So today, I would like to talk with you about bionics, which is the popular term for the science of replacing part of a living organism with a mechatronic device, or a robot. It is essentially the stuff of life meets machine. And specifically, I'd like to talk with you about how bionics is evolving for people with arm amputations.
今天,我想谈谈 仿生学 仿生学被广泛用来 描述用机械设备,或者机器人 来替代有机体组成部分的科学 实质上 它是生物和机器的交汇点 今天特别要说说的是 仿生学是怎样不断发展 来为手臂截肢病人服务的
This is our motivation. Arm amputation causes a huge disability. I mean, the functional impairment is clear. Our hands are amazing instruments. And when you lose one, far less both, it's a lot harder to do the things we physically need to do. There's also a huge emotional impact. And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients as with the physical disability. And finally, there's a profound social impact. We talk with our hands. We greet with our hands. And we interact with the physical world with our hands. And when they're missing, it's a barrier. Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma, with things like industrial accidents, motor vehicle collisions or, very poignantly, war. There are also some children who are born without arms, called congenital limb deficiency.
这是我们的动力 手臂截肢带来极大不便 功能受损是毋庸置疑的 我们的手是很奇妙的工具 当你失去一只手 日常生活 变得困难的多 另外感情上的伤害也很大 事实上,当我在诊所工作的时候 我花在抚慰病人情感的时间 几乎和治疗身体残疾一样多 最后,受部残疾还有很大的社会影响 我们用手势交谈 用手打招呼 我们通过手和世界交流 没有了手 这是个巨大障碍 手部截肢通常是因为外伤 比如工伤事故 汽车相撞 还有更揪心的 战争 有些孩子出生就没有胳膊 这叫先天性肢体缺失
Unfortunately, we don't do great with upper-limb prosthetics. There are two general types. They're called body-powered prostheses, which were invented just after the Civil War, refined in World War I and World War II. Here you see a patent for an arm in 1912. It's not a lot different than the one you see on my patient. They work by harnessing shoulder power. So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable. And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook or bend an elbow. And we still use them commonly, because they're very robust and relatively simple devices.
不幸的是 上肢假体的发展不大 这种假肢主要有两种 被称为自身力源假肢 这是美国南北战争之后不久发明的 在两次世界大战期间有所改进 这是1912年的 一个假臂的专利 这跟我的病人使用的 没有多大区别 通过肩部力量驱动 当你扯动肩膀时 就带动了一个自行车缆线 这个自行车缆线就能收放手掌或者是钩子 或者弯曲手肘 我们仍广泛应用这些 因为这些装置很有力 也相对简单
The state of the art is what we call myoelectric prostheses. These are motorized devices that are controlled by little electrical signals from your muscle. Every time you contract a muscle, it emits a little electricity that you can record with antennae or electrodes and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis. They work pretty well for people who have just lost their hand, because your hand muscles are still there. You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract. You open it, these muscles contract. So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.
目前最尖端的科技 是肌电假肢 这种机械装置 是通过 肌肉的微小电信号来控制 每当收缩肌肉的时候 它就发出微电流 可以通过天线或者电极接受 然后来控制机械臂 这个装置对 只是刚失去手的人来说十分好用 因为控制手的肌肉还在 握紧手 这里的肌肉就收缩 摊开手 这里的肌肉收缩 完全是通过直觉产生的 效果很不错
Well how about with higher levels of amputation? Now you've lost your arm above the elbow. You're missing not only these muscles, but your hand and your elbow too. What do you do? Well our patients have to use very code-y systems of using just their arm muscles to operate robotic limbs. We have robotic limbs. There are several available on the market, and here you see a few. They contain just a hand that will open and close, a wrist rotator and an elbow. There's no other functions. If they did, how would we tell them what to do?
