Something happened in the early morning hours of May 2nd, 2000, that had a profound effect on the way our society operates. Ironically, hardly anyone noticed at the time. The change was silent, imperceptible, unless you knew exactly what to look for. On that morning, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered that a special switch be thrown in the orbiting satellites of the Global Positioning System. Instantaneously, every civilian GPS receiver around the globe went from errors the size of a football field to errors the size of a small room.
Dogodilo se nešto u rano jutro 2. maja 2000. što je imalo snažne posledice na funkcionisanje našeg društva. Ipak, to skoro niko tada nije primetio. Promena je bila tiha, neprimetna, sem ako ste tačno znali šta da očekujete. Tog jutra je predsednik SAD-a Bil Klinton naredio da se aktivira poseban prekidač na orbitirajućim satelitima Globalnog pozicionog sistema. Istog trenutka, svaki civilni GPS prijemnik na svetu prešao je sa grešaka veličine fudbalskog terena na greške veličine male prostorije.
It's hard to overstate the effect that this change in accuracy has had on us. Before this switch was thrown, we didn't have in-car navigation systems giving turn-by-turn directions, because back then, GPS couldn't tell you what block you were on, let alone what street.
Ne mogu se dovoljno naglasiti posledice koje ova promena tačnosti ima po nas. Pre toga nismo imali navigatore za automobile sa detaljnim uputstvima, jer tada GPS nije znao u kom ste delu grada, a kamoli u kojoj ulici.
For geolocation, accuracy matters, and things have only improved over the last 10 years. With more base stations, more ground stations, better receivers and better algorithms, GPS can now not only tell you what street you are on, but what part of the street.
Za geolociranje je bitna tačnost i situacija se stalno poboljšavala poslednjih 10 godina. Sa više baznih i zemaljskih stanica, boljim prijemnicima i algoritmima, GPS sada može da vam kaže ne samo u kojoj ste ulici, već i u kom delu ulice.
This level of accuracy has unleashed a firestorm of innovation. In fact, many of you navigated here today with the help of your TomTom or your smartphone. Paper maps are becoming obsolete.
Ovaj stepen preciznosti otvorio je put naletu inovacija. Mnogi od vas su danas pronašli put uz pomoć GPS navigatora ili smartfona. Papirne mape zastarevaju.
But we now stand on the verge of another revolution in geolocation accuracy. What if I told you that the two-meter positioning that our current cell phones and our TomToms give us is pathetic compared to what we could be getting? For some time now, it's been known that if you pay attention to the carrier phase of the GPS signal, and if you have an Internet connection, then you can go from meter level to centimeter level, even millimeter-level positioning.
Međutim, nalazimo se na korak od nove revolucije u preciznosti geolociranja. Zamislite da je pozicioniranje u krugu od dva metra koje nam sadašnji telefoni i GPS navigatori pružaju bedno u odnosu na ono što bismo mogli dobiti. Odavno se zna da, ako obratite pažnju na noseću fazu GPS signala i ako imate internet konekciju, možete da pređete sa metarske na centimetarsku, pa i milimetarsku preciznost u pozicioniranju.
So why don't we have this capability on our phones? Only, I believe, for a lack of imagination. Manufacturers haven't built this carrier phase technique into their cheap GPS chips because they're not sure what the general public would do with geolocation so accurate that you could pinpoint the wrinkles in the palm of your hand. But you and I and other innovators, we can see the potential in this next leap in accuracy. Imagine, for example, an augmented reality app that overlays a virtual world to millimeter-level precision on top of the physical world. I could build for you a structure up here in 3D, millimeter accurate, that only you could see, or my friends at home.
Zašto ovo nije moguće na našim telefonima? Siguran sam, samo zbog nemaštovitosti. Proizvođači nisu ugradili ovu tehniku noseće faze u jeftine GPS čipove zato što nisu sigurni šta bi obični ljudi radili sa geolociranjem toliko preciznim da biste mogli pronaći bore na svojoj šaci. Međutim, vi, ja i drugi inovatori vidimo potencijal u ovom novom stepenu preciznosti. Zamislite, recimo, aplikaciju za unapređenu stvarnost koja postavlja virtuelni svet s milimetarskom preciznošću na fizički svet. Mogao bih ovde da izgradim 3D strukturu s milimetarskom preciznošću, koju biste videli samo vi ili moji prijatelji kod kuće.
