You may not realize this, but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy. This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us is an integral part of our health, and our technology is evolving so rapidly that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers.
Možda niste svjesni toga. ali bakterija u vašem tijelu ima više nego zvijezda u našoj cijeloj galaksiji Očaravajući svemir bakterija u našem tijelu je sastavni dio našeg zdravlja. i naša tehnologija se razvija tako brzo da smo danas u mogućnosti programirati te bakterije kao što programiramo računala
Now, the diagram that you see here, I know it looks like some kind of sports play, but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed. And like writing software, we can print and write DNA into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria. What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins in a rhythmic fashion and generates a small molecule that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize, as you're seeing in this movie. The growing colony of bacteria that you see here is about the width of a human hair. Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules, and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria telling them when to turn on and off. And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale, but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast, in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves between bacteria that are far away from each other, and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen.
Dijagram koji vidite ovdje, Znam da izgleda kao nacrt za neku sportsku igru, ali je zapravo shematski plan prvog bakterijskog programa kojeg sam razvio. I kao što pišemo software, možemo tiskati i pisati DNA u različitie algoritme i programe unutar bakterije. Ono što ovaj program radi je proizvodnja fluorescentnih proteina na ritmičan način i proizvodi sitne molekule koje omogućavaju bakteriji komunikaciju i sinkronizaciju, kao što vidite u ovom videu. Rastuća kolonija bakterija koju vidite ovdje širine je ljudske dlake. Ono što možete vidjeti jest da naš genetički program daje uputstva ovim bakterijama da svaka proizvodi sitne molekule i te molekule putuju između tisuća ovih pojedinačnih bakterija. govoreći im kada da se uključe ili isključe I bakterije vrlo dobro sinkroniziraju na ovoj razini, ali zato što molekule koje ih sinkroniziraju zajedno mogu putovati samo tako brzo u većim kolonijama bakterija, to rezultira pojavom putujućih valova između bakterija koje su međusobno udaljene i možete vidjeti kako ovi valovi idu zdesna nalijevo preko zaslona.
Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon called quorum sensing, in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors once they reach a critical density. You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie, where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow once it reaches a high or critical density. Our genetic program continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins as the colony grows outwards. This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova, because it looks like an exploding star.
Naš genetički program se oslanja na prirodni fenomen nazvan kvorum očitavanje kojim bakterija aktivira koordinirane a nekad i zarazna ponašanja jednom kad dosegnu kritučnu gustoću. Možete vidjeti kvorum očitavanje u akciji u ovom videu gdje rastuća kolonija bakterija tek započinje sjati kada dosegne visoku ili kritičnu gustoć. Naš genetski program nastavlja proizvoditi te ritmične uzorke fluorescentnih proteina kako kolonija raste prema van. Ovaj posebni video i eksperiment mi zovemo Supernova, zato što izgleda poput eksplodirajuće zvijezde.
Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns, I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do? And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer. One of the surprising facts about bacteria is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors. This happens because typically tumors are areas where the immune system has no access, and so bacteria find these tumors and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive. We started using probiotic bacteria which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit, and found that when orally delivered to mice, these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors. We realized that the most convenient way to highlight the presence of the probiotics, and hence, the presence of the tumors, was to get these bacteria to produce a signal that would be detectable in the urine, and so we specifically programmed these probiotics to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine to indicate the presence of cancer. We went on to show that this technology could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer, one that is challenging to detect otherwise.
Osim programiranja ovih predivnih uzoraka, pitao sam se, što još možemo postići da ove bakterije rade? I odlučio sam istražiti kako možemo programirati bakterije da otkrivaju i lijeće u našem tijelu bolesti poput raka Jedna od iznenađujućih činjenica o bakterijama je da one mogu prirodno izrasti unutar tumora. To se događa jer su tumori uobičajeno područja gdje imunološki sustav nema pristup, i tako bakterije pronalaze ove tumore i koriste ih kao raj za rast i napredak. Počeli smo koristiti probiotičke bakterije koje su sigurne bakterije i koriste zdravlju, i otkrili smo kada ih se oralno da mišu ovi probiotici selektivno rastu unutar tumora jetre. Shvatili smo da je najpogodniji način za označiti prisutnost tih probiotika, a samim time i tumora, je da omogućimo da te bakterije proizvode signal koji bi bilo moguće otkriti u mokraći, i tako smo posebno programirali te probiotike da naprave molekulu koja mijenja boju vaše mokraće da označi prisutnost raka. Išli smo dalje kako bi pokazali da bi ova tehnologija mogla precizno i specifično otkriti rak jetre, što je inače zahtjevno otkriti.
Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors, we've been programming them to not only detect cancer but also to treat cancer by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment that shrink the existing tumors, and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs like you saw in the previous movies.
Budući da se ove bakterije posebno vežu uz tumore, programirali smo ih da osim što otkrivaju rak da ga i liječe proizvodeći terapeutske molekule iz unutrašnjosti tumora što smanjuje tumor, i to smo radili koristeći programe kvorum očitovanja kao što ste vidjeli u prošlim videima.
Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic that could detect and treat cancer, or even other diseases. Our ability to program bacteria and program life opens up new horizons in cancer research, and to share this vision, I worked with artist Vik Muniz to create the symbol of the universe, made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells. Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research.
Sveukupno, zamislite da u budućnosti uzmemo programirani probiotik koji bi mogao otkriti i liječiti rak, ili čak druge bolesti. Naša sposobnost da programiramo bakterije i programiramo život otvara nove horizonte u istraživanju raka, i kako bih podijelio ovu viziju, s umjetnikom Vikom Munizom sam radio na izradi simbola svemira, napravljenog u potpunosti od bakterija i stanica raka. Naposljetku, nadam se da ljepota i svrha ovog mikroskopskog svemira može inspirirati nove i kreativne pristupe u budućnosti istraživanja raka.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)