Imagine you're walking through a forest. I'm guessing you're thinking of a collection of trees, what we foresters call a stand, with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns. Yes, trees are the foundation of forests, but a forest is much more than what you see, and today I want to change the way you think about forests. You see, underground there is this other world, a world of infinite biological pathways that connect trees and allow them to communicate and allow the forest to behave as though it's a single organism. It might remind you of a sort of intelligence.
Zamislite da hodate kroz šumu. Pretpostavljam da mislite na skupinu drveća, ono što mi šumari nazivamo grupom, sa njihovim robusnim stablima i predivnim krošnjama. Da, drveće je osnova šume, ali šuma je mnogo više od onoga što vidite, i danas želim da promenim način na koji razmišljate o šumama. Vidite, pod zemljom je ovaj drugi svet, svet beskonačnih bioloških puteva koji povezuju drveće i dozvoljavaju im da komuniciraju i dozvoljavaju šumama da se ponašaju kao da su jedan organizam. Možda će vas podsetiti na neku vrstu inteligencije.
How do I know this? Here's my story. I grew up in the forests of British Columbia. I used to lay on the forest floor and stare up at the tree crowns. They were giants. My grandfather was a giant, too. He was a horse logger, and he used to selectively cut cedar poles from the inland rainforest. Grandpa taught me about the quiet and cohesive ways of the woods, and how my family was knit into it. So I followed in grandpa's footsteps.
Kako znam ovo? Evo moje priče. Odrasla sam u šumama Britanske Kolumbije. Ležala bih na tlu šume i zurila nagore u krošnje. Bile su ogromne. I moj deda je bio ogroman. On je bio drvoseča i birao bi posebna debla kedra i sekao ih u unutrašnjosti prašume. Deda me je naučio tihim i kohezivnim običajima šume i tome da je moja porodica utkana u šumu. Nastavila sam dedinim koracima.
He and I had this curiosity about forests, and my first big "aha" moment was at the outhouse by our lake. Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit. So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog. He was down there, swimming in the muck. But as grandpa dug through that forest floor, I became fascinated with the roots, and under that, what I learned later was the white mycelium and under that the red and yellow mineral horizons. Eventually, grandpa and I rescued the poor dog, but it was at that moment that I realized that that palette of roots and soil was really the foundation of the forest.
On i ja smo se zanimali za šume i moj prvi veliki "aha" trenutak bio je pored poljskog toaleta blizu našeg jezera. Naš jadni pas Džigs se okliznuo i upao u jamu. Deda je dotrčao sa ašovom da spasi jadnog psa. Bio je tamo dole i plivao u prljavštini. Ali dok je deda kopao po šumskom tlu, fasciniralo me je korenje i ono ispod njega, za šta sam kasnije saznala da je beli micelijum i ispod toga, crveni i žuti mineralni horizonti. Na kraju smo deda i ja spasili jadnog psa, ali tog trenutka sam shvatila da je paleta korenja i zemljišta zapravo osnova šume.
And I wanted to know more. So I studied forestry. But soon I found myself working alongside the powerful people in charge of the commercial harvest. The extent of the clear-cutting was alarming, and I soon found myself conflicted by my part in it. Not only that, the spraying and hacking of the aspens and birches to make way for the more commercially valuable planted pines and firs was astounding. It seemed that nothing could stop this relentless industrial machine.
I želela sam da znam više. Pa sam studirala šumarstvo. Ali uskoro sam se zatekla kako radim pored moćnih ljudi zaduženih za komercijalnu seču. Razmere krčenja šuma bile su uznemirujuće i uskoro sam se zatekla u konfliktnoj poziciji. Ne samo to, nego prskanje i orezivanje jasika i breza, kako bi se prokrčio put za isplativije sadnice borova i jela bilo je zapanjujuće. Činilo se da ništa ne može da zaustavi upornu industrijsku mašinu.
So I went back to school, and I studied my other world. You see, scientists had just discovered in the laboratory in vitro that one pine seedling root could transmit carbon to another pine seedling root. But this was in the laboratory, and I wondered, could this happen in real forests? I thought yes. Trees in real forests might also share information below ground. But this was really controversial, and some people thought I was crazy, and I had a really hard time getting research funding. But I persevered, and I eventually conducted some experiments deep in the forest, 25 years ago. I grew 80 replicates of three species: paper birch, Douglas fir, and western red cedar. I figured the birch and the fir would be connected in a belowground web, but not the cedar. It was in its own other world. And I gathered my apparatus, and I had no money, so I had to do it on the cheap. So I went to Canadian Tire --
Tako sam se vratila na školovanje i izučavala sam svoj drugi svet. Vidite, naučnici su tek otkrili u laboratoriji in vitro da jedan koren sadnice bora može da prenosi ugljenik na drugi koren sadnice bora. Ali ovo je bilo u laboratoriji, i zapitala sam se, može li ovo da se desi u pravim šumama? Mislila sam da može. Drveće u stvarnim šumama može da deli informacije pod zemljom. Ali ovo je bilo zaista kontroverzno i neki ljudi su mislili da sam luda i bilo mi je veoma teško da dobijem sredstva za istraživanje. Ali bila sam istrajna i na kraju sam sprovela neke eksperimente duboko u šumi, pre 25 godina. Uzgajila sam po 80 primeraka tri vrste: papiraste breze, Daglasove jele i zapadnog crvenog kedra. Pretpostavila sam da će breza i jela biti povezane mrežom pod zemljom, ali ne i kedar. On je bio u sopstvenom svetu. Skupila sam aparaturu i nisam imala novca, tako da sam morala to da uradim na jeftin način. Otišla sam u prodavnicu opreme za majstore -
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
and I bought some plastic bags and duct tape and shade cloth, a timer, a paper suit, a respirator. And then I borrowed some high-tech stuff from my university: a Geiger counter, a scintillation counter, a mass spectrometer, microscopes. And then I got some really dangerous stuff: syringes full of radioactive carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas and some high pressure bottles of the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas. But I was legally permitted.
i kupila sam plastične kese i selotejp i tkaninu za prekrivanje, tajmer, papirno odelo i respirator. Onda sam pozajmila neke moderne stvari sa svog univerziteta: Gajgerov brojač, scintilacioni brojač, maseni spektrometar, mikroskope. Onda sam uzela neke zaista opasne stvari: špriceve pune radioaktivnog gasa ugljenik-14 ugljenik dioksid i boce pod visokim pritiskom pune stabilnog izotopa gasa ugljenik-13 ugljenik dioksid. Ali sve je bilo legalno.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Oh, and I forgot some stuff, important stuff: the bug spray, the bear spray, the filters for my respirator. Oh well.
Da, ponešto sam zaboravila, bitne stvari: sprej protiv insekata, sprej protiv medveda, filter za respirator. Šta sad.
The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off. And I had no bear spray. But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.
Prvog dana eksperimenta, otišli smo do svog parčeta zemlje i oterali su nas grizli medvedica i njeno mladunče. A ja nisam imala sprej protiv medveda. Ali znate, tako to ide sa istraživanjem u šumi u Kanadi.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So I came back the next day, and mama grizzly and her cub were gone. So this time, we really got started, and I pulled on my white paper suit, I put on my respirator, and then I put the plastic bags over my trees. I got my giant syringes, and I injected the bags with my tracer isotope carbon dioxide gases, first the birch. I injected carbon-14, the radioactive gas, into the bag of birch. And then for fir, I injected the stable isotope carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas. I used two isotopes, because I was wondering whether there was two-way communication going on between these species. I got to the final bag, the 80th replicate, and all of a sudden mama grizzly showed up again. And she started to chase me, and I had my syringes above my head, and I was swatting the mosquitos, and I jumped into the truck, and I thought, "This is why people do lab studies."
Vratila sam se narednog dana i mama grizli i mladunče su nestali. Ovaj put smo se stvarno zaleteli i obukla sam belo papirno odelo, stavila respirator i onda sam stavila plastične kese preko svog drveća. Uzela sam ogromne špriceve i u kese ubrizgala gasove ugljen dioksida u vidu izotopa za praćenje, prvo u brezu. Ubrizgala sam radioaktivni gas, ugljenik-14 u kesu sa brezom. A za jelu, ubrizgala sam stabilni izotop gasa ugljenik-13 ugljenik dioksid. Koristila sam dva izotopa zato što sam se pitala da li je postojala dvosmerna komunikacija između ove dve vrste. Došla sam do poslednje kese, do osamdesetog primerka i odjednom se opet pojavila mama grizli. I počela je da me juri i špricevi su mi bili nad glavom i ubijala sam komarce i uskočila sam u kamionet i pomislila sam: "Zato ljudi rade istraživanja u laboratoriji."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
I waited an hour. I figured it would take this long for the trees to suck up the CO2 through photosynthesis, turn it into sugars, send it down into their roots, and maybe, I hypothesized, shuttle that carbon belowground to their neighbors. After the hour was up, I rolled down my window, and I checked for mama grizzly. Oh good, she's over there eating her huckleberries. So I got out of the truck and I got to work. I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off. I ran my Geiger counter over its leaves. Kkhh! Perfect. The birch had taken up the radioactive gas. Then the moment of truth. I went over to the fir tree. I pulled off its bag. I ran the Geiger counter up its needles, and I heard the most beautiful sound. Kkhh! It was the sound of birch talking to fir, and birch was saying, "Hey, can I help you?" And fir was saying, "Yeah, can you send me some of your carbon? Because somebody threw a shade cloth over me." I went up to cedar, and I ran the Geiger counter over its leaves, and as I suspected, silence. Cedar was in its own world. It was not connected into the web interlinking birch and fir.
