Here's an intriguing fact. In the developed world, everywhere, women live an average of six to eight years longer than men do. Six to eight years longer. That's, like, a huge gap. In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article showing that men in rich countries are twice as likely to die as women are at any age.
Evo fascinantne činjenice. U razvijenom svetu, svuda, žene žive u proