Jeg arbejder med en art kaldt Bonobo Og jeg er glad det meste af tiden, fordi jeg tror det er den lykkeligste art på planeten. Det er en slags hemmelighed Denne art lever kun i Congo. Og de er ikke i ret mange zoologiske haver, på grund af deres seksuelle adfærd. Deres seksuelle adfærd er for menneskelig, til hvad de fleste af os er trygge ved.
I work with a species called "Bonobo." And I'm happy most of the time, because I think this is the happiest species on the planet. It's kind of a well-kept secret. This species lives only in the Congo. And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior. Their sexual behavior is too human-like for most of us to be comfortable with.
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Men --
But --
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faktisk har vi meget at lære af dem, fordi de har et meget ligestillet samfund og et meget empatisk samfund. Og den seksuelle adfærd er ikke begrænset til én del af deres liv som de nærmest sætter til side. Det gennemsyrer hele deres liv. Og det bliver brugt til kommunikation. Og det bliver brugt til konfliktløsning. Og jeg tror måske et sted i historien vi på en måde, delte vores liv op i mange stykker. Vi delte vores verden op i mange kategorier. Og alt har et sted det skal passe i. Men jeg tror ikke vi var sådan i starten.
actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society. And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life that they sort of set aside. It permeates their entire life. And it's used for communication. And it's used for conflict resolution. And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of, divided our lives up into lots of parts. We divided our world up with lots of categories. And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit. But I don't think that we were that way initially.
Der er mange mennesker der tror at dyreverdenen er hugget i sten, og at der er noget meget, meget specielt ved mennesket. Måske er det menneskets evne til tænkte selv. Måske er det noget særligt i vores hjerne der tillader sprog. Måske er det noget specielt i menneskets hjerne der tillader evnen til at lave værktøj eller matematik. Tja, jeg ved det ikke. Der var tasmanere der var opdaget omkring 1600-tallet og de havde ingen ild. De havde ingen stenredskaber. Hvad vi ved af, havde de ingen musik. So hvis man sammenligner dem med bonoboerne, er bonoboen en smule mere behåret. Han står ikke helt så oprejst. Men der er mange ligheder. Og jeg tror at når vi kigger på kultur, kommer vi på en måde til at forstå hvordan vi kom hvor vi er. Og jeg tror ikke det er i vores biologi, jeg tror vi har tilskrevet det til vores biologi, men jeg tror ikke det er rigtigt.
There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired and that there's something very, very special about man. Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought. Maybe it's something special in his brain that allows him to have language. Maybe it's something special in his brain that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics. Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered around the 1600s and they had no fire. They had no stone tools. To our knowledge they had no music. So when you compare them to the Bonobo, the Bonobo is a little hairier. He doesn't stand quite as upright. But there are a lot of similarities. And I think that as we look at culture, we kind of come to understand how we got to where we are. And I don't really think it's in our biology; I think we've attributed it to our biology, but I don't really think it's there.
Så nu vil jeg introducere dig til en art kaldet bonobo. Det er Kanzi. Han er en bonobo. Lige nu er han i en skov i Georgia. Hans mor er originalt fra en skov i Afrika. Og hun kom til os da hun var en -- blot i puberteten, omkring seks eller syv år gammel.
So what I want to do now is introduce you to a species called the Bonobo. This is Kanzi. He's a Bonobo. Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia. His mother originally came from a forest in Africa. And she came to us when she was just at puberty, about six or seven years of age.
Dette viser en bonobo til højre, og en chimpanse til venstre. Tydeligvis har chimpansen en smule mere besvær ved at gå. Bonoboen, dog lavere end os og deres arme stadig længere, er mere oprejst, ligesom os. Dette viser bonoboen sammenlignet med en australopithecin som Lucy. Som du kan se er der ikke den store forskel, på hvordan en bonobo går og hvordan en tidlig australopithecin ville have gået. Som de vender sig mod os vil du se at bækkenområdet er lidt fladere hos tidlige de australopitheciner og behøver ikke at rotere lige så meget fra side til side. Så -- den tobenede gangart er lidt nemmere. Og nu ser vi alle fire.
