I love video games. I'm also slightly in awe of them. I'm in awe of their power in terms of imagination, in terms of technology, in terms of concept. But I think, above all, I'm in awe at their power to motivate, to compel us, to transfix us, like really nothing else we've ever invented has quite done before. And I think that we can learn some pretty amazing things by looking at how we do this. And in particular, I think we can learn things about learning. Now the video games industry is far and away the fastest growing of all modern media. From about 10 billion in 1990, it's worth 50 billion dollars globally today, and it shows no sign of slowing down. In four years' time, it's estimated it'll be worth over 80 billion dollars. That's about three times the recorded music industry. This is pretty stunning, but I don't think it's the most telling statistic of all. The thing that really amazes me is that, today, people spend about eight billion real dollars a year buying virtual items that only exist inside video games. This is a screenshot from the virtual game world, Entropia Universe. Earlier this year, a virtual asteroid in it sold for 330,000 real dollars. And this is a Titan class ship in the space game, EVE Online. And this virtual object takes 200 real people about 56 days of real time to build, plus countless thousands of hours of effort before that. And yet, many of these get built. At the other end of the scale, the game Farmville that you may well have heard of, has 70 million players around the world and most of these players are playing it almost every day.
Obožavam video igre. Gajim i neko strahopoštovanje prema njima. Strahopoštovanje naspram moći u vidu mašte, u vidu tehnologije, u vidu koncepta. Ali mislim, iznad svega, strahopoštovanje naspram njihove moći za motivaciju, za prisiliti nas, za paralizirati nas, poput ničega drugoga što smo osmislili do sada. I mislim kako možemo naučiti neke prilično nevjerojatne stvari gledajući nas kako to radimo. A posebno, mislim da možemo naučiti neke stvari o učenju. Sada, industrija video igara je daleko najbrže rastuća od svih modernih medija. Od otprilike 10 milijardi u 1990., danas globalno vrijedi 50 milijardi dolara, i ne pokazuje nikakve znakove usporavanja. U roku od četiri godine, procjena je da će vrijediti preko 80 milijardi dolara. To je otprilike tri puta više od muzičke industrije. To je prilično iznenađujuče, ali ne mislim kako je to podatak koji ostavlja najsnažniji utisak. Stvar koja me stvarno zapanjuje je da, danas, ljudi potroše oko osam milijardi stvarnih dolara godišnje kupujući virtualne artikle koji samo postoje u video igricama. Ovo je snimka iz virtualnog svijeta igrice "Entropia Universe". Ranije ove godine, virtualni asteroid u njoj prodan je za stvarnih 330,000 dolara. I ovo je Titan klasa broda u svemirskoj igrici, "EVE Online". I taj virtualni objekt uzme 200 stvarnih ljudi oko 56 dana stvarnog vremena da ga sagrade, plus bezbrojne tisuće sati napora prije toga. I opet, mnogi od ovih se sagrade. S druge strane, igricu "Farmville", za koju ste možda čuli, igra 70 milijuna igrača širom svijeta, i većina tih igrača se igra gotovo svaki dan.
This may all sound really quite alarming to some people, an index of something worrying or wrong in society. But we're here for the good news, and the good news is that I think we can explore why this very real human effort, this very intense generation of value, is occurring. And by answering that question, I think we can take something extremely powerful away. And I think the most interesting way to think about how all this is going on is in terms of rewards. And specifically, it's in terms of the very intense emotional rewards that playing games offers to people both individually and collectively. Now if we look at what's going on in someone's head when they are being engaged, two quite different processes are occurring. On the one hand, there's the wanting processes. This is a bit like ambition and drive -- I'm going to do that. I'm going to work hard. On the other hand, there's the liking processes, fun and affection and delight and an enormous flying beast with an orc on the back. It's a really great image. It's pretty cool. It's from the game World of Warcraft with more than 10 million players globally, one of whom is me, another of whom is my wife. And this kind of a world, this vast flying beast you can ride around, shows why games are so very good at doing both the wanting and the liking. Because it's very powerful. It's pretty awesome. It gives you great powers. Your ambition is satisfied, but it's very beautiful. It's a very great pleasure to fly around. And so these combine to form a very intense emotional engagement.