但是如果是高度截肢呢? 一直截到手肘上方 失去的就不仅是这些肌肉 手和手肘都失去了 这该怎么办呢? 病人就得通过 非常精密的系统 用上臂肌肉 来控制机械臂 机械臂有很多种 这是市面上常见的几种 它包括一个可以收放的手 一个旋转手腕和一个肘部 没有其他功能了 那么怎样才能让手拥有原先的那些其他功能呢?
We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom. And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes, that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom including movable hands. But at the end of the day, how do we tell these robotic arms what to do? How do we control them? Well we need a neural interface, a way to connect to our nervous system or our thought processes so that it's intuitive, it's natural, like for you and I.
我们在芝加哥的康复中心做了我们自己的假肢 加入了几个手腕弯曲和肩膀关节 有了六个机械部分 或者说有了六个自由度了 我们有幸操作了美军资助的 一些先进假肢 有了这几个模型 我们得到了包括可活动手掌在内的 10个自由度 但是归根结底 怎么才能告诉这些机械手做什么呢? 怎么控制他们呢? 我们需要的是一个神经界面 一种能连接神经系统 或者说思维过程的途径 这样才能变得像本能一样自然 像你我一样
Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain, going down your spinal cord, out the nerves and to your periphery. And your sensation's the exact opposite. You touch yourself, there's a stimulus that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain. When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works. Those nerves can put out command signals. And if I tap the nerve ending on a World War II vet, he'll still feel his missing hand. So you might say, let's go to the brain and put something in the brain to record signals, or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there. And these are very exciting research areas, but it's really, really hard. You have to put in hundreds of microscopic wires to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers that put out tiny signals that are microvolts. And it's just too hard to use now and for my patients today.
身体是这样运作的:从大脑发出运动信号 信号通过脊椎 传给神经和边缘系统 而你的触觉的工作方式正好相反 触碰自己 就有一个刺激 通过与原先一样的神经反射回大脑 就算失去了手臂 神经系统还是可以工作的 那些神经可以输出命令信号 如果碰一个二战老兵的 神经末端 他仍然能感觉到失去的手 你也许会说 那就从大脑着手吧 弄个设备记录大脑信号 或者在边缘神经的末端用设备纪录 这些都是令人振奋的研究领域 但是非常非常艰难 你得用上百条 微观结构的线路 来记录非常细小的单个神经原- 这些纤维能输出 只有微伏的微小信号 现在想在病人身上实现这个 还无比困难
So we developed a different approach. We're using a biological amplifier to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles. Muscles will amplify the nerve signals about a thousand-fold, so that we can record them from on top of the skin, like you saw earlier. So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation. Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm, we still have four major nerves that go down your arm. And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle and let these nerves grow into it. Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts. You think, "Bend elbow," a different section contracts. And we can use electrodes or antennae to pick that up and tell the arm to move. That's the idea.
于是我们开发另外一条途径 我们用一个生物放大器 来放大神经信号-也就是肌肉 肌肉能把神经信号 放大约一千倍 这样我们就能在表皮检测到信号 就像你之前看到的 我们把这个方法称为定向神经移植术 试想一下 有人失去了整个手臂 但仍然还有 四条主神经 我们从胸肌取出这些神经 然后让其生长 你会想 “握手” 你胸肌的一小块就会收缩 你想“弯手肘” 另一个部分就收缩 我们能用电极或者天线 来接受信号然后让胳膊动起来 这就大体概念
So this is the first man that we tried it on. His name is Jesse Sullivan. He's just a saint of a man -- 54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire and had both of his arms burnt so badly they had to be amputated at the shoulder. Jesse came to us at the RIC to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them. I'm still using that old technology with a bicycle cable on his right side. And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches. On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis with those three joints, and he operates little pads in his shoulder that he touches to make the arm go. And Jesse's a good crane operator, and he did okay by our standards.
