Three years ago, I started building a decentralized web because I was worried about the future of our internet.
Pre tri godine počeo sam da gradim decentralizovani internet jer sam bio zabrinut za budućnost interneta.
The current internet we are using is about gatekeepers. If you want to reach something on the web, then you need to go through multiple middlemen. First, a domain name server, then a server hosting company, which usually points you to a third party, to a web hosting service. And this happens every time you want to reach a website on the web.
Sadašnji internet koji koristimo se svodi na čuvare kapija. Ako želite da pronađete nešto na mreži, onda morate da prođete preko nekoliko posrednika. Prvo, server internet domena, potom kompaniju za hosting servera, koja vas obično usmerava na treću stranu, do hosting servisa. A ovo se dešava svaki put kada želite da uđete na internet sajt.
But these gatekeepers are vulnerable to internet attacks
Međutim, ovi čuvari kapija su podložni napadima na internetu
and also makes the censorship and the surveillance easier. And the situation is getting worse. Everything is moving to the cloud, where the data is hosted by giant corporations. This move creates much, much more powerful middlemen. Now, move to the cloud makes sense because this way it's easier and cheaper for the developers and the service operators. They don't have to worry about maintaining the physical servers. I can't blame them, but I found this trend to be very dangerous, because this way, these giant corporations have unlimited control over the hosting services.
i zbog njih su olakšani cenzura i nadzor. A situacija postaje sve gora. Sve se prebacuje na oblak, gde hosting podataka obavljaju ogromne korporacije. Ovaj potez stvara mnogo, mnogo moćnije posrednike. Sad, prelaz na oblak ima smisla jer je to lakši i jeftiniji način za developere i servisne operatere. Ne moraju da brinu o održavanju fizičkih servera. Ne mogu da ih krivim, ali mislim da je ovaj trend veoma opasan jer na taj način ove ogromne korporacije imaju neograničenu kontrolu nad uslugama hostinga.
And it's very easy to abuse this power. For example, last year, a CEO of a company that acts as a gatekeeper for nine million websites decided, after some public pressure, that one of the sites it manages, a far right page, should be blocked. He then sent an internal email to his coworkers. "This was an arbitrary decision. I woke up this morning in a bad mood and decided to kick them off the Internet." Even he admits, "No one should have this power." As a response, one of the employees asked him, "Is this the day the Internet dies?"
A veoma je lako zloupotrebiti ovu moć. Na primer, prošle godine, izvršni direktor jedne firme koja služi kao čuvar kapija za devet miliona sajtova je odlučio, nakon pritiska javnosti, da jedan od sajtova kojima upravlja, stranicu ekstremne desnice, treba blokirati. Potom je poslao interni mejl svojim saradnicima. „Ovo je bila proizvoljna odluka. Probudio sam se jutros loše raspoložen i odlučio da ih izbacim s interneta.“ Čak i on priznaje: „Niko ne bi trebalo da ima ovoliku moć.“ Kao odgovor, jedan od zaposlenih ga je upitao: „Da li je ovo dan smrti interneta?“
I don't think we are actually killing the internet, but I do think that we are in the middle of a kind of irresponsible centralization process that makes our internet more fragile. The decentralized, people-to-people web solves this problem by removing the central points, the web-hosting services. It empowers the users to have host sites they want to preserve. On this network, the sites get downloaded directly from other visitors. This means, if you have a site with 100 visitors, then it's hosted [by] 100 computers around the world. Basically, this is a people-powered version of the internet. The security of the network is provided by public-key cryptography. This makes sure that no one can modify the sites but only the real owner. Think of it like instead of getting electricity from big power plants, you put solar panels on top of your house, and if your neighbor down the street needs some extra energy, then they can just download some from your house. So by using the decentralized web, we can help to keep content accessible for other visitors. And by that, it means that we can also fight against things that we feel are unjust, like censorship.