Sve to možda zvuči stvarno prilično alarmantno nekim ljudima, kao pokazatelj nečeg zabrinjavajućeg ili krivog u društvu. Ali ovdje smo zbog dobrih vijesti, a dobre vijesti su da mislim kako možemo istraživati zašto taj jako stvaran ljudski napor, zašto se ta jako intenzivna generacija vrijednosti pojavljuje. I odgovarajući na to pitanje, mislim kako možemo uzeti nešto stvarno moćno. I mislim kako je najinteresantniji način za razmišljanje o tome kako se sve to odvija, jest u smislu nagrada. I specifično, to je u smislu vrlo intenzivnih emocionalnih nagrada koje igranje igrica nudi ljudima, kako individualno, tako i kolektivno. Ako pogledamo što se događa u nečijoj glavi kada su uključeni, vidimo kako se pojavljuju dva različita procesa. S jedne strane, to je proces želje. To je djelomično nalik ambiciji i motivaciji -- učiniti ću to. Raditi ću naporno. S druge strane, to je proces sviđanja, zabave i privrženosti te ushićenja -- i ogromnu leteću zvijer s orkom na leđima. Ovo je stvarno sjajna slika. Prilično dobra. Ovo je iz igrice "World of Warcraft" koja ima više od 10 milijuna igrača globalno, jedan od kojih sam i ja, drugi je moja žena. I ta vrsta svijeta, ta ogromna leteća zvijer koju možete jahati okolo pokazuje zašto su igrice toliko dobre za dobivanje oba osjećaja, željenja i sviđanja. Jer su jako moćne. Prilično su impresivne. Daju vam veliku moć. Vaša ambicija je zadovoljena, a jako je lijepo. Ugodno je letjeti okolo. I sve to formira jako intenzivnu emocionalnu povezanost.
But this isn't the really interesting stuff. The really interesting stuff about virtuality is what you can measure with it. Because what you can measure in virtuality is everything. Every single thing that every single person who's ever played in a game has ever done can be measured. The biggest games in the world today are measuring more than one billion points of data about their players, about what everybody does -- far more detail than you'd ever get from any website. And this allows something very special to happen in games. It's something called the reward schedule. And by this, I mean looking at what millions upon millions of people have done and carefully calibrating the rate, the nature, the type, the intensity of rewards in games to keep them engaged over staggering amounts of time and effort. Now, to try and explain this in sort of real terms, I want to talk about a kind of task that might fall to you in so many games. Go and get a certain amount of a certain little game-y item. Let's say, for the sake of argument, my mission is to get 15 pies and I can get 15 pies by killing these cute, little monsters. Simple game quest. Now you can think about this, if you like, as a problem about boxes. I've got to keep opening boxes. I don't know what's inside them until I open them. And I go around opening box after box until I've got 15 pies. Now, if you take a game like Warcraft, you can think about it, if you like, as a great box-opening effort. The game's just trying to get people to open about a million boxes, getting better and better stuff in them.
Ali to nije stvarno toliko interesantno. Stvarno interesantno o virtualnosti jest što možete mjeriti s njom. Jer ono što možete mjeriti u virtualnom svijetu jest sve. Svaka pojedina stvar koju je svaka pojedina osoba koja je ikada igrala igricu napravila, može se mjeriti. Najveće igre u svijetu danas mjere više od milijarde pojedinačnih podataka o svojim igračima, o tome što bilo tko napravi -- puno više detalja od onoga što ćete dobiti s bilo koje web stranice. I to omogućava nešto stvarno posebno da se dogodi u igricama. To je nešto što se naziva rasporedom nagrada. Pod ovim, mislim na praćenje onoga što milijuni i milijuni ljudi rade i pažljivog kalibriranja mjere, prirode, tipa, intenziteta nagrada u igricama kako biste ih držali uključenima iznad zapanjujuće količine vremena i napora. Sada ću pokušati objasniti to u realnim pojmovima, želim govoriti o vrsti zadatka koji možete dobiti u velikom broju igrica. Idite i prikupite određenu količinu određenih malih igračih predmeta. Recimo, zbog ove priče, moja misija je da uzmem 15 pita, i mogu uzeti 15 pita ubijajući ova slatka, mala čudovišta. Jednostavan igrački pohod. Sada o tome možete razmišljati, ako želimo, kao o problemu kutija. Moram otvarati kutije, jer ne znam što se krije u njima, dok ih ne otvorim. I idem okolo otvarajući kutiju za kutijom, dok ne skupim 15 pita. Ako uzmete igru poput "Warcraft-a", možete o njoj razmišljati, ako želite, kao o velikom poduhvatu otvaranja kutija. Igra jednostavno od ljudi traži da otvore oko milijun kutija, kako bi iz njih dobili sve bolje stvari.