Čekala sam sat vremena. Pretpostavila sam da će ovoliko trebati da drveće upije ugljen-dioksid putem fotosinteze, pretvori ga u šećere, pošalje ga dole do korenja i možda, pretpostavljala sam, prebaci taj ugljenik pod zemljom do svojih suseda. Nakon što je prošao sat, spustila sam prozor, i proverila da li je grizli tu. Super, eto je tamo i jede svoje borovnice. Izlazim iz kamioneta i vraćam se poslu. Otišla sam do prve kese sa brezom, skinula sam kesu, prošla sam Gajgerovim brojačem preko njenog lišća. Khhh! Savršeno. Breza je upila radioaktivni gas. Trenutak istine. Otišla sam do drveta jele. Skinula sam kesu. Prevukla sam Gajgerov brojač preko iglica i čula sam predivan zvuk. Khhh! To je bio zvuk razgovora breze i jele i breza je govorila: "Hej, mogu li da ti pomognem?" A jela je govorila: "Da, možeš li mi poslati nešto ugljenika? Pošto je neko prebacio tkaninu preko mene." Došla sam do kedra i prešla sam Gajgerovim brojačem preko lišća i kao što sam i sumnjala, tišina. Kedar je bio u svom svetu. Nije bio povezan u mrežu koja je spajala brezu i jelu.
I was so excited, I ran from plot to plot and I checked all 80 replicates. The evidence was clear. The C-13 and C-14 was showing me that paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation. It turns out at that time of the year, in the summer, that birch was sending more carbon to fir than fir was sending back to birch, especially when the fir was shaded. And then in later experiments, we found the opposite, that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir, and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless. So it turns out the two species were interdependent, like yin and yang.
Bila sam tako uzbuđena, trčala sam od zasada do zasada i proverila sam svih 80 komada. Dokazi su bili jasni. C-13 i C-14 su mi pokazivali da papirasta breza i Daglasova jela vode živahan dvostrani razgovor. Ispostavlja se da u to doba godine, tokom leta, ta breza šalje više ugljenika jeli nego što je jela vraćala brezi, naročito kad je jela bila u senci. U kasnijim eksperimentima otkrili smo suprotno, da je jela slala više ugljenika brezi nego što je breza jeli, a to je zato što je jela još rasla dok breza nije imala listova. Ispostavlja se da su dve vrste zavisne jedna od druge, poput jina i janga.
And at that moment, everything came into focus for me. I knew I had found something big, something that would change the way we look at how trees interact in forests, from not just competitors but to cooperators. And I had found solid evidence of this massive belowground communications network, the other world.
U tom trenutku, sve mi se razbistrilo. Znala sam da sam otkrila nešto veliko, nešto što bi promenilo način na koji gledamo interakciju drveća u šumama, ne kao suparnike već kao članove tima. Takođe sam otkrila jake dokaze za ovu ogromnu podzemnu mrežu za komunikacije, za drugi svet.
Now, I truly hoped and believed that my discovery would change how we practice forestry, from clear-cutting and herbiciding to more holistic and sustainable methods, methods that were less expensive and more practical. What was I thinking? I'll come back to that.
Zaista sam se nadala i verovala da će moje otkriće izmeniti to kako se bavimo šumarstvom, od krčenja i prskanja herbicidima do drugih metoda koji su više holistički i održivi, metoda koje su jeftinije i praktičnije. Gde mi je bila pamet? Vratiću se na to.