So this level of positioning, this is what we're looking for, and I believe that, within the next few years, I predict, that this kind of hyper-precise, carrier phase-based positioning will become cheap and ubiquitous, and the consequences will be fantastic.
Ovaj stepen pozicioniranja nam je cilj i uveren sam da će, verovatno za nekoliko godina, ova vrsta hiper-preciznog pozicioniranja pomoću noseće faze postati jeftina i raširena, a posledice će biti izvanredne.
The Holy Grail, of course, is the GPS dot. Do you remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code?" Here's Professor Langdon examining a GPS dot, which his accomplice tells him is a tracking device accurate within two feet anywhere on the globe, but we know that in the world of nonfiction, the GPS dot is impossible, right? For one thing, GPS doesn't work indoors, and for another, they don't make devices quite this small, especially when those devices have to relay their measurements back over a network.
Sveti gral je, naravno, GPS tačka. Sećate li se filma "Da Vinčijev kod?" Evo profesora Langdona kako proučava GPS tačku, za koju mu saradnik kaže da je uređaj za praćenje precizan u krugu od pola metra bilo gde na svetu, ali znamo da je u stvarnom svetu GPS tačka nemoguća, je l' tako? Pre svega, GPS radi samo napolju, a sem toga, ne proizvode se toliko mali uređaji, naročito ako moraju da prenose svoja merenja preko neke mreže.
Well, these objections were perfectly reasonable a few years ago, but things have changed. There's been a strong trend toward miniaturization, better sensitivity, so much so that, a few years ago, a GPS tracking device looked like this clunky box to the left of the keys. Compare that with the device released just months ago that's now packaged into something the size of a key fob, and if you take a look at the state of the art for a complete GPS receiver, which is only a centimeter on a side and more sensitive than ever, you realize that the GPS dot will soon move from fiction to nonfiction.
Ovi stavovi su bili potpuno razumni pre nekoliko godina, ali se situacija promenila. Postoji snažna sklonost ka umanjivanju, ka većoj preciznosti, do te mere da je pre koju godinu GPS uređaj za praćenje izgledao kao ova kabasta kutija levo od ključeva. Uporedite to sa uređajem proizvedenim pre nekoliko meseci koji se pakuje u nešto veličine priveska za ključeve, a ako pogledate najmoderniji kompletan GPS prijemnik, koji je svega centimetar širok i precizniji nego ikada, shvatićete da će GPS tačka uskoro preći iz filmova u stvarnost.
Imagine what we could do with a world full of GPS dots. It's not just that you'll never lose your wallet or your keys anymore, or your child when you're at Disneyland. You'll buy GPS dots in bulk, and you'll stick them on everything you own worth more than a few tens of dollars.
Zamislite šta bismo mogli da uradimo u svetu punom GPS tačaka. Ne samo da nikad više ne biste gubili novčanik ili ključeve ili dete kada ste u Diznilendu. Kupovaćete GPS tačke na veliko i lepićete ih na sve što imate, a što je vrednije od nekoliko desetina dolara.
I couldn't find my shoes one recent morning, and, as usual, had to ask my wife if she had seen them. But I shouldn't have to bother my wife with that kind of triviality. I should be able to ask my house where my shoes are. (Laughter)
Nisam mogao da nađem cipele pre nekog jutra i, kao i obično, morao sam da pitam ženu da li ih je videla. Ne bi trebalo da mučim ženu takvim sitnicama. Trebalo bi da mogu da pitam kuću gde su mi cipele. (Smeh)
Those of you who have made the switch to Gmail, remember how refreshing it was to go from organizing all of your email to simply searching it. The GPS dot will do the same for our possessions.
Vi koji ste prešli na Gmail, setite se kako je bilo lepo umesto organizovanja mejlova prosto ih pretraživati. GPS tačka će uraditi istu stvar sa onim što posedujemo.