This sounds immensely boring but games are able to make this process incredibly compelling. And the way they do this is through a combination of probability and data. Let's think about probability. If we want to engage someone in the process of opening boxes to try and find pies, we want to make sure it's neither too easy, nor too difficult, to find a pie. So what do you do? Well, you look at a million people -- no, 100 million people, 100 million box openers -- and you work out, if you make the pie rate about 25 percent -- that's neither too frustrating, nor too easy. It keeps people engaged. But of course, that's not all you do -- there's 15 pies. Now, I could make a game called Piecraft, where all you had to do was get a million pies or a thousand pies. That would be very boring. Fifteen is a pretty optimal number. You find that -- you know, between five and 20 is about the right number for keeping people going. But we don't just have pies in the boxes. There's 100 percent up here. And what we do is make sure that every time a box is opened, there's something in it, some little reward that keeps people progressing and engaged. In most adventure games, it's a little bit in-game currency, a little bit experience. But we don't just do that either.
To zvuči nevjerojatno dosadno, ali igrice su sposobne napraviti taj proces nevjerojatno neodoljivim. I način na koji to rade jest kombinacijom vjerojatnosti i podataka. Razmislimo o vjerojatnosti. Ako želimo nekoga uključiti u proces otvaranja kutija kako bi pronašli pite. Želimo biti sigurni kako nije niti lagano, niti previše teško, pronaći pite. Što onda radimo? Pratite milijun ljudi -- ne, 100 milijuna ljudi, 100 milijuna otvarača kutija -- i izradite, ako podesite pokazatelje za pite na 25 posto -- to nije niti previše frustrirajuće, niti previše lagano; to čini ljude uključenima -- ali naravno, to nije sve što radite -- tu je 15 pita. mogao bih napraviti igricu "Piecraft", gdje sve što trebate napraviti jest uzeti milijun pita, ili tisuću pita. To bi bilo prilično dosadno. 15 pita je prilično optimalan broj. Nalazi se -- znate, između 5 i 20, to je otprilike pravi broj koji će uključiti ljude. Ali mi nemamo samo pite u kutijama. Tu je gore 100 posto. Mi osiguramo da se svaki puta kada se kutija otvori, nešto je unutra, neka mala nagrada, zbog koje ljudi napreduju i ostaju uključeni. U većini avanturističkih igara, to je pomalo poput neke igračke valute, malog iskustva, ali ne radimo samo to.
We also say there's going to be loads of other items of varying qualities and levels of excitement. There's going to be a 10 percent chance you get a pretty good item. There's going to be a 0.1 percent chance you get an absolutely awesome item. And each of these rewards is carefully calibrated to the item. And also, we say, "Well, how many monsters? Should I have the entire world full of a billion monsters?" No, we want one or two monsters on the screen at any one time. So I'm drawn on. It's not too easy, not too difficult. So all this is very powerful. But we're in virtuality. These aren't real boxes. So we can do some rather amazing things. We notice, looking at all these people opening boxes, that when people get to about 13 out of 15 pies, their perception shifts, they start to get a bit bored, a bit testy. They're not rational about probability. They think this game is unfair. It's not giving me my last two pies. I'm going to give up. If they're real boxes, there's not much we can do, but in a game we can just say, "Right, well. When you get to 13 pies, you've got 75 percent chance of getting a pie now." Keep you engaged. Look at what people do -- adjust the world to match their expectation. Our games don't always do this. And one thing they certainly do at the moment is if you got a 0.1 percent awesome item, they make very sure another one doesn't appear for a certain length of time to keep the value, to keep it special.