So how do we do science in complex systems like forests? Well, as forest scientists, we have to do our research in the forests, and that's really tough, as I've shown you. And we have to be really good at running from bears. But mostly, we have to persevere in spite of all the stuff stacked against us. And we have to follow our intuition and our experiences and ask really good questions. And then we've got to gather our data and then go verify. For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest. Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old. You can check them out. That's how forest science works.
Kako da se bavimo naukom u kompleksnim sistemima poput šuma. Kao naučnici za šume, moramo da istražujemo u šumama a to je zaista teško, kao što sam vam pokazala. I moramo da budemo sjajni u bežanju od medveda. Ali pre svega moramo biti istrajni, uprkos svim stvarima koje su protiv nas. I moramo da pratimo svoju intuiciju i svoja iskustva i postavljamo zaista dobra pitanja. Onda moramo da skupimo podatke i potvrdimo ih. Za mene, sprovela sam i objavila stotine eksperimenata u šumi. Neke od mojih najstarijih eksperimentalnih plantaža sada imaju preko 30 godina. Možete ih pogledati. Tako radi nauka o šumi.
So now I want to talk about the science. How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating? Well, it turns out they were conversing not only in the language of carbon but also nitrogen and phosphorus and water and defense signals and allelochemicals and hormones -- information. And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza was involved. Mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root." You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest. They're the mushrooms. The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg, because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium, and that mycelium infects and colonizes the roots of all the trees and plants. And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells, there's a trade of carbon for nutrients, and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil and coating every soil particle. The web is so dense that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium under a single footstep. And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest, individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir, and it works kind of like the Internet.
Sada želim da pričam o nauci. Kako su komunicirale papirasta breza i Daglasova jela? Ispostavlja se da su pričale ne samo jezikom ugljenika već i azota i fosfora i vode i odbrambenih signala i hemikalija alela i hormona - informacije. Znate, moram da vam kažem, pre mene, naučnici su mislili da su ovde uključene zajedničke podzemne simbioze zvane mikorize. Mikoriza bukvalno znači "koren gljive". Vidite njihove reproduktivne organe kada hodate kroz šumu. To su gljive. Ipak, gljive su samo vrh ledenog brega, jer iz tih stabljika rastu vlakna gljiva koja stvaraju micelijum i taj micelijum zarazi i koloniše korenje sveg drveća i biljaka. Tu gde dolazi do interakcije ćelija gljiva i korenja, trampi se ugljenik za hranljive materije i ta gljiva dobija te hranljive materije tako što raste kroz tlo i prekriva svaku česticu tla. Mreža je toliko gusta da može postojati stotine kilometara micelijuma pod jednim otiskom stopala. Ne samo to, taj micelijum povezuje različite jedinke u šumi, ne samo jedinke iste vrste nego između vrsta, poput breze i jele i to funkcioniše poput interneta.
You see, like all networks, mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links. We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest. In this picture, the circles represent the Douglas fir, or the nodes, and the lines represent the interlinking fungal highways, or the links.
Vidite, poput svih mreža, mreža mikoriza ima čvorove i veze. Ovu mapu smo napravili ispitujući kratke delove DNK svakog drveta i svake jedinke gljive u delu šume Daglasove jele. Na ovoj slici krugovi predstavljaju Daglasove jele, tj. čvorove, a linije predstavljaju povezane puteve gljiva, tj. veze.
The biggest, darkest nodes are the busiest nodes. We call those hub trees, or more fondly, mother trees, because it turns out that those hub trees nurture their young, the ones growing in the understory. And if you can see those yellow dots, those are the young seedlings that have established within the network of the old mother trees. In a single forest, a mother tree can be connected to hundreds of other trees. And using our isotope tracers, we have found that mother trees will send their excess carbon through the mycorrhizal network to the understory seedlings, and we've associated this with increased seedling survival by four times.
Najveći, najtamniji čvorovi su i najprometniji. Njih zovemo centralnim drvećem, ili prisnije, drvećem-majkama, jer se ispostavlja da to centralno drveće pazi na svoj podmladak, na one koji rastu pod njima. Ako možete da vidite te žute tačke, to su mlade sadnice koje su se utvrdile unutar mreže starog drveća-majki. U jednoj šumi, drvo-majka može biti povezano sa stotinama drugog drveća. Koristeći praćenje putem izotopa, otkrili smo da drveće-majke šalje višak ugljenika kroz mrežu mikoriza do sadnica ispod njih, a ovo smo povezali sa porastom u preživljavanju sadnica povećanim za četiri puta.