Now, of course, there is a flip side to the GPS dot. I was in my office some months back and got a telephone call. The woman on the other end of the line, we'll call her Carol, was panicked. Apparently, an ex-boyfriend of Carol's from California had found her in Texas and was following her around. So you might ask at this point why she's calling you. Well, so did I. But it turned out there was a technical twist to Carol's case. Every time her ex-boyfriend would show up, at the most improbable times and the most improbable locations, he was carrying an open laptop, and over time Carol realized that he had planted a GPS tracking device on her car, so she was calling me for help to disable it.
Naravno, postoji i druga strana priče u vezi sa GPS tačkom. Bio sam na poslu pre nekoliko meseci i zazvonio mi je telefon. Moja sagovornica, zvaćemo je Kerol, bila je u panici. Naime, njen bivši dečko iz Kalifornije pronašao ju je u Teksasu i stalno ju je pratio. Možda biste se već zapitali zašto je baš vas pozvala. Ja jesam. Zapravo je postojao tehnički aspekt Kerolinog slučaja. Kad god bi se njen bivši dečko pojavio, u najčudnije doba i na najčudnijim mestima, nosio je otvoren laptop i s vremenom, Kerol je shvatila da je postavio GPS uređaj za praćenje na njen auto, pa me je pozvala da ga isključim.
"Well, you should go to a good mechanic and have him look at your car," I said.
"Treba da odete kod nekog mehaničara da vam pogleda kola", rekao sam.
"I already have," she told me. "He didn't see anything obvious, and he said he'd have to take the car apart piece by piece."
"Već sam to uradila", rekla mi je. "Nije primetio ništa neobično i rekao je da bi morao potpuno da rastavi kola."
"Well then, you'd better go to the police," I said.
"Onda idite u policiju", rekao sam.
"I already have," she replied. "They're not sure this rises to the level of harassment, and they're not set up technically to find the device."
"Već sam to uradila", odgovorila je. "Nisu sigurni da je ovo zlostavljanje, a nisu tehnički opremljeni da bi mogli da pronađu uređaj."
"Okay, what about the FBI?"
"Dobro, a FBI?"
"I've talked to them too, and same story."
"I sa njima sam razgovarala, ista priča."
We then talked about her coming to my lab and us performing a radio sweep of her car, but I wasn't even sure that would work, given that some of these devices are configured to only transmit when they're inside safe zones or when the car is moving.
Predložili smo da dođe u moju laboratoriju da bismo obavili radio skeniranje automobila, ali nisam bio siguran da bi to uspelo, pošto neki od ovih uređaja prenose podatke samo unutar bezbedne zone ili kada se auto kreće.
So, there we were. Carol isn't the first, and certainly won't be the last, to find herself in this kind of fearsome environment, worrisome situation caused by GPS tracking.
To je bilo to. Kerol nije ni prva i svakako ni poslednja osoba koja će se naći u tako strašnom okruženju, opasnoj situaciji izazvanoj GPS praćenjem.
In fact, as I looked into her case, I discovered to my surprise that it's not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else's car. The Supreme Court ruled last month that a policeman has to get a warrant if he wants to do prolonged tracking, but the law isn't clear about civilians doing this to one another, so it's not just Big Brother we have to worry about, but Big Neighbor. (Laughter)
Dok sam se bavio njenim slučajem, otkrio sam da zapravo nije potpuno nelegalno staviti uređaj za praćenje na tuđi automobil. Vrhovni sud je presudio prošlog meseca da policajac mora da dobije nalog za praćenje tokom dužeg perioda, ali zakon nije precizan u vezi sa civilima koji to rade, tako da ne treba brinuti samo o Velikom Bratu, već i o Velikom Komšiji. (Smeh)
There is one alternative that Carol could have taken, very effective. It's called the Wave Bubble. It's an open-source GPS jammer, developed by Limor Fried, a graduate student at MIT, and Limor calls it "a tool for reclaiming our personal space." With a flip of the switch you create a bubble around you within which GPS signals can't reside. They get drowned out by the bubble. And Limor designed this, in part, because, like Carol, she felt threatened by GPS tracking. Then she posted her design to the web, and if you don't have time to build your own, you can buy one. Chinese manufacturers now sell thousands of nearly identical devices on the Internet.
