 然後按下分析表現。 它只會跑出一種設計方案。 如果你把這些工具 拿給人工智慧使用, 它會幫你跑出數千種設計。
This video by Autodesk is amazing. This is real stuff. So this transforms how we do design. The human engineer now says what the design should achieve, and the machine says, "Here's the possibilities." Now in her job, the engineer's job is to pick the one that best meets the goals of the design, which she knows as a human better than anyone else, using human judgment and expertise. In this case, the winning form looks kind of like something nature would have designed, minus a few million years of evolution and all that unnecessary fur.
歐特克做的影片非常震撼。 這是真實案例。 這改變了我們設計的方式。 現在,人類工程師 只要說出想要達成的設計, 機器就會說: 「有這些可能性方案。」 現在,她的工作,工程師的工作, 就是選出一種最符合目標的設計, 這是她身為人類最擅長的, 用的就是人類的判斷和專業。 在這案例中,脫穎而出的設計 像是自然界設計出來的, 但這樣的設計, 不需要幾百萬年的演化 也不需有那些皮毛。
Now let's see where this idea of humanistic AI might lead us if we follow it into the speculative beyond. What's a kind of augmentation that we would all like to have? Well, how about cognitive enhancement? Instead of asking, "How smart can we make our machines?" let's ask "How smart can our machines make us?" I mean, take memory for example. Memory is the foundation of human intelligence. But human memory is famously flawed. We're great at telling stories, but not getting the details right. And our memories -- they decay over time. I mean, like, where did the '60s go, and can I go there, too?
我們現在來想想, 如果我們跟著人性化人工智慧走, 它會把我們帶到那些 意想不到的境界? 我們想要的強化,有哪些方面? 認知強化如何? 別再問: 「我們能把機器做到多聰明?」 我們要改問: 「我們的機器能把我們變多聰明?」 我的意思是,例如「記憶力。」 記憶是人類智慧的基礎。 但人類的記憶力是出名的差。 我們很會說故事, 但無法把細節說正確。 我們的記憶力會隨時間衰退。 就像六十年代去哪了? 我也能去那兒嗎?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
But what if you could have a memory that was as good as computer memory, and was about your life? What if you could remember every person you ever met, how to pronounce their name, their family details, their favorite sports, the last conversation you had with them? If you had this memory all your life, you could have the AI look at all the interactions you had with people over time and help you reflect on the long arc of your relationships. What if you could have the AI read everything you've ever read and listen to every song you've ever heard? From the tiniest clue, it could help you retrieve anything you've ever seen or heard before. Imagine what that would do for the ability to make new connections and form new ideas.
但如果你能擁有和電腦 一樣好的記憶力, 而且這些記憶與你的人生有關, 那會如何呢? 如果你能記得你見過的每一個人、 叫得出每一個人的名字、 家庭狀況的細節、他們最愛的運動、 你和他們上次的對話,那會如何呢? 如果你一生都有這樣的記憶, 你就可以要求人工智慧 去看看你過去 與人們的所有互動, 並協助你反思你的人際關係弧線。 如果我們能讓人工智慧去閱讀 所有你閱讀過的東西、 去聽你聽過的每首歌,會如何呢? 從最微小的線索,它就能協助你找回 你以前看過或聽過的任何東西。 想像一樣,那對於 建立新連結以及產生新點子的 能力會有什麼影響。
And what about our bodies? What if we could remember the consequences of every food we eat, every pill we take, every all-nighter we pull? We could do our own science on our own data about what makes us feel good and stay healthy. And imagine how this could revolutionize the way we manage allergies and chronic disease.
那麼,我們的身體呢? 如果我們能記得 我們吃過的每樣食物、 每顆藥物、 記得每次熬夜 K 書的內容, 那會如何? 我們可以用自己的資料 來做自己的科學, 找出什麼會讓我們 感覺很好並保持健康。 想像一下,這會為我們管理 過敏及慢性病帶來怎樣的革命。
I believe that AI will make personal memory enhancement a reality. I can't say when or what form factors are involved, but I think it's inevitable, because the very things that make AI successful today -- the availability of comprehensive data and the ability for machines to make sense of that data -- can be applied to the data of our lives. And those data are here today, available for all of us, because we lead digitally mediated lives, in mobile and online.
我相信,人工智慧能夠 實現個人記憶的強化。 我不知道何時或需要那些機緣, 但我認為它是一定會到來的, 因為人工智慧在現今 能夠成功的原因, 就是這些綜合性資料的可取得性, 以及機器能從這些資料中 理解出意義的能力, 能為我們生活上的資料所用。 我們現今就已經能夠 取得那些資料了, 因為我們可以直接 用手機或上網的方式, 將我們的生活與數位科技做連結。
In my view, a personal memory is a private memory. We get to choose what is and is not recalled and retained. It's absolutely essential that this be kept very secure.
依我所見,個人的記憶 是私人的記憶。 我們可以選擇要或不要, 回憶或保留哪些記憶。 保持資料的安全絕對是有必要的。
Now for most of us, the impact of augmented personal memory will be a more improved mental gain, maybe, hopefully, a bit more social grace. But for the millions who suffer from Alzheimer's and dementia, the difference that augmented memory could make is a difference between a life of isolation and a life of dignity and connection.
對大部份人來說, 增強個人記憶希望產生的影響會是: 可以獲得心智上的成長 或是希望可以有更高雅的社交能力。 但對於數百萬受阿茲海默症 及癡呆症所苦的人而言, 增加記憶能造成的改變, 就是讓那孤獨的人生, 變成有尊嚴及連結的人生。
We are in the middle of a renaissance in artificial intelligence right now. I mean, in just the past few years, we're beginning to see solutions to AI problems that we have struggled with literally for decades: speech understanding, text understanding, image understanding. We have a choice in how we use this powerful technology. We can choose to use AI to automate and compete with us, or we can use AI to augment and collaborate with us, to overcome our cognitive limitations and to help us do what we want to do, only better. And as we discover new ways to give machines intelligence, we can distribute that intelligence to all of the AI assistants in the world, and therefore to every person, regardless of circumstance. And that is why, every time a machine gets smarter, we get smarter.
我們現在正在人工智慧的 文藝復興時期當中, 僅僅在過去幾年, 我們就開始看到 人工智慧問題的解決方法, 這在過去數十年來, 一直是無法解決的問題,像是: 口語理解、文字理解、 圖像理解。 我們可以選擇要 如何使用這強大的技術。 我們可以選擇用人工智慧 來做自動化並與我們競爭、 或我們可以選擇用人工智慧 來做增強化並與我們合作, 來克服我們的認知限制, 並協助我們去做我們想要做的事, 而且做得更好。 隨著我們發掘出新的方式 來將智慧賦予機器, 我們可以把那智慧移轉到 全世界所有的人工智慧助理身上, 且不論如何,都要確保 每個人都能因此受惠。 那就是為什麼 每次當機器變更聰明, 我們也會變更聰明。
That is an AI worth spreading.
而這就是人工智慧值得推廣的原因。
Thank you.
謝謝大家。
(Applause)
(掌聲)