Now this shows a Bonobo on your right, and a chimpanzee on your left. Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking. The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer, is more upright, just as we are. This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy. As you can see, there's not a lot of difference between the way a Bonobo walks and the way an early australopithecine would have walked. As they turn toward us you'll see that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side. So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier. And now we see all four.
Video: Den vilde bonobo lever i Central Afrika, i junglen omringet af Congo Floden. Trækroner på 40 meters højde, 130 fod, vokser tæt i dette område. Det var en japansk videnskabsmand, der først lavede seriøse studier i felten af bonobo aberne, næsten tre årtier siden. Bonoboer er bygget en smule smallere end chimpanserne. Slankt bygget, bonoboer er af natur meget blide dyr. Lange og omhyggelige undersøgelser har vist mange nye fund. En opdagelse er at vilde bonobo aber ofte går oprejst. Ydermere, de er i stand til at gå oprejst over lange distancer. Lad os sige hej til Austin først.
Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle encircled by the Congo River. Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet, grow densely in the area. It was a Japanese scientist who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo, almost three decades ago. Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee. Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures. Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them. One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally. What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances. Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: Dette er Kanzi og mig, i skoven. Ingen af disse ting du vil se i denne video er trænede. Ingen af dem er tricks. De skete alt sammen spontant, af NHK fra Japan. Vi har otte Bonoboer.
SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest. None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained. None of them are tricks. They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously, by NHK of Japan. We have eight Bonobos.
Video: Se alle de ting vi har her på grund af vores bål.
Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.
SS: En hel familie på vores forskningscenter.
SS: An entire family at our research centre.
Video: Hjælper du med at hente nogle pinde? Godt. Vi har brug for flere pinde. Jeg har en lighter i min lomme hvis du har brug for en. Det er en hvepserede. Du kan få den ud. Jeg håber jeg har en lighter. Du kan bruge lighteren til at starte ilden.
Video: You going to help get some sticks? Good. We need more sticks, too. I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one. That's a wasps' nest. You can get it out. I hope I have a lighter. You can use the lighter to start the fire.
SS: Kanzi er meget interesseret i ild. Han kan ikke endnu, uden en lighter, men jeg tror hvis han så nogen gøre, ville han måske kunne det -- lave et bål uden en lighter. Han lærer om hvordan man holder ilden igang. Han lærer hvad ild kan bruges til, bare ved at se hvad vi gør med ilden.
SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire. He doesn't do it yet without a lighter, but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do -- make a fire without a lighter. He's learning about how to keep a fire going. He's learning the uses for a fire, just by watching what we do with fire.
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Dette er et smil på bonobo ansigtet. Disse er glade lyde.
This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo. These are happy vocalizations.
Video: Du er glad. Du kan rigtig godt lide denne del. Du skal smide noget vand på ilden. Kan du se vandet? Godt klaret.
Video: You're happy. You're very happy about this part. You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water? Good job.
SS: Glemte at lyne hans rygsæk. Men han kan godt lide at bære ting fra sted til sted.
SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack. But he likes to carry things from place to place.
Video: Austin, jeg kan høre du siger Austin.
Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."
SS: Han taler til de andre bonoboer i laboratoriet, langdistance, længere end vi kan høre. Det er hans søster. Det her et første gang han prøver at køre en golfbil.
SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance, farther than we can hear. This is his sister. This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.
Video: Farvel.
Video: Goodbye.
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SS: Hun har styr på pedalerne, men ikke rattet. Hun skifter fra bakgear til fremard og hun holder fra på rattet, i stedet for at dreje det.
SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel. She switches from reverse to forward and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.
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Ligesom os, ved hun at individet i spejlet er hende.
Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.
Musik♪
(Music)
Video: Ved at opdrage bonoboer med en kultur der både er bonobo og menneskelig, og dokumentere deres udviklingen gennem to årtier, forskere udforsker hvordan kulturelle kræfter
Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human, and documenting their development across two decades, scientists are exploring how cultural forces
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har virket gennem den menneskelige udvikling.
may have operated during human evolution.
Han navn er Nyota Det betyder stjerne i Swahili.
His name is Nyota. It means "star" in Swahili.
Musik♪
(Music)
Panbanisha prøver at klippe Nyota, med en saks. I det vilde, er bonobo-forældre tilbøjelig til at børste og rense deres unger. Her bruger Panbanisha en saks i stedet for hendes hænder, til at klippe Nyota. Meget imponerende. Præcise manøvreringer af hænderne er nødvendige til at klare nøjagtige opgaver som denne. Nyota prøver at efterligne Panbanisha ved at bruge saksen selv. Efter tanken at Nyota måske kunne komme til skade, gør Panbanisha ligesom en anden menneskelig mor, og trækker forsigtigt saksen tilbage.
Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors. In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring. Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands, to groom Nyota. Very impressive. Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required to perform delicate tasks like this. Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself. Realizing that Nyota might get hurt, Panbanisha, like any human mother, carefully tugs to get the scissors back.
Han kan nu skære gennem kraftigt dyreskind.
He can now cut through tough animal hide.
SS: Kanzi har lært at lave stenredskaver.
SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.
Video: Kanzi laver nu værktøj, muligvis ligesom vores slægtninge har lavet dem, to og en halv million år siden -- ved at holde en sten i hver hånd, og slå dem mod hinaden. Han har lært at ved at bruge begge hænder og sigte hans snittende slag, kan han lave større og skarpere flager. Kanzi vælger den flig han tror er skarp nok. Det kraftige skind er svært at skære i, selv med en kniv. Den sten Kanzi bruger er ekstremt hård og ideal til at lave stenværktøj med, men den er svær at håndtere, så det kræver dygtighed. Kanzis sten er fra Gona i Etiopien og er identisk med sten vores Afrikanske forfædre brugte to og en halv million år siden. Disse er de sten Kanzi brugte og disse er flagerne han lavede Den flade skarpe kant er som en knivsæg. Sammenligner man dem med redskaber vores forfædre lavede, har de slående ligheder med Kanzis.
Video: Kanzi now makes his tools, just as our ancestors may have made them, two-and-a-half million years ago -- by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other. He has learned that by using both hands and aiming his glancing blows, he can make much larger, sharper flakes. Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough. The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife. The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle, requiring great skill. Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia and is identical to that used by our African ancestors two-and-a-half million years ago. These are the rocks Kanzi used and these are the flakes he made. The flat sharp edges are like knife blades. Compare them to the tools our ancestors used; they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.
Panbanisha vil gerne gå en tur i skoven. Hun bliver ved med at stirre ud af vinduet.
Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods. She keeps staring out the window.
SS: Det er -- lad mig vise jer noget vi ikke troede de ville gøre.
SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.
Video: I flere dage nu, har Panbanisha ikke være udenfor.
Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.
SS: Jeg taler normalt om sprog.
SS: I normally talk about language.
Video: Pludseligt gør Panbanisha noget uventet.
Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.
SS: Siden jeg er blevet rådet til ikke at gøre hvad jeg normalt gør, Jeg har ikke fortalt jer at disse aber har et sprog. Det er et geometrisk sprog.
SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do, I haven't told you that these apes have language. It's a geometric language.
Video: Hun tager et stykke kridt. og begynder at skrive noget på gulvet. Hvad skriver hun?
Video: She takes a piece of chalk and begins writing something on the floor. What is she writing?
SS: Hun siger også navnet på det, med hendes stemme.
SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.
Video: Nu kommer hun over til Dr. Sue og begynder at skrive igen.
Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.
SS: Dette er hendes symboler på hendes tastatur.
SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.
Musik♪
(Music)
De siger noget når hun trykker på dem.
They speak when she touches them.
Video: Panbanisha kommunikerer hvor hun gerne vil hen med Dr. Sue. En ramme repræsentere en hytte i skoven. Sammenlign det med kalktegningen med lexigrammet på tastaturet. Panbanisha begyndte at skrive lexigrammer i skovbunden. Meget flot. Smukt, Panbanisha.
Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go. "A frame" represents a hut in the woods. Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard. Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor. SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.
SS: Først vidste vi ikke rigtigt hvad hun lavede. indtil vi gik tilbage og kiggede og drejede det.
SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing, until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.
Video: Dette lexigram hentyder også til et sted i skoven. Denne bøjede linje er meget ens med et lexigram. Det næste symbol Panbanisha skriver repræsentere halsbånd. Det indikere halsbåndet Panbanisha skal have på når hun går udenfor.
Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods. The curved line is very similar to the lexigram. The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar." It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.
SS: Det er et institutionalt krav.
SS: That's an institutional requirement.
Video: Dette symbol er ikke lige så tydeligt som de andre, men man kan se Panbanisha prøber at lave en bøjet linje og flere lige linjer. Forskere begyndte at optage hvad Panbanisha sagde, ved at skrive lexigrammer på gulvet med kalk. Panbanisha kiggede. Hun begyndte også at skrive. Bonoboens evner har lamslået forskere rundt om i verdenen. Hvordan er de udviklet?
Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others, but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line and several straight lines. Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said, by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk. Panbanisha watched. Soon she began to write as well. The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world. How did they develop?
SS: Vi har opdaget at det vigtigste for at tillade bonoboer evnen til et sprog er ikke at undervise dem. Det er simpelthen at bruge sprog i nærheden af dem, fordi den drivende kraft bag sprog er at forstå hvad andre der er vigtige for dig, prøver at fortælle dig. Så snart du har den egenskab, vil det at bruge og producere et sprog så komme naturligt og frit. Vi vil derfor skabe et miljø hvor bonoboerne kan lide alle de individer de har omgang med. Vi vil skabe omgivelser hvor de kan have det sjovt, og omgivelser hvor de andre er betyder noget for dem. Miljøet viser uforventede potentialer hos Kanzi og Panbanisha.
SS (video): We found that the most important thing for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them. It's simply to use language around them, because the driving force in language acquisition is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you. Once you have that capacity, the ability to produce language comes rather naturally and rather freely. So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos, like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting -- we want to create an environment in which they have fun, and an environment in which the others are meaningful individuals for them. Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential in Kanzi and Panbanisha.
Panbanisha nyder at spiller på hendes harmonika, indtil Nyota, nu et år gammel, stjæler den. Derefter kigger han ivrigt ind i moderens mund. Leder han efter hvor lyden kommer fra? Dr. Sue tror det er vigtigt at tillade nysgerrigheden at blomstre og trives. Nu spiller Panbanisha elektrisk klaver. Hun blev ikke tvunget til at lære klaveret. hun så en forsker spille på instrumentet og fik interessen.
Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica, until Nyota, now one year old, steals it. Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth. Is he looking for where the sound came from? Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish. This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano. She wasn't forced to learn the piano; she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.
Værsgo. Værsgo. Jeg lytter. Prøv den der hurtige del igen. Ja, den del.
Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening. Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.
Kanzi spiller xylofon, mens han bruger begge hænder hjælper han entusiastisk dr. Sue med sangen. Kanzi og Panbanisha er stimuleret af disse sjove omgivelser, hvilket fremmer fremkomsten af kulturelle evner og kapaciteter.
Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone; using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing. Kanzi and Panbanisha are stimulated by this fun-filled environment, which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.
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Okay, tag monstrene. Tag dem. Tag også kirsebærene. Pas på, hold dig væk fra dem nu. Nu kan du jage dem igen. Tid til at jage dem. Nu skal du holde dig væk. Kom væk. Løb væk. Løb. Nu kan du jage dem igen. Bare tag dem. Åh nej! Godt Kanzi. Meget godt. Mange tak.
Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them. Take the cherries too. Now watch out, stay away from them now. Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them. Now you have to stay away. Get away. Run away. Run. Now we can chase them again. Go get them. Oh no! Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.
Ingen af os, bonobo eller menneske kan overhovedet forestille os?
Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?
SS: Så vi har et to-arts miljø, vi kalder det panhomokultur. Vi lærer hvordan vi bliver som dem. Vi lærer hvordan man kommunikerer med dem, i virkeligt høje tonelejer. Vi lærer at de nok har et sprog i det vilde. Og de lærer hvordan de bliver som os. Fordi vi tror det ikke er biologi, det er kultur. Så vi deler værktøj og teknologi og sprog med en anden art.
SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture." We're learning how to become like them. We're learning how to communicate with them, in really high-pitched tones. We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild. And they're learning to become like us. Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture. So we're sharing tools and technology and language with another species.
Tak.
Thank you.