Postoji jedna alternativa koju je Kerol mogla preduzeti, veoma delotvorna. Zove se Wave Bubble (Mehur za talase). To je slobodno dostupan GPS blokator, razvila ga je Limor Frid, postdiplomac na MIT-u, i Limor ga naziva "alat za povratak našeg ličnog prostora". Ako uključite prekidač, stvorićete mehur oko sebe kroz koji GPS signali ne mogu da prolaze. Mehur ih potisne. Limor je ovo osmislila delom zato što se, kao Kerol, osećala nebezbedno zbog GPS praćenja. Onda je objavila svoj nacrt na internetu, a ako nemate vremena da sami napravite taj uređaj, možete da ga kupite. Kineski proizvođači sada prodaju hiljade skoro identičnih uređaja putem interneta.
So you might be thinking, the Wave Bubble sounds great. I should have one. Might come in handy if somebody ever puts a tracking device on my car. But you should be aware that its use is very much illegal in the United States. And why is that? Well, because it's not a bubble at all. Its jamming signals don't stop at the edge of your personal space or at the edge of your car. They go on to jam innocent GPS receivers for miles around you. (Laughter)
Sad možda mislite da Wave Bubble zvuči odlično. Trebalo bi da ga nabavim. Bio bi koristan ako mi neko nekad bude pratio kola. Ali obratite pažnju na to da je on praktično nelegalan u SAD-u. Zašto? Zato što uopšte nije mehur. Njegovi signali se ne zaustavljaju na ivici vašeg ličnog prostora ili ivici vašeg automobila. Šire se i blokiraju nedužne GPS prijemnike kilometrima oko vas. (Smeh)
Now, if you're Carol or Limor, or someone who feels threatened by GPS tracking, it might not feel wrong to turn on a Wave Bubble, but in fact, the results can be disastrous. Imagine, for example, you're the captain of a cruise ship trying to make your way through a thick fog and some passenger in the back turns on a Wave Bubble. All of a sudden your GPS readout goes blank, and now it's just you and the fog and whatever you can pull off the radar system if you remember how to work it. They -- in fact, they don't update or upkeep lighthouses anymore, and LORAN, the only backup to GPS, was discontinued last year.
Ako ste u poziciji Kerol ili Limor ili nekoga koga plaši GPS praćenje, možda mislite da ne bi bilo loše da uključite Wave Bubble, ali zapravo rezultati mogu biti užasni. Zamislite, recimo, da ste kapetan kruzera koji pokušava da se kreće kroz gustu maglu, a neko od putnika uključi Wave Bubble. Odjednom vam GPS signal nestane i ostali ste samo vi i magla i ono što uspete da očitate sa radarskog sistema ako se sećate kako da ga koristite. Više se ne održavaju svetionici, a LORAN, jedina rezerva za GPS, prestao je da se koristi prošle godine.
Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS. We're almost blindly reliant on it. It's built deeply into our systems and infrastructure. Some call it "the invisible utility." So, turning on a Wave Bubble might not just cause inconvenience. It might be deadly.
Naše savremeno društvo ima poseban odnos sa GPS-om. Skoro se slepo uzdamo u njega. Duboko je ugrađen u naše sisteme i infrastrukturu. Neki ga zovu "nevidljiva alatka". Uključivanje Wave Bubble-a bi moglo biti gore od nezgode. Moglo bi biti smrtonosno.
But as it turns out, for purposes of protecting your privacy at the expense of general GPS reliability, there's something even more potent and more subversive than a Wave Bubble, and that is a GPS spoofer.
Zapravo, u svrhe zaštite sopstvene privatnosti po cenu opšte dostupnosti GPS-a, postoji nešto još snažnije i opasnije od Wave Bubble-a, a to je GPS "prevarant" (spoofer).
The idea behind the GPS spoofer is simple. Instead of jamming the GPS signals, you fake them. You imitate them, and if you do it right, the device you're attacking doesn't even know it's being spoofed.