Now, we know we all favor our own children, and I wondered, could Douglas fir recognize its own kin, like mama grizzly and her cub? So we set about an experiment, and we grew mother trees with kin and stranger's seedlings. And it turns out they do recognize their kin. Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks. They send them more carbon below ground. They even reduce their own root competition to make elbow room for their kids. When mother trees are injured or dying, they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings. So we've used isotope tracing to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network and into her neighboring seedlings, not only carbon but also defense signals. And these two compounds have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses. So trees talk.
Svi znamo da više volimo sopstvenu decu i zapitala sam se, može li Daglasova jela da prepozna sopstvenu vrstu, poput mame grizli i njenog mladunčeta? Započeli smo eksperiment i zasadili smo drveće-majke sa njihovim i tuđim sadnicama. Ispostavlja se da zaista prepoznaju svoj rod. Drveće-majke kolonizuje svoj rod uz pomoć veće mreže mikoriza. Šalje im više ugljenika pod zemljom. Čak i smanjuje konkurenciju u smislu sopstvenog korenja kako bi napravilo više prostora za svoju decu. Kada je drveće-majke povređeno ili umire, takođe šalje mudre poruke narednoj generaciji sadnica. Koristili smo praćenje izotopom da bismo pratili kretanje ugljenika od povređenog drveta majke kroz njeno deblo do mreže mikoriza i do susednih sadnica, ne samo ugljenik već i odbrambeni signali. Ova dva sastojka povećala su otpornost tih sadnica na buduće stresove. Tako da drveće priča.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
Through back and forth conversations, they increase the resilience of the whole community. It probably reminds you of our own social communities, and our families, well, at least some families.
Kroz razgovor, ono povećava otpornost čitave zajednice. To vas verovatno podseća na naše društvene zajednice i naše porodice, pa, makar na neke porodice.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So let's come back to the initial point. Forests aren't simply collections of trees, they're complex systems with hubs and networks that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate, and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation, and this makes the forest resilient. That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks. But they're also vulnerable, vulnerable not only to natural disturbances like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging. You see, you can take out one or two hub trees, but there comes a tipping point, because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane. You can take out one or two and the plane still flies, but you take out one too many, or maybe that one holding on the wings, and the whole system collapses.
Vratimo se na početak. Šume nisu samo skupine drveća, one su složeni sistemi centara i mreža, koje se preklapaju i povezuju drveće i omogućavaju im komunikaciju i pružaju im mesta za povratne informacije i adaptaciju i ovo šumu čini otpornom. To je zato što postoji mnogo centralnog drveća i mreža koje se preklapaju. Ali takođe su i osetljive, ne samo na prirodne poremećaje, poput buba potkornjaka koje više vole veće, starije drveće već i na preveliku seču drveća, poput krčenja šuma. Vidite, možete skloniti dva ili tri centralna drveta ali postoji određena granica, pošto je centralno drveće nešto nalik zakivcima na avionu. Možete da izvadite jedan ili dva i avion će još leteti, ali ako izvadite previše njih ili onaj koji pridržava krila, ceo sistem će propasti.
So now how are you thinking about forests? Differently?
Da li sada drugačije razmišljate o šumama?
(Audience) Yes.
(Publika) Da.
Cool. I'm glad.
Kul. Drago mi je.
So, remember I said earlier that I hoped that my research, my discoveries would change the way we practice forestry. Well, I want to take a check on that 30 years later here in western Canada.
Sećate se da sam ranije rekla da sam se nadala da će moje istraživanje, da će moja otkrića izmeniti način na koji se bavimo šumarstvom. Želela sam da proverim to 30 godina kasnije ovde u Zapadnoj Kanadi.
This is about 100 kilometers to the west of us, just on the border of Banff National Park. That's a lot of clear-cuts. It's not so pristine. In 2014, the World Resources Institute reported that Canada in the past decade has had the highest forest disturbance rate of any country worldwide, and I bet you thought it was Brazil. In Canada, it's 3.6 percent per year. Now, by my estimation, that's about four times the rate that is sustainable.
Ovo je oko 100 kilometara zapadno od nas, tik uz granicu Nacionalnog parka Banf. To je dosta krčenja. Nije baš sjajno. Godine 2014, Svetski institut za resurse izjavio je da je Kanada protekle decenije imala najveću stopu remećenja šuma od svih zemalja širom sveta, a kladim se da ste mislili da je to Brazil. U Kanadi, to je 3,6 procenata godišnje. Po mojoj proceni, to je oko četiri puta više od stope koja je održiva.
