I work with a species called "Bonobo." And I'm happy most of the time, because I think this is the happiest species on the planet. It's kind of a well-kept secret. This species lives only in the Congo. And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior. Their sexual behavior is too human-like for most of us to be comfortable with.
Radim s vrstom koja se zove 'bonobo'. Većinu sam vremena sretna jer mislim da su oni najsretnija vrsta na planetu, što je prilično dobro čuvana tajna. Ova vrsta živi samo u Kongu. Zbog njihovog spolnog ponašanja nema ih u mnogo zooloških vrtova. Njihovo spolno ponašanje toliko nalikuje ljudskome da većini nas to ne bi bilo prihvatljivo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
But --
No,
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society. And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life that they sort of set aside. It permeates their entire life. And it's used for communication. And it's used for conflict resolution. And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of, divided our lives up into lots of parts. We divided our world up with lots of categories. And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit. But I don't think that we were that way initially.
zapravo možemo od njih mnogo naučiti jer im je društvo vrlo egalitarističko i empatično. Spolno ponašanje nije im ograničeno tek na jedan aspekt života koji bi donekle držali po strani. Ono prožima njihov cijeli život. Koristi se za komunikaciju, koristi se za rješavanje sukoba. Mislim da smo možda nekad davno u prošlosti podijelili svoje živote na mnoštvo dijelova. Podijelili smo svoj svijet na mnogo kategorija. Tako je sve dobilo svoje mjesto na koje mora pripadati. Međutim, ne mislim da smo u početku bili takvi.
There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired and that there's something very, very special about man. Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought. Maybe it's something special in his brain that allows him to have language. Maybe it's something special in his brain that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics. Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered around the 1600s and they had no fire. They had no stone tools. To our knowledge they had no music. So when you compare them to the Bonobo, the Bonobo is a little hairier. He doesn't stand quite as upright. But there are a lot of similarities. And I think that as we look at culture, we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are. And I don't really think it's in our biology; I think we've attributed it to our biology, but I don't really think it's there.
Mnogo je ljudi koji smatraju da je životinjsko ponašanje urođeno, dok kod čovjeka postoji nešto vrlo, vrlo posebno. Možda je to njegova sposobnost za uzročno-posljedično promišljanje. Možda je to nešto posebno u njegovom mozgu što mu je omogućilo razvoj jezika. Možda je to nešto posebno u njegovom mozgu što mu omogućava izradu oruđa, ili matematiku. Hm, ne znam. Ljudi s Tasmanije otkriveni u 17. stoljeću nisu poznavali vatru. Nisu imali kameno oruđe. Koliko nam je poznato, nisu imali glazbu. Usporedite li ih s bonobom, bonobo jest nešto dlakaviji. Ne stoji baš toliko uspravno, ali ipak vidimo mnoštvo sličnosti. Mislim da dok gledamo kulturu donekle možemo razumjeti kako smo stigli ovamo gdje jesmo. Ne mislim da se tu radi o biološkoj uvjetovanosti. Mi smo to pripisali biologiji, ali ja zaista mislim da nije u tome stvar.
So what I want to do now is introduce you to a species called the Bonobo. This is Kanzi. He's a Bonobo. Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia. His mother originally came from a forest in Africa. And she came to us when she was just at puberty, about six or seven years of age.
I zato vas sada želim upoznati s vrstom koju nazivamo bonobo. Ovo je Kanzi. On je bonobo. Upravo se nalazi u šumi u Georgiji. Majka mu je porijeklom iz jedne šume u Africi. Nama je stigla kao adolescentica, imala je oko šest ili sedam godina.
Now this shows a Bonobo on your right, and a chimpanzee on your left. Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking. The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer, is more upright, just as we are. This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy. As you can see, there's not a lot of difference between the way a Bonobo walks and the way an early australopithecine would have walked. As they turn toward us you'll see that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side. So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier. And now we see all four.
Desno vidite bonoba, a lijevo čimpanzu. Jasno se vidi da čimpanza nešto teže hoda. Bonobo, iako je niži od nas i ima duže ruke, hoda uspravnije, poput nas. Ovdje je usporedba bonoba i australopiteka, kakva je bila Lucy. Kao što vidite, nema baš velike razlike između načina na koji hoda bonobo i načina na koji su hodali rani australopiteci. Kad se okrenu prema nama, vidjet ćete da je zdjelica ranih australopiteka nešto plosnatija te se ne mora toliko rotirati s jedne strane na drugu. Time je dvonožno hodanje olakšano. Sad ih vidimo sve četvero.
Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle encircled by the Congo River. Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet, grow densely in the area. It was a Japanese scientist who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo, almost three decades ago. Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee. Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures. Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them. One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally. What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances. Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.
Video: Pripovjedačica: Bonobo u divljini živi u središnjoj Africi, u prašumi okruženoj rijekom Kongo. Krošnje drveća visokog i do 40 metara ovdje su iznimno guste. Jedan japanski znanstvenik prvi je krenuo ozbiljno proučavati bonobe na terenu prije gotovo tri desetljeća. Bonobi su po građi nešto manji od čimpanzi. Imaju vitka tijela i po prirodi su vrlo nježna stvorenja. Duga i pomna istraživanja otkrila su mnoga nova saznanja o njima. Jedno je otkriće bilo da u divljini bonobi često hodaju dvonožno. Štoviše, znaju uspravno prelaziti i veće udaljenosti. Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (na videu): Pozdravimo prvo Austina, a onda ćemo do A-kuće.
SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest. None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained. None of them are tricks. They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously, by NHK of Japan. We have eight Bonobos.
SSR: Ovo smo Kanzi i ja u šumi. Ništa od onog što ćete vidjeti na ovom filmu nije posebno uvježbano. Nema trikova. Sve je snimljeno spontano, a snimio je japanski NHK. Imamo osam bonoba.
Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.
Video: Pogledaj sve ove stvari za našu logorsku vatru.
SS: An entire family at our research centre.
SSR: Cijela obitelj u našem istraživačkom centru.
Video: You going to help get some sticks? Good. We need more sticks, too. I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one. That's a wasps' nest. You can get it out. I hope I have a lighter. You can use the lighter to start the fire.
Video: Pomogneš mi skupiti pruće? Ma bravo. Trebamo još pruća. U džepu imam upaljač ako ti zatreba. To je osinje gnijezdo. Možeš ga izvaditi. Nadam se da imam upaljač. Možeš upaljačem zapaliti vatru.
SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire. He doesn't do it yet without a lighter, but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do -- make a fire without a lighter. He's learning about how to keep a fire going. He's learning the uses for a fire, just by watching what we do with fire.
SSR: Kanzija jako zanima vatra. Još je ne uspijeva zapaliti bez upaljača, ali kad bi vidio nekoga kako to radi, mislim da bi mogao zapaliti vatru bez upaljača. Uči kako se vatra održava. Uči čemu vatra služi, jednostavno gledajući što mi radimo s vatrom
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo. These are happy vocalizations.
Ovo je osmijeh na licu bonoba. Ove vokalizacije izraz su sreće.
Video: You're happy. You're very happy about this part. You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water? Good job.
Video: Veseo si. Jako te veseli ovaj dio. Trebaš vatru politi vodom. Vidiš vodu? Ma bravo.
SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack. But he likes to carry things from place to place.
SSR: Zaboravio je zakopčati stražnji dio ruksaka. Ali voli prenositi stvari s jednog mjesta na drugo.
Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."
Video: Austin, čujem kako kažeš „Austin“.
SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance, farther than we can hear. This is his sister. This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.
Priča s drugim bonobima u labosu, na daljinu, dalje nego mi možemo čuti. Ovo mu je sestra. Ovo joj je prvi put da pokušava voziti auto za golf.
Video: Goodbye.
Video: Do viđenja!
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel. She switches from reverse to forward and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.
SSR: Shvatila je pedale, ali ne i volan. Mijenja brzine unatrag i prema naprijed, a volan samo drži, ne okreće ga.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.
Poput nas, zna da je odraz u ogledalu njen.
(Music)
(Glazba)
Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human, and documenting their development across two decades, scientists are exploring how cultural forces
Video: Pripovjedačica: Odgajanjem bonoba u okružju koje je i bonobovsko i ljudsko, i dokumentiranjem njihovog razvoja tijekom dvadeset godina, znanstvenici istražuju na koji je način moć kulture
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
may have operated during human evolution.
djelovala tijekom evolucije čovjeka.
His name is Nyota. It means "star" in Swahili.
Ime mu je Nyota. To na svahiliju znači 'zvijezda'.
(Music)
(Glazba)
Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors. In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring. Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands, to groom Nyota. Very impressive. Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required to perform delicate tasks like this. Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself. Realizing that Nyota might get hurt, Panbanisha, like any human mother, carefully tugs to get the scissors back.
Panbanisha pokušava škarama ošišati Nyotu. Poznato je da bonobi u divljini timare svoje mladunce. Ovdje se Panbanisha koristi škarama umjesto rukama dok timari Nyotu. Zaista dojmljivo. Za delikatne zadatke poput ovog potrebni su rafinirani pokreti rukama. Nyota pokušava oponašati Panbanishu i sam koristeći škare. Shvativši da bi se mogao ozlijediti, Panbanisha, poput svake ljudske majke, pažljivo vuče ne bi li uzela škare natrag.
He can now cut through tough animal hide.
Sad može prorezati kroz tvrdu životinjsku kožu.
SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.
SSR: Kanzi je naučio izrađivati kameno oruđe.
Video: Kanzi now makes his tools, just as our ancestors may have made them, two-and-a-half million years ago -- by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other. He has learned that by using both hands and aiming his glancing blows, he can make much larger, sharper flakes. Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough. The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife. The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle, requiring great skill. Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia and is identical to that used by our African ancestors two-and-a-half million years ago. These are the rocks Kanzi used and these are the flakes he made. The flat sharp edges are like knife blades. Compare them to the tools our ancestors used; they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.
Video: Kanzi sada sam izrađuje oruđe, kao što su ga možda izrađivali naši preci prije dva i pol milijuna godina, držeći komade kamena objema rukama i udarajući ih jedan o drugi. Naučio je da, ako koristi obje ruke i pažljivo nacilja može napraviti veće, oštrije krhotine. Kanzi odabire krhotinu za koju smatra da je dovoljno oštra. Čvrstu kožu teško je rezati, čak i nožem. Kamen koji Kanzi koristi iznimno je tvrd, idealan za izradu kamenog oruđa, ali i težak za korištenje jer zahtijeva veliko umijeće. Kanzijev kamen dolazi iz nalazišta Gona u Etiopiji i identičan je onima koje su koristili naši afrički preci prije dva i pol milijuna godina. Ovo je kamenje Kanzi koristio, a ovo su krhotine koje je napravio. Plosnati su bridovi oštri poput oštrice noža. Usporedite ih s kamenim oruđem naših predaka; upadljivo su slični Kanzijevima.
Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods. She keeps staring out the window.
Panbanisha žudi za šetnjom šumom. Stalno gleda kroz prozor.
SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.
SSR: Ovo je – pokazat ću vam nešto što nismo očekivali od njih.
Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.
Video: Već nekoliko dana Panbanisha nije bila vani.
SS: I normally talk about language.
SSR: Obično govorim o jeziku.
Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.
Video: Tada je Panbanisha učinila nešto neočekivano.
SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do, I haven't told you that these apes have language. It's a geometric language.
SSR: No, kako su me savjetovali da ne radim što radim inače, nisam vam rekla da ovi čovjekoliki majmuni imaju jezik. Taj jezik je geometrijski.
Video: She takes a piece of chalk and begins writing something on the floor. What is she writing?
Video: Ona uzima komad krede i počinje nešto pisati na podu. Što to ona piše?
SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.
SSR: Ona izgovara i ime toga, svojim glasom.
Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.
Video: Prišavši doktorici Sue, ona ponovo počinje pisati.
SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.
SSR: Ovo je njeno znakovlje na tipkovnici koju koristi.
(Music)
(Glazba)
They speak when she touches them.
Pritiskom na tipku izgovara se riječ.
Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go. "A frame" represents a hut in the woods. Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard. Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor. SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.
Video: Panbanisha govori dr. Sue kamo želi ići. Tipka „A-kuća“ predstavlja kolibu u šumi. Usporedite crtež kredom s leksigramom na tipkovnici. Panbanisha je počela crtati leksigrame na zemlji u šumi. SSR (video): Prekrasno, vrlo lijepo, Panbanisha.
SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing, until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.
SSR: Isprva nismo shvaćali što radi, dok se nismo odmaknuli, dobro ih pogledali i zarotirali.
Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods. The curved line is very similar to the lexigram. The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar." It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.
Video: Ovaj leksigram također predstavlja jedno mjesto u šumi. Zaobljena linija vrlo je slična leksigramu. Sljedeći simbol koji Panbanisha crta predstavlja „ogrlicu“. Upućuje na ogrlicu koju Panbanisha mora nositi kad izlazi.