Također kažemo da će biti još gomila drugih predmeta različite kvalitete i razina uzbuđenja. Postoji 10 posto šanse da ćete dobiti neki dobar predmet. Biti će 0,1 posto šanse da dobijete apsolutno sjajan predmet. I svaka od tih nagrada je pažljivo kalibrirana za neki predmet. I još, kažemo, "Koliko čudovišta? Trebam li imati cijeli svijet zatrpan milijardom čudovišta?" Ne, mi hoćemo jedno ili dva čudovišta na ekranu u svakom trenutku. To me privlači. Nije previše lagano, nije previše teško. Sve je to jako snažno. Ali mi se nalazimo u virtualnom svijetu; te kutije nisu stvarne. Dakle možemo učiniti neke prilično nevjerojatne stvari. Primjećujemo, gledajući sve te ljude koji otvaraju kutije, da kada ljudi uzmu 13 od 15 pita, njihova se percepcija promijeni, postaje im pomalo dosadno, pomalo su razdražljivi. Nisu racionalni oko vjerojatnosti. Misle kako je igrica nepoštena. Ne daje mi moje zadnje dvije pite. Odustati ću. Kada bi to bile stvarne kutije, nebismo puno toga mogli napraviti, ali u igrici jednostavno kažemo, "Dobro, u redu." Kada imate 13 pita, imate 75% vjerojatnost da ćete sada osvojiti pitu. To vas drži uključenima. Pogledajte što ljudi naprave -- prilagode svijet da se poklapa s njihovim očekivanjima. Naše igrice ne rade uvijek to. A jedna stvar koju zasigurno mogu učiniti u trenutku je, ako imate 0,1 posto impresivnih stvari, osiguraju se da se slijedeća ne pojavi unutar određenog vremena kako bi zadržali vrijednost, kako bi i dalje bila posebna.
And the point is really that we evolved to be satisfied by the world in particular ways. Over tens and hundreds of thousands of years, we evolved to find certain things stimulating, and as very intelligent, civilized beings, we're enormously stimulated by problem solving and learning. But now, we can reverse engineer that and build worlds that expressly tick our evolutionary boxes. So what does all this mean in practice? Well, I've come up with seven things that, I think, show how you can take these lessons from games and use them outside of games. The first one is very simple: experience bars measuring progress -- something that's been talked about brilliantly by people like Jesse Schell earlier this year. It's already been done at the University of Indiana in the States, among other places. It's the simple idea that instead of grading people incrementally in little bits and pieces, you give them one profile character avatar which is constantly progressing in tiny, tiny, tiny little increments which they feel are their own. And everything comes towards that, and they watch it creeping up, and they own that as it goes along.
A stvar je u biti da smo evolvirali kako bi bili zadovoljni sa svijetom na posebne načine. Kroz desetke i stotine tisuća godina, mi smo evoluirali tako da nas određene stvari stimuliraju, i kao inteligentna, civilizirana bića, mi smo nevjerojatno potaknuti rješavanjem problema i učenjem. Ali sada, možemo okrenuti proces tako da mi gradimo svijetove koji će brzo utjecati na naše evolutivne kutije. Dakle, što sve to znači u praksi? Dobro, došao sam do sedam stvari koje, mislim, pokazuju kako bi mogli naučiti te lekcije iz igrica i upotrijebiti ih izvan njih. Prva je prilično jednostavna: indikator iskustva koji mjeri napredak -- nešto o čemu sjajno pričaju ljudi poput Jesse Schell-a ranije ove godine. Već je primjenjuju na državnom Sveučilištu Indiane, između ostalih mjesta. To je jednostavna ideja, umjesto da ljude ocjenjujemo postepeno kroz male dijelove, date im određeni profil avatara koji stalno napreduje u sićušnim, sićušnim dijelovima, za koje osjećaju da su njihovi. I sve ide u tom pravcu da, oni gledaju kako napreduju, i oni to posjeduju kroz taj napredak.
Second, multiple long and short-term aims -- 5,000 pies, boring, 15 pies, interesting. So, you give people lots and lots of different tasks. You say, it's about doing 10 of these questions, but another task is turning up to 20 classes on time, but another task is collaborating with other people, another task is showing you're working five times, another task is hitting this particular target. You break things down into these calibrated slices that people can choose and do in parallel to keep them engaged and that you can use to point them towards individually beneficial activities.