Now, massive disturbance at this scale is known to affect hydrological cycles, degrade wildlife habitat, and emit greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere, which creates more disturbance and more tree diebacks.
Masivno remećenje na ovom nivou zna da utiče na vodene cikluse, da smanji prisustvo životinjskog sveta i da emituje gasove staklene bašte nazad u atmosferu što prouzrokuje još remećenja i još uginulog drveća.
Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species and weed out the aspens and birches. These simplified forests lack complexity, and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs. And as climate changes, this is creating a perfect storm for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak that just swept across North America, or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.
Ne samo to, nastavljamo da sadimo jednu ili dve vrste i istrebljujemo jasike i breze. Ovim pojednostavljenim šumama nedostaje kompleksnost i veoma su ranjive na infekcije i parazite. A kako se menja klima, ovo stvara savršenu situaciju za ekstremne događaje, poput pojave velikog broja planinskih potkornjaka koji su u preplavili Severnu Ameriku ili onaj ogromni požar pre nekoliko meseci u Alberti.
So I want to come back to my final question: instead of weakening our forests, how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change? Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems is they have enormous capacity to self-heal. In our recent experiments, we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly. So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions. And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.
Želim da se vratim na svoje poslednje pitanje: umesto da oslabljujemo svoje šume, kako da ih ojačamo i pomognemo im da se nose sa klimatskim promenama? Znate, sjajna stvar kod šuma kao kompleksnih sistema je da imaju ogroman kapacitet da se same leče. U našim skorašnjim eksperimentima, otkrili smo da uz mestimičnu seču i održavanje centralnog drveća i regeneracije s ciljem raznolikosti vrsta i gena i genotipa, ove mreže mikoriza se vraćaju u život prilično brzo. S ovim na umu, ostaviću vas sa četiri jednostavna rešenja. Ne možemo se zavaravati da su previše komplikovana za delanje.
First, we all need to get out in the forest. We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests. You see, most of our forests now are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach, but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of local conditions.
Pre svega, moramo izaći u šumu. Moramo da ponovo uspostavimo lokalni udeo u sopstvenim šumama. Vidite, u većini sadašnjih šuma upravlja se jednim istim pristupom, ali dobro vođenje šuma zahteva poznavanje lokalnih uslova.
Second, we need to save our old-growth forests. These are the repositories of genes and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks. So this means less cutting. I don't mean no cutting, but less cutting.
Drugo, moramo da sačuvamo naše starije šume. To su skladišta gena i drveća-majki i mreža mikoriza. To znači manje sečenja. Ne mislim na ukidanje sečenja, već manje sečenja.
And third, when we do cut, we need to save the legacies, the mother trees and networks, and the wood, the genes, so they can pass their wisdom onto the next generation of trees so they can withstand the future stresses coming down the road. We need to be conservationists.
Treće, kada sečemo, moramo da sačuvamo nasledstva, drveće-majke i mreže i drvo, gene, tako da mogu da proslede svoju mudrost na narednu generaciju drveća, kako bi ona mogla da izdrži buduće pritiske koji nailaze. Moramo da čuvamo prirodu.
And finally, fourthly and finally, we need to regenerate our forests with a diversity of species and genotypes and structures by planting and allowing natural regeneration. We have to give Mother Nature the tools she needs to use her intelligence to self-heal. And we need to remember that forests aren't just a bunch of trees competing with each other, they're supercooperators.
Konačno, četvrto i poslednje, moramo da regenerišemo svoje šume sa varijetetom vrsta i genotipa i struktura tako što ćem saditi i dozvoliti prirodnu regeneraciju. Moramo da Majci Prirodi damo alatke koje su joj neophodne da koristi svoju inteligenciju da se leči sama. I moramo da zapamtimo da šume nisu samo gomile drveća koje se takmiči među sobom, one sarađuju međusobno.
So back to Jigs. Jigs's fall into the outhouse showed me this other world, and it changed my view of forests. I hope today to have changed how you think about forests.
Vraćamo se Džigsu. Džigsov pad u poljski toalet pokazao mi je ovaj drugi svet i promenio moj pogled na šume. Nadam se da ste danas promenili način na koji posmatrate šume.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)