Ideja GPS "prevaranta" je jednostavna. Umesto da blokirate GPS signale, lažirate ih. Imitirate ih, a ako to dobro odradite, uređaj koji napadate neće uopšte znati da ga zavaravate.
So let me show you how this works. In any GPS receiver, there's a peak inside that corresponds to the authentic signals. These three red dots represent the tracking points that try to keep themselves centered on that peak. But if you send in a fake GPS signal, another peak pops up, and if you can get these two peaks perfectly aligned, the tracking points can't tell the difference, and they get hijacked by the stronger counterfeit signal, with the authentic peak getting forced off. At this point, the game is over. The fake signals now completely control this GPS receiver.
Pokazaću vam kako to funkcioniše. Unutar svakog GPS prijemnika postoji kriva koja odgovara pravim signalima. Ove tri crvene tačke predstavljaju tačke praćenja koje pokušavaju da ostanu centrirane na toj krivi. Ali ako pošaljete lažan GPS signal, pojaviće se još jedna kriva, a ako uspete da te dve krive savršeno preklopite, tačke praćenja neće pronaći razliku i biće prevarene snažnijim, falsifikovanim signalom, dok će stvarna kriva biti potisnuta. U ovom trenutku je sve gotovo. Lažni signali sada potpuno kontrolišu ovaj GPS prijemnik.
So is this really possible? Can someone really manipulate the timing and positioning of a GPS receiver just like that, with a spoofer? Well, the short answer is yes. The key is that civil GPS signals are completely open. They have no encryption. They have no authentication. They're wide open, vulnerable to a kind of spoofing attack. Even so, up until very recently, nobody worried about GPS spoofers. People figured that it would be too complex or too expensive for some hacker to build one.
Je li ovo stvarno moguće? Može li neko stvarno da manipuliše vremenom i pozicioniranjem GPS prijemnika tako jednostavno, pomoću "prevaranta"? Jednom rečju, da. Ključno je to što su civilni GPS signali potpuno otvoreni. Nemaju enkripciju. Nemaju autentikaciju. Širom su otvoreni, osetljivi na bilo kakav napad. Ipak, donedavno niko nije brinuo o lažnim GPS signalima. Zaključili smo da bi bilo previše komplikovano ili preskupo da bi to neki haker uradio.
But I, and a friend of mine from graduate school, we didn't see it that way. We knew it wasn't going to be so hard, and we wanted to be the first to build one so we could get out in front of the problem and help protect against GPS spoofing. I remember vividly the week it all came together. We built it at my home, which means that I got a little extra help from my three-year-old son Ramon. Here's Ramon — (Laughter) — looking for a little attention from Dad that week. At first, the spoofer was just a jumble of cables and computers, though we eventually got it packaged into a small box.
Ali moj drug sa postdiplomskih studija i ja to nismo tako videli. Znali smo da ne može biti tako teško, a hteli smo da to prvi napravimo da bismo predupredili problem i mogli da pomognemo u zaštiti od lažnih GPS signala. Veoma jasno se sećam nedelje kada se sve odigralo. Sklopili smo uređaj u mojoj kući, što znači da mi je dodatno pomagao i moj trogodišnji sin, Ramon. Evo Ramona (Smeh) kako traži malo pažnje od tate u toku te nedelje. Na početku je uređaj bio samo gomila kablova i kompjutera, ali smo uspeli da ga spakujemo u malu kutiju.
Now, the Dr. Frankenstein moment, when the spoofer finally came alive and I glimpsed its awful potential, came late one night when I tested the spoofer against my iPhone. Let me show you some actual footage from that very first experiment. I had come to completely trust this little blue dot and its reassuring blue halo. They seemed to speak to me. They'd say, "Here you are. Here you are." (Laughter) And "you can trust us." So something felt very wrong about the world. It was a sense, almost, of betrayal, when this little blue dot started at my house, and went running off toward the north leaving me behind. I wasn't moving. What I then saw in this little moving blue dot was the potential for chaos. I saw airplanes and ships veering off course, with the captain learning only too late that something was wrong. I saw the GPS-derived timing of the New York Stock Exchange being manipulated by hackers. You can scarcely imagine the kind of havoc you could cause if you knew what you were doing with a GPS spoofer.