这是我们尝试的第一个对象 他叫杰西・苏利文 他是了不起的人- 54岁的线路工人 不小心拿错了线 双臂严重烧伤 从肩部以下全部切除 杰西来到芝加哥康复中心 与最先进的装备匹配 右边我仍然使用的 自行车缆线的旧技术 他用下巴那边的开关来控制关节移动 左边是一个现代机械假臂 有三个关节 通过肩膀上的小垫子♪ 他触碰垫子来控制胳膊 杰西能是个不错的吊车司机 按我们的标准他做得很不错了
He also required a revision surgery on his chest. And that gave us the opportunity to do targeted reinnervation. So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery. First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle, then we took the arm nerves and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest and closed him up. And after about three months, the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch. And after six months, the nerves grew in well, and you could see strong contractions. And this is what it looks like. This is what happens when Jesse thinks open and close his hand, or bend or straighten your elbow. You can see the movements on his chest, and those little hash marks are where we put our antennae, or electrodes. And I challenge anybody in the room to make their chest go like this. His brain is thinking about his arm. He has not learned how to do this with the chest. There is not a learning process. That's why it's intuitive.
他也要求在胸肌上实行修正手术 这给了我们一个机会 来实行定向神经移植术 我的同事格雷格・杜马尼安做了这个手术 首先取出连接到他自身肌肉的神经 然后把胳膊神经 放入胸腔里 然后缝合上 三个月后 神经开始生长 肌肉能抽动了 六个月后 神经长得很好了 可以看到很强烈的收缩 就是这样的 杰西要收放手掌的话 或者弯曲手肘的话 就会是这样 可以看到他胸肌的运动 皮肤上的标记 指的是我们放天线或者电极的地方 我想让诸位挑战一下 看看是否有人能这么做 他的大脑想的是手臂 没有学过怎么控制胸肌 这不是学习过程 所以完全是本能的
So here's Jesse in our first little test with him. On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis, and he's using those switches to move little blocks from one box to the other. He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it. On the right side, two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis -- which, by the way, is the same physical arm, just programmed a little different -- you can see that he's much faster and much smoother as he moves these little blocks. And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.
下面是对杰西的第一个测试 左手边是他原来的假臂 他用开关来把 小物块从一个盒子移到另一个 他装上那个假臂已有20个月 使用相当熟练 在右边 是装了定向神经移植假臂后的两个月- 这是同一个胳膊 只是操控系统不一样了- 可以看出来他移动小块 可以更快更顺畅 这里我们只用到了3个信号
Then we had one of those little surprises in science. So we're all motivated to get motor commands to drive robotic arms. And after a few months, you touch Jesse on his chest, and he felt his missing hand. His hand sensation grew into his chest again probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat, so the skin was right down to the muscle and deinnervated, if you would, his skin. So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb; you touch it here, he feels his pinky. He feels light touch down to one gram of force. He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull, all in his missing hand, or both his hand and his chest, but he can attend to either. So this is really exciting for us, because now we have a portal, a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation, so that he might feel what he touches with his prosthetic hand. Imagine sensors in the hand coming up and pressing on this new hand skin. So it was very exciting.
下面就是科学小惊喜了 我们的初衷都是用运动指令 来指挥机械臂 几个月后 触碰杰西的胸部 他能感觉到失去的手 他的手部触觉渐渐在胸部恢复 也许是因为我们取下了不少脂肪 皮肤直接接触到肌肉 神经生长起来 如果你碰碰杰西这里 他惠感觉到手指 这里是小指 他可以感受到从轻轻触碰 到大概一克重量的触碰 他能感受到热、冷、尖锐、钝 就如同他失去的手 或者是手和胸同时感受到的 但两者他都能注意到 这让我们很兴奋 因为现在我们有办法 有可能恢复触觉 这样他就通过假手 感觉物体 试想一下手上的感应器 只要按压新的手部皮肤 这挺令人兴奋
We've also gone on with what was initially our primary population of people with above-the-elbow amputations. And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up-down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal. This was one of our first patients, Chris. You see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use, and on the right, it is two months. He's about four or five times as fast with this simple little performance metric.