Drugo, mnoštvo kratkoročnih i dugoročnih ciljeva -- 5.000 pita, dosadno, 15 pita, zanimljivo. Dakle, dajete ljudima puno različitih zadataka. Kažete, zadatak je napraviti 10 ovih pitanja, slijedeći zadatak je da se pojavite na 20 satova na vrijeme, slijedeći zadatak je kolaboracija s drugim ljudima, naredni zadatak je pokazati svoj rad pet puta, slijedeći zadatak je pogoditi tu specifičnu metu. Razbijete stvari na te kalibrirane dijelove koje ljudi biraju i paralelno rade kako biste ih držali uključenima a koje vi možete iskoristiti da ih navedete prema individualno korisnim aktivnostima.
Third, you reward effort. It's your 100 percent factor. Games are brilliant at this. Every time you do something, you get credit; you get a credit for trying. You don't punish failure. You reward every little bit of effort -- a little bit of gold, a little bit of credit. You've done 20 questions -- tick. It all feeds in as minute reinforcement.
Treće, nagrađujete napor. To je vaš čimbenik 100 posto. Igre su sjajne za to. Svaki puta kada nešto učinite, dobijete nagradu za pokušaj. Ne kažnjavate pogreške; nagrađujete svaki mali napor -- malo vašeg zlata, malo vaših nagrada -- napravili ste 20 pitanja -- tik. Sve to funkcionira kao trenutno osnaživanje.
Fourth, feedback. This is absolutely crucial, and virtuality is dazzling at delivering this. If you look at some of the most intractable problems in the world today that we've been hearing amazing things about, it's very, very hard for people to learn if they cannot link consequences to actions. Pollution, global warming, these things -- the consequences are distant in time and space. It's very hard to learn, to feel a lesson. But if you can model things for people, if you can give things to people that they can manipulate and play with and where the feedback comes, then they can learn a lesson, they can see, they can move on, they can understand.
Četvrto, povratna informacija. To je apsolutno krucijalno, a virtualni svijet je sjajan u isporuci toga. Ako pogledate na neke od najtežih problema u svijetu danas o kojima čujemo nevjerojatne stvari, jako, jako je teško ljudima učiti ako ne mogu povezati posljedice i aktivnosti. Zagađivanje, globalno zatopljavanje, te stvari, imaju posljedice koje su udaljene u vremenu i prostoru. Jako je teško učiti i osjećati lekciju, ali ako možete modelirati stvari za ljude, ako možete dati stvari ljudima s kojima oni mogu manipulirati i igrati se te da dobiju povratnu informaciju, oni će naučiti lekciju, mogu je vidjeti, mogu napredovati, mogu razumijeti.
And fifth, the element of uncertainty. Now this is the neurological goldmine, if you like, because a known reward excites people, but what really gets them going is the uncertain reward, the reward pitched at the right level of uncertainty, that they didn't quite know whether they were going to get it or not. The 25 percent. This lights the brain up. And if you think about using this in testing, in just introducing control elements of randomness in all forms of testing and training, you can transform the levels of people's engagement by tapping into this very powerful evolutionary mechanism. When we don't quite predict something perfectly, we get really excited about it. We just want to go back and find out more.
I peto, element nesigurnosti. To je neurološki rudnik zlata, ako želite, jer poznate nagrade uzbuđuju ljude, ali ono što ih stvarno tjera na napredak jest nesigurnost nagrada, nagrade koje su javljaju na određenoj razini nesigurnosti, za koje nisu sa sigurnošću znali hoće li ih dobiti ili ne. 25%. To stimulira mozak. I ako razmislite o korištenju ovoga u ispitivanju, o tome da jednostavno uvedete kontrolirane elemente slučajnosti u sve oblike testiranja i treninga, onda možete transformirati razine uključenosti ljudi u taj vrlo moćni evolutivni mehanizam. Koji kada ne predvidimo nešto savršeno, shvaća kako se oko toga jako uzbudimo. Jednostavno se želimo vratiti i saznati više.