Trenutak poput doktora Frankenštajna, kada je uređaj proradio, a ja na trenutak ugledao njegovu užasnu moć, došao je kasno jedne noći kada sam testirao uređaj na svom iPhone-u. Pokazaću vam stvarni snimak tog prvog eksperimenta. Stekao sam potpuno poverenje u ovu plavu tačkicu i njen umirujući plavi oreol. Kao da govore. Rekli bi: "Evo te. Evo te." (Smeh) I "možeš da nam veruješ." Zato mi je svet izgledao jako čudno. Osećao sam se praktično prevareno kada je ova plava tačkica krenula od moje kuće i pobegla ka severu ostavljajući me za sobom. Ja se nisam kretao. Tada sam u ovoj pokretnoj plavoj tačkici video potencijal za haos. Video sam avione i brodove koji skreću sa puta, dok kapetan prekasno shvata da nešto nije u redu. Video sam kako GPS sat njujorške berze kvare hakeri. Teško da se može zamisliti kakav biste haos mogli izazvati ako biste znali šta radite sa GPS "prevarantom".
There is, though, one redeeming feature of the GPS spoofer. It's the ultimate weapon against an invasion of GPS dots. Imagine, for example, you're being tracked. Well, you can play the tracker for a fool, pretending to be at work when you're really on vacation. Or, if you're Carol, you could lure your ex-boyfriend into some empty parking lot where the police are waiting for him.
Međutim, postoji jedno pozitivno svojstvo GPS "prevaranta". To je krajnje oružje protiv invazije GPS tačaka. Zamislite, recimo, da vas neko prati. Možete potpuno prevariti tu osobu tako što se pretvarate da ste na poslu dok ste zapravo na odmoru. Ako ste Kerol, možete navesti svog bivšeg dečka da ode na neki prazan parking gde ga čeka policija.
So I'm fascinated by this conflict, a looming conflict, between privacy on the one hand and the need for a clean radio spectrum on the other. We simply cannot tolerate GPS jammers and spoofers, and yet, given the lack of effective legal means for protecting our privacy from the GPS dot, can you really blame people for wanting to turn them on, for wanting to use them?
Fasciniran sam sve stvarnijim sukobom između privatnosti i potrebe za čistim radijskim spektrom. Ne možemo tolerisati blokiranje i lažiranje signala, ali, pošto nema pravnog puta da zaštitimo svoju privatnost od GPS tačke, je li uopšte čudno što ljudi to žele da uključe, što to žele da koriste?
I hold out hope that we'll be able to reconcile this conflict with some sort of, some yet uninvented technology. But meanwhile, grab some popcorn, because things are going to get interesting.
Nadam se da ćemo uspeti da rešimo ovaj sukob nekom još neizmišljenom tehnologijom. U međuvremenu, spremite se za zabavu jer će se stvari zakuvati.
Within the next few years, many of you will be the proud owner of a GPS dot. Maybe you'll have a whole bag full of them. You'll never lose track of your things again. The GPS dot will fundamentally reorder your life. But will you be able to resist the temptation to track your fellow man? Or will you be able to resist the temptation to turn on a GPS spoofer or a Wave Bubble to protect your own privacy?
Tokom narednih nekoliko godina, mnogi od vas će postati ponosni vlasnici GPS tačke. Možda ćete imati i punu kesu takvih uređaja. Nikad više nećete gubiti svoje stvari. GPS tačka će promeniti vaš život iz korena. Ali hoćete li odoleti iskušenju da pratite druge ljude? I hoćete li odoleti iskušenju da uključite lažan GPS signal ili Wave Bubble da biste zaštitili svoju privatnost?
So, as usual, what we see just beyond the horizon is full of promise and peril. It'll be fascinating to see how this all turns out.
Kao i obično, tik iza horizonta čekaju nas nada i opasnost. Biće zanimljivo videti kako će se ovo završiti.
Thanks. (Applause)
Hvala vam. (Aplauz)