同时针对 我们本来的主要研究人群——截肢至手肘上部人群的 研究也进行着 我们进行神经培养 从很小的肌肉组织中切走神经 其它的不动 这样就有了指挥上下移动的信号 另外两个用于手的握紧张开信号 这是我们早期的病人中一位 克里斯 左边是他原先的装置 使用了八个月 右边是两个月的(新装置) 有了这个他的行动速度 大概快了四到五倍
All right. So one of the best parts of my job is working with really great patients who are also our research collaborators. And we're fortunate today to have Amanda Kitts come and join us. Please welcome Amanda Kitts.
好的 我工作最好的一部分 是与非常棒的病人合作 他们也是我们研究的合作者 今天有幸 请来阿曼达・奇兹 欢迎阿曼达・奇兹
(Applause)
(掌声)
So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?
阿曼达 能说说是怎么失去手臂的吗?
Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident. And I was driving home from work, and a truck was coming the opposite direction, came over into my lane, ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.
阿曼达・奇兹:好的。2006年的时候我出了场车祸 我下班开车回家 一辆卡车迎面而来 开进了我的车道 辗过我的车 车轴把我的胳膊扯了下来
Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up. And you've got one of these conventional arms. Can you tell us how it worked?
托德・库伊肯:好的。截肢以后你恢复了健康 装了一个传统假臂 能说说怎么使用的么?
AK: Well, it was a little difficult, because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep. So for the simple little things like picking something up, I would have to bend my elbow, and then I would have to cocontract to get it to change modes. When I did that, I had to use my bicep to get the hand to close, use my tricep to get it to open, cocontract again to get the elbow to work again.
AK:恩 有点困难 因为我能使用的只是二头肌和肱三头肌 所以如果我想拿起什么的话 就得弯曲手肘 然后收缩 来切换模式 我要这么做 就得用上二头肌 来握紧手 三头肌来打开手 然后共同收缩 来调动手肘
TK: So it was a little slow?
TK:所以这样有点慢是吧?
AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work. You had to concentrate a whole lot.
AK:有点慢,而且操作难。 很费神
TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery, took six more months to have all the reinnervation. Then we fit her with a prosthesis. And how did that work for you?
TK:那么九个月后 你实行了神经移植手术 然后又花了六个月来生长神经 然后我们为她装了一个假肢 这个效果如何呢?
AK: It works good. I was able to use my elbow and my hand simultaneously. I could work them just by my thoughts. So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.
AK:非常好 我可以同时运用 手肘和手了 直接用思维控制 这样我就不用集中精力去调动假肢
TK: A little faster?
TK:快了些是吧?
AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.
AK:快点了。而且方便,自然得多。
TK: Okay, this was my goal. For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody [be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way and at the same time. And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery, including over a dozen of our wounded warriors in the U.S. armed services. The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high. It's like 96 percent. Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle. And it provides intuitive control. Our functional testing, those little tests, all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier. And the most important thing is our patients have appreciated it.
TK:好的。这就是我的目标。 这20年间,我的目标就是让一些人 能自然地同时使用 手肘和手 目前在全世界有五十余人接受了这个手术 包括一些服役于美军 负过伤的战士 移植神经的成功率非常高 大约是96% 因为我们把大量的神经放到一小块肌肉上 并提供自然控制 我们进行的功能小测试里 假肢都表现得更加快速、灵便 最重要的是 我们的患者对此很满意
So that was all very exciting. But we want to do better. There's a lot of information in those nerve signals, and we wanted to get more. You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist. Can we get more out of it? So we did some experiments where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks -- from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm to reaching for something -- and recorded this data. And then we used some algorithms that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms, called pattern recognition. See.
所以这挺让人兴奋的 不过我们希望做得更好 神经的信号里有很多信息 我们想要更多的信息 能动手指,能动大拇指和手腕 能做到这些吗? 于是我们做了几个试验 可怜的病人被安上了无数的电极 然后我们让他们做了二十多种不同的任务- 从摆动手指到移动整个手臂 再到伸手够物体- 我们记录下数据 并用了类似于 语音识别算法的算法 我们称之模式识别 看了吧
(Laughter)
(笑声)
And here you can see, on Jesse's chest, when he just tried to do three different things, you can see three different patterns. But I can't put in an electrode and say, "Go there." So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick, came up with this algorithm control, which Amanda can now demonstrate.
这儿可以看到杰西的胸部 当做三件不同的任务时 可以看到3种不同的模式 但是我不能放进一个电极说 “往那儿” 所以我们找了纽宾士大学的同事合作 写出了算法控制 阿曼达现在可以展示一下
AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down. I have the wrist rotation that goes -- and it can go all the way around. And I have the wrist flexion and extension. And I also have the hand closed and open.
AK:我的手肘可以上下移动 手腕可以转动 它能360度转动 并且可以弯曲伸展 手掌也能收放
TK: Thank you, Amanda. Now this is a research arm, but it's made out of commercial components from here down and a few that I've borrowed from around the world. It's about seven pounds, which is probably about what my arm would weigh if I lost it right here. Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda. And in fact, it feels even heavier, because it's not glued on the same. She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.
TK:谢谢。 这是个还在研究中的手臂 但从这里往下是我从四处搜罗来的市面上的组件 做成的 大概有7磅重 要是我的胳膊从这儿断掉 差不多是这个重量 但是很显然这对阿曼达来说很重 事实上,感觉上会更重 因为连接的方式不一样 她是通过吊带来承重
So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics, but the control. So we've developed a small microcomputer that is blinking somewhere behind her back and is operating this all by the way she trains it to use her individual muscle signals. So Amanda, when you first started using this arm, how long did it take to use it?
所以机电一体化方面并不那么惊奇 而是控制上 我们开发了一个微型计算机 在她背上哪儿闪光 它能按照她调控的方式 来操作使用 她的单个肌肉信号 阿曼达,当你开始用这个假肢的时候 花了多久?
AK: It took just about probably three to four hours to get it to train. I had to hook it up to a computer, so I couldn't just train it anywhere. So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off. So now it's able to train with just this little piece on the back. I can wear it around. If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it. Takes about a minute.
AK:大概三四个小时 来调试 我得把它连到电脑上 不是随便哪里都能调试 所以如果不运转了我只能拿下来 现在背上这个小件 就可以调试了 我可以带着到处走 中途停止了也能继续 只要一分钟就可以
TK: So we're really excited, because now we're getting to a clinically practical device. And that's where our goal is -- to have something clinically pragmatic to wear. We've also had Amanda able to use some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier. Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation. And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago. So Amanda, you can see, has really good control. It's all the pattern recognition. And it now has a hand that can do different grasps. What we do is have the patient go all the way open and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?" It goes into that mode, and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand. Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?
TK:我们很兴奋 因为这越来越接近可临床操作的器械了 而那就我们的目标- 临床实用的假肢 我们也让阿曼达使用 之前向各位展示过的几个高级假肢 她现在带的是DEKA研究中心制作的假肢 我记得迪恩・卡门几年前在TED提到过 这里可以看到阿曼达 假肢的控制性非常好 这都是模式识别 我们有假手可以做几种不同的抓取动作 我们就让患者自由尝试 然后思考:“我想要怎样的抓取模式?” 进入那么模式后 可以有五到六种不同的抓取模式 阿曼达,你的DEKA手臂可以做几种?
AK: I was able to get four. I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip, I had a power grasp and I had a fine pinch. But my favorite one was just when the hand was open, because I work with kids, and so all the time you're clapping and singing, so I was able to do that again, which was really good.
AK:四种 我有钥匙握,夹握 强力抓取 和精密捏取 但我最喜欢的是就这么摊着手 因为我和孩子们打交道 所以总是在唱歌或者拍手 现在我能做这些了真好
TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.