As you probably know, the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine. It's associated with reward-seeking behavior. And something very exciting is just beginning to happen in places like the University of Bristol in the U.K., where we are beginning to be able to model mathematically dopamine levels in the brain. And what this means is we can predict learning, we can predict enhanced engagement, these windows, these windows of time, in which the learning is taking place at an enhanced level. And two things really flow from this. The first has to do with memory, that we can find these moments. When someone is more likely to remember, we can give them a nugget in a window. And the second thing is confidence, that we can see how game-playing and reward structures make people braver, make them more willing to take risks, more willing to take on difficulty, harder to discourage. This can all seem very sinister. But you know, sort of "our brains have been manipulated; we're all addicts." The word "addiction" is thrown around. There are real concerns there. But the biggest neurological turn-on for people is other people. This is what really excites us. In reward terms, it's not money; it's not being given cash -- that's nice -- it's doing stuff with our peers, watching us, collaborating with us.
Kao što vjerojatno znate, neurotransmiter povezan s učenjem se zove dopamin. On je povezan s ponašanjem traženja nagrada. I nešto jako uzbudljivo se počinje događati na mjestima poput Sveučilišta u Bristolu u Velikoj Britaniji, gdje započinjemo biti u mogućnosti da matematički modeliramo razine dopamina u mozgu. A to znači da možemo predvidjeti učenje, možemo predvidjeti pojačano angažiranje, te periode, te vremenske periode, u kojima se učenje događa na višoj razini. I dvije stvari slijede iz ovoga. Prva ima veze s pamćenjem, koje možemo pronaći u tim trenucima. Kada postoji veća mogućnost da će netko nešto zapamtiti, možemo im dati nagradu u tim trenucima. A druga stvar je smjelost, koju vidimo kako igranje igrica i strukture nagrada čine ljude hrabrijima, čine ljude spremnijima da preuzmu rizik, spremnijima da preuzmu težinu, težima za obeshrabrenje. To se sve može činiti jako zlokobnim. Znate, na neki način "Našim mozgovima se manipulira, svi smo mi ovisnici." Riječ ovisnost se koristi. To su legitimne brige. Ali najveće neurološko uzbuđenje za ljude su drugi ljudi. To je ono što nas stvarno potiče. U smislu nagrada, to nije novac, to nije dobivanje gotovine -- to je lijepo -- to je rad na stvarima s našim kolegama, kada nas promatraju, kada surađujemo.
And I want to tell you a quick story about 1999 -- a video game called EverQuest. And in this video game, there were two really big dragons, and you had to team up to kill them -- 42 people, up to 42 to kill these big dragons. That's a problem because they dropped two or three decent items. So players addressed this problem by spontaneously coming up with a system to motivate each other, fairly and transparently. What happened was, they paid each other a virtual currency they called "dragon kill points." And every time you turned up to go on a mission, you got paid in dragon kill points. They tracked these on a separate website. So they tracked their own private currency, and then players could bid afterwards for cool items they wanted -- all organized by the players themselves. Now the staggering system, not just that this worked in EverQuest, but that today, a decade on, every single video game in the world with this kind of task uses a version of this system -- tens of millions of people. And the success rate is at close to 100 percent. This is a player-developed, self-enforcing, voluntary currency, and it's incredibly sophisticated player behavior.
I reči ću vam kratku priču o 1999. -- video igrica koja se zvala "Everquest". I u toj video igrici, postoje dva stvarno velika zmaja, i morate se udružiti kako biste ih ubili -- 42 ljudi -- do 42 kako bi se ubili ti zmajevi. To je problem, jer su oni za sobom ostavljali dva ili tri dobra predmeta. Tako su igrači pristupili ovom problemu tako da su spontano složili sustav međusobne motivacije, pošten i transparentan. Ono što se dogodilo jest, da su jedini drugima plaćali virtualnom valutom koju su nazivali bodovi za ubijanje zmaja. I svaki puta kada se pojavite za odlazak u misiju, plaća vam se u bodovima za ubijanje zmaja. To su pratili na zasebnoj web stranici. Tako su pratili svoju vlastitu valutu, i onda su se igrači poslije mogli nadmetati za stvari koje su željeli -- sve organizirano od strane igrača. Ovaj zadivljujući sustav nije funkcionirao samo u ovoj igrici, već danas, desetljeće kasnije, svaka video igrica koja ima sličan zadatak koristi verziju tog sustava -- deseci milijuna ljudi. A stopa uspješnosti je blizu 100 posto. To je razvijena od strane igrača, samo-potaknuta, dobrovoljna valuta, i to nevjerojatno sofisticirano ponašanje igrača.