SS: That's an institutional requirement.
SSR: To je pravilo koje propisuje institucija.
Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others, but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line and several straight lines. Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said, by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk. Panbanisha watched. Soon she began to write as well. The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world. How did they develop?
Video: Ovaj simbol nije jasan poput ostalih, no ipak se može vidjeti kako Panbanisha pokušava napraviti zaobljenu crtu i nekoliko ravnih. Istraživači su počeli bilježiti što Panbanisha govori tako što su kredom crtali leksigrame po podu. Panbanisha ih je promatrala. Uskoro je i ona počela pisati. Vještine bonoba zaprepastile su znanstvenike širom svijeta. Kako su se one razvile?
SS (video): We found that the most important thing for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them. It's simply to use language around them, because the driving force in language acquisition is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you. Once you have that capacity, the ability to produce language comes rather naturally and rather freely. So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos, like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting -- we want to create an environment in which they have fun, and an environment in which the others are meaningful individuals for them. Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential in Kanzi and Panbanisha.
SSR (video): Otkrili smo da je najvažnija stvar koja omogućuje bonobima učenje jezika - ne učiti ih. Jednostavno treba razgovarati u njihovoj blizini, jer je najbolja motivacija za učenje jezika razumijevanje onoga što ti drugi, oni važni tebi, govore. Jednom kad imate tu sposobnost, vještina stvaranja jezika dolazi sasvim prirodno i prilično slobodno. Stoga želimo napraviti okruženje u kojem bonobi, poput svih pojedinaca s kojima komuniciraju – želimo stvoriti sredinu u kojoj im je zabavno i takvu sredinu u kojoj su im važni svi ljudi koje susreću. Pripovjedačica: Ovakva sredina istaknula je neočekivan potencijal kod Kanzija i Panbanishe.
Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica, until Nyota, now one year old, steals it. Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth. Is he looking for where the sound came from? Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish. This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano. She wasn't forced to learn the piano; she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.
Panbanisha uživa svirajući svoju usnu harmoniku sve dok je Nyota, sada jednogodišnjak, ne ukrade. Potom viri pun očekivanja u majčina usta. Traži li on odakle to dolaze zvukovi? Dr. Sue smatra da je važno podržavati takvu znatiželju. Ovaj put Panbanisha svira na električnom klaviru. Nije bila prisiljena naučiti svirati, već je vidjela istraživačicu kako svira i tako se zainteresirala.
Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening. Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.
Istraživačica: Samo daj. Samo naprijed. Slušam te. Odsviraj onako vrlo brzo kako si prije. Da, tako!
Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone; using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing. Kanzi and Panbanisha are stimulated by this fun-filled environment, which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.
Pripovjedačica: Kanzi svira ksilofon; koristeći se objema rukama entuzijastično prati pjevanje dr. Sue. Kanzija i Panbanishu ovakva sredina s mnogo zabave stimulira te potiče razvoj ovakvih kulturoloških sposobnosti.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them. Take the cherries too. Now watch out, stay away from them now. Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them. Now you have to stay away. Get away. Run away. Run. Now we can chase them again. Go get them. Oh no! Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.
Istraživačica: OK, sad uhvati čudovišta! Drž' ih! Pojedi i trešnje. Pazi, sad se drži podalje od njih. Sad ih možeš ponovno loviti. Vrijeme je za lov. Sad ih se moraš kloniti. Bježi! Bježi! Trči! Opet ih možemo ganjati. Drž' ih! Oh jooooj! Bravo, Kanzi. Jako dobro. Hvala ti puno!
Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?
Pripovjedačica: ...nitko od nas, bio bonobo ili čovjek, ne može ni zamisliti?
SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture." We're learning how to become like them. We're learning how to communicate with them, in really high-pitched tones. We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild. And they're learning to become like us. Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture. So we're sharing tools and technology and language with another species.
SSR: I tako imamo sredinu u kojoj žive dvije vrste, zovemo ju „panhomokultura“. Učimo kako možemo postati poput njih. Učimo kako komunicirati s njima, tim visokim tonovima. Učimo da vjerojatno u divljini imaju jezik. A oni uče biti poput nas. Jer mi vjerujemo da to nije stvar biologije, već kulture. Mi dijelimo oruđe, tehnologiju i jezik s drugom vrstom.
Thank you.
Hvala vam!