TK:这个手拍手不怎么行
AK: Can't clap with this one.
AK:这个不能拍手
TK: All right. So that's exciting on where we may go with the better mechatronics, if we make them good enough to put out on the market and use in a field trial. I want you to watch closely.
TK:好的。 我们在机电一体化上不断发展 如果我们做得足够好 投放市场并提供试用,那就激动人心了 下面请仔细观看
(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!
(视频)克劳迪娅:哇!
TK: That's Claudia, and that was the first time she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic. She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis that then she rubbed over different surfaces, and she could feel different textures of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable, as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin. She said that when she just ran it across the table, it felt like her finger was rocking. So that's an exciting laboratory experiment on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.
TK:这是克劳迪娅 这是她第一次 通过假肢感受触觉 假肢尾段有传感器 把假肢在不同的表面上摩擦 她能感受到好几种 砂纸,不同的粗燕麦粉,带状电缆 当假肢按压在移植神经的首部皮肤上 她说当她就在桌子上划来划去 她能感受到手指的震动 这是个令人振奋的试验 对研究如何接受皮肤触觉很有意义
But here's another video that shows some of our challenges. This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy. And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes. But look at all the electrodes around it. I've got a real estate problem. You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there, but our little motor's making all kinds of noise right next to my electrodes. So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.
但另外一个视频展示了我们面临的一些挑战 这是杰西,他正在捏一个泡沫玩具 他捏得越紧-中间那个黑的 是用来测量捏紧的力度的 但是看看那周围的电极 我们有了个面积问题 我们应在那里放很多电极 但是小马达在电极旁 发出很大的噪声 所以这些是我们的挑战
The future is bright. We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do. So for example, one is to get rid of my real estate problem and get better signals. We want to develop these little tiny capsules about the size of a piece of risotto that we can put into the muscles and telemeter out the EMG signals, so that it's not worrying about electrode contact. And we can have the real estate open to try more sensation feedback. We want to build a better arm. This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male -- which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world. So rather than a super strong or super fast arm, we're making an arm that is -- we're starting with, the 25th percentile female -- that will have a hand that wraps around, opens all the way, two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow. So it'll be the smallest and lightest and the smartest arm ever made. Once we can do it that small, it's a lot easier making them bigger.
未来是光明的 对于目前的状况和要做的事情我们很兴奋 比如 一个是解决面积问题 优化信号 我们想开发出大概是 米粒大小的胶囊 来植入肌肉 并使用遥控肌电信号 因为这能省掉电极装置 并且我们可以有富余面积 用于触觉回传 我们还想做更好的手臂 这个手臂-款式是为50%的男性制作的- 也就是说对世界人口的八分之五来说都太大了 所以相对于一个超级强壮或者敏捷的手臂 我们想做的 首先是 25%的女性的- 能够用来缠绕 能完全摊开的手 手腕和手肘有两个自由度 这将会是最小巧轻便 并且是最智能的胳膊 一旦我们能做出这么小的手 再做大就容易了
So those are just some of our goals. And we really appreciate you all being here today. I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side, with yesterday's theme. So Amanda came jet-lagged, she's using the arm, and everything goes wrong. There was a computer spook, a broken wire, a converter that sparked. We took out a whole circuit in the hotel and just about put on the fire alarm. And none of those problems could I have dealt with, but I have a really bright research team. And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us and worked really hard yesterday to fix it. That's science. And fortunately, it worked today.
这些是我们的几个目标 很感谢各位的到场 我想针对昨天的话题 说说不太阳光的一面 阿曼达在倒时差 她用假肢的时候 出乱子了 出现了个电脑故障 一个线路断了 一个变频器烧了 我们在酒店了把整个线路板拆下来 就差要拉火警了 这几个问题我一个都不会解决 但是我有一个天才研究小组 多亏安妮・西蒙博士的帮忙 昨天费了很大力气修好了 这就是科学 幸运的 今天照常运转
So thank you very much.
非常感谢
(Applause)
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