And I just want to end by suggesting a few ways in which these principles could fan out into the world. Let's start with business. I mean, we're beginning to see some of the big problems around something like business are recycling and energy conservation. We're beginning to see the emergence of wonderful technologies like real-time energy meters. And I just look at this, and I think, yes, we could take that so much further by allowing people to set targets by setting calibrated targets, by using elements of uncertainty, by using these multiple targets, by using a grand, underlying reward and incentive system, by setting people up to collaborate in terms of groups, in terms of streets to collaborate and compete, to use these very sophisticated group and motivational mechanics we see. In terms of education, perhaps most obviously of all, we can transform how we engage people. We can offer people the grand continuity of experience and personal investment. We can break things down into highly calibrated small tasks. We can use calculated randomness. We can reward effort consistently as everything fields together. And we can use the kind of group behaviors that we see evolving when people are at play together, these really quite unprecedentedly complex cooperative mechanisms. Government, well, one thing that comes to mind is the U.S. government, among others, is literally starting to pay people to lose weight. So we're seeing financial reward being used to tackle the great issue of obesity. But again, those rewards could be calibrated so precisely if we were able to use the vast expertise of gaming systems to just jack up that appeal, to take the data, to take the observations, of millions of human hours and plow that feedback into increasing engagement.
I želio bih završiti sugestijom nekoliko načina putem kojih se ovi principi mogu proširiti svijetom. Započeti ću s poslovnim svijetom. Mislim, počinjemo uviđati neke velike probleme oko poslovnog svijeta, recikliranje i sačuvanje energije. Počinjemo vidjeti nastajanje prekrasnih tehnologija poput energometara u realnom vremenu. I samo gledam u to, i mislim, da, mogli bismo to pomaknuti dalje dozvoljavajući ljudima da si postave ciljeve postavljajući kalibrirane ciljeve, koristeći elemente nesigurnosti, koristeći mnogobrojne mete, koristeći snažan, suptilni sustav implicitnih nagrada i motivacije, potičući ljude na suradnju u smislu grupa, u smislu da ulice međusobno surađuju i takmiče se, da koriste ove jako profinjene grupe i motivacijske mehanizme koje vidite. U smislu edukacije, možda najočitije od svega, možemo transformirati na koji način se ljudi uključuju. Možemo ponuditi ljudima veliki kontinuitet iskustava i osobnih investicija. Možemo razbiti stvari na jako dobro odmjerene male zadatke. Možemo koristiti proračunatu slučajnost. Možemo nagrađivati napor konzistentno dok se stvari zajedno preklapaju. I možemo koristiti vrstu grupnog ponašanja koja nastaje kada se ljudi zajedno igraju, te stvarno nepredvidive kompleksne mehanizme suradnje. Vlada, jedna stvar koja mi pada na pamet je da američka vlada, poput drugih, doslovno plaća ljudima da izgube na težini. Kažem da se koriste financijske nagrade kako bi se napao veliki problem pretilosti. Ali opet, te nagrade bi se mogle tako dobro kalibrirati kada bismo bili sposobni koristiti veliku stručnost igračkih sustava za pokretanje samo, prikupljanje podataka, prikupljanje promatranja, milijuna ljudskih sati kako bismo utkali tu povratnu informaciju u povećanu uključenost.
And in the end, it's this word, "engagement," that I want to leave you with. It's about how individual engagement can be transformed by the psychological and the neurological lessons we can learn from watching people that are playing games. But it's also about collective engagement and about the unprecedented laboratory for observing what makes people tick and work and play and engage on a grand scale in games. And if we can look at these things and learn from them and see how to turn them outwards, then I really think we have something quite revolutionary on our hands.
I na kraju, to je ta riječ, angažman, s kojom vas želim ostaviti. Radi se o tome kako se pojedinačni angažman može transformirati kroz psihološke i neurološke lekcije koje možemo naučiti promatrajući ljude dok se igraju. Ali radi se i o kolektivnoj uključenosti i jedinstvenom laboratoriju za promatranje onoga što čini ljude da se povežu i rade i igraju se i uključe u velikom broju u igrice. I ako možemo promatrati te stvari i učiti iz njih i vidjeti kako ih poslije pretvoriti, onda stvarno mislim da imamo nešto revolucionarno u svojim rukama.
Thank you very much.
Hvala vam puno.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)