Ne smatram da zaista ubijamo internet, ali smatram da smo u središtu nekakvog neodgovornog procesa centralizacije zbog koga je naš internet daleko krhkiji. Decentralizovana mreža „ljudi ljudima“ rešava ovaj problem tako što uklanja centralne tačke, servise za veb-hosting. Ona osnažuje korisnike da imaju hosting sajtove koje žele da sačuvaju. Na ovoj mreži se sajtovi preuzimaju direktno od drugih posetilaca. To znači da, ako imate sajt sa 100 posetilaca, onda je njegov hosting na 100 kompjutera širom sveta. U suštini, radi se o verziji interneta kojeg pokreću ljudi. Bezbednost mreže je obezbeđena asimetričnom kriptografijom. Ovo se stara za to da niko ne može da menja sajtove osim stvarnog vlasnika. Razmišljajte o tome kao da, umesto da dobijate struju iz velike elektrane, postavite solarne panele na vašu kuću i, ako je vašem komšiji iz ulice potrebna dodatna energija, onda prosto može da preuzme određenu količinu iz vaše kuće. Dakle, upotrebom decentralizovanog veba, možemo da pripomognemo u održavanju sadržaja dostupnim za druge posetioce. A pod tim mislim da takođe možemo da se borimo protiv stvari koje smatramo nepravednim, poput cenzure.
In China, the internet is tightly controlled. They can't criticize the government, organize a protest, and it's also forbidden to post a kind of emoticon to remember the victims of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. With the decentralized web, it's not the government that decides what gets seen and what doesn't. It's the people, which makes the web more democratic. But at the same time, it's hard to use this network to do something that is clearly illegal everywhere in the world, as the users probably don't want to endanger themselves hosting these kinds of problematic content.
U Kini je internet strogo kontrolisan. Ne mogu da kritikuju vladu, organizuju protest, a takođe je zabranjeno postavljati bilo kakve emotikone u znak sećanja na žrtve Masakra na Tjenanmenu. Sa decentralizovanim vebom, nije na vladama da odlučuju šta će da bude vidljivo, a šta ne. Ljudi će da odlučuju, a zbog toga će veb da bude demokratičniji. Međutim, istovremeno je teško koristiti ovu mrežu za obavljanje nečega što je očito nezakonito svuda u svetu, kako korisnici verovatno neće želeti da dovedu sebe u opasnost pružajući hosting ovakvom problematičnom sadržaju.
Another increasing threat to internet freedom is overregulation. I have the impression that our delegates who vote on the internet regulation laws are not fully aware of their decisions. For example, the European Parliament has a new law on the table, a new copyright protection law, that has a part called Article 13. If it passes, it would require every big website to implement a filter that automatically blocks content based on rules controlled by big corporations. The original idea is to protect copyrighted materials, but it would endanger many other things we do on the internet: blogging, criticizing, discussing, linking and sharing. Google and YouTube already have similar systems and they are receiving 100,000 takedown requests every hour. Of course, they can't process this amount of data by hand, so they are using machine learning to decide if it's really a copyright violation or not. But these filters do make mistakes. They're removing everything from documentation of human rights abuses, lectures about copyrights and search results that point to criticism of this new Article 13. Beside of that, they are also removing many other things.
Još jedna rastuća opasnost za slobodu interneta je prekomerna regulacija. Stekao sam utisak da naši predstavnici koji glasaju o zakonima za regulaciju interneta nisu u potpunosti svesni svojih odluka. Na primer, pred Evropskim parlamentom je novi zakon, novi zakon o zaštiti autorskih prava koji ima deo koji se naziva Član 13. Ukoliko bude usvojen, zahtevaće od svakog većeg sajta da ugradi filter koji automatski blokira sadržaj zasnovan na pravilima koja kontrolišu velike korporacije. Prvobitna zamisao je da se zaštite autorski materijali, ali ovo bi ugrozilo razne druge stvari koje obavljamo na internetu: pisanje blogova, kritikovanje, rasprave, povezivanje i deljenje. Gugl i Jutjub već imaju slične sisteme i primaju 100 000 zahteva za ukidanje sadržaja svakog sata. Naravno, ne mogu da obrade ovoliku količinu podataka ručno, te zato koriste mašinsko učenje da bi odlučili da li se zaista radi o kršenju autorskih prava ili ne. Međutim, ovi filteri greše. Uklanjaju sve, od dokumentovanja kršenja ljudskih prava, preko lekcija o autorskim pravima do rezultata pretrage koji ukazuju na kritike ovog novog Člana 13. Pored toga, uklanjaju i mnoge druge stvari.
And sometimes, these filters aren't just removing the specific content, but it could also lead to loss of your linked accounts: your email address, your documents, your photos, or your unfinished book, which happened with the writer Dennis Cooper.
A ponekad ovi filteri ne uklanjaju samo specifičan sadržaj, već takođe mogu da uzrokuju gubitak vaših ličnih povezanih naloga: vaše imejl adrese, dokumenata, slika ili vaše nedovršene knjige, što se desilo piscu Denisu Kuperu.
It's not hard to see how a system like this could be abused by politicians and corporate competitors. This Article 13, the extension of these automated filters to the whole internet, got strong opposition from Wikipedia, Github, Mozilla, and many others, including the original founders of the internet and the World Wide Web, Vint Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee. But despite this strong opposition, on the last European Parliament vote, two thirds of the representatives supported this law. The final vote will be early 2019. The result is important, but whatever happens, I'm pretty sure it will be followed by many other similar proposals around the world.
Nije teško videti na koji način ovakav sistem mogu da zloupotrebe političari i korporativni konkurenti. Ovom Članu 13, ekstenziji automatizovanih filtera na čitav internet, oštro su se usprotivili Vikipedija, Githab, Mozila i mnogi drugi, uključujući prvobitne osnivače interneta i svetske mreže, Vinta Serfa i Tima Berners-Lija. Međutim, uprkos ovom oštrom protivljenju, na poslednjem glasanju Evropskog parlamenta, dve trećine zastupnika je podržalo ovaj zakon. Konačno glasanje će da bude početkom 2019. godine. Rezultat je važan, ali šta god da se desi, prilično sam siguran da će da ga prate brojni drugi slični predlozi širom sveta.
These kinds of regulations would be very hard to enforce through a decentralized web, as there is no hosting companies. The websites are served by the visitors themselves.
Ovakve regulative bi bilo teško nametnuti preko decentralizovanog veba pošto ne postoje hosting kompanije. Sajtove dostavljaju sami posetioci.
I started to build this network three years ago. Since then, I've spent thousands, tens of thousands of hours on the development. Why? Why would anyone spend thousands of hours on something anyone can freely copy, rename, or even sell? Well, in my case, one of the reasons was to do something meaningful. During my daily regular job as a web developer, I didn't have the feeling that I'm working on something that had a chance to be a bigger than me. Simply, I just wanted to make my short presence in this world to be meaningful.
Počeo sam da gradim ovu mrežu pre tri godine. Otad, potrošio sam hiljade, desetine hiljada sati na njegov razvoj. Zašto? Zašto bi iko trošio hiljade sati na nešto što bilo ko može slobodno da kopira, preimenuje, pa čak i proda? Pa, u mom slučaju, jedan od razloga je bio da učinim nešto značajno. Tokom svog dnevnog običnog posla kao veb-developer nisam imao osećaj da radim na nečemu što ima naznake da bude veće od mene. Prosto sam želeo da učinim svoje kratko prisustvo na ovom svetu smislenim.
Last year, the Great Firewall of China started blocking this network I created. This move officially made me the enemy of the government-supported internet censorship. Since then, it's been really a game of cat and mouse. They make new rules in the firewall and I try to react to it as fast as I can so the users can keep hosting content and create websites that otherwise would be censored by the centralized Chinese internet.
Prošle godine, Veliki kineski fajervol je počeo da blokira moju mrežu. Zbog ovog poteza sam zvanično postao neprijatelj internet cenzure u službi vlade. Otad, zaista se radi o igri mačke i miša. Naprave nova pravila unutar fajervola, a ja pokušavam da reagujem što brže mogu kako bi korisnici mogli da nastave da hostinguju sadržaj i prave sajtove koje bi inače cenzurisao centralizovani kineski internet.
My other motivation to create this network was worry. I fear that the future of our internet is out of our control. The increasing centralization and the proposed laws are threatening our freedom of speech and, by that, our democracy. So for me, building a decentralized web means creating a safe harbor, a space where the rules are not written by big corporations and political parties, but by the people.
Moja druga motivacija za stvaranje ove mreže je bila zabrinutost. Strahujem da je budućnost našeg interneta van naše kontrole. Sve veća centralizacija, kao i predloženi zakoni, predstavljaju pretnju našoj slobodi govora, a time i našoj demokratiji. Dakle, za mene, izgradnja decentralizovane mreže znači stvaranje sigurne luke, prostora gde pravila ne pišu velike korporacije i političke partije, već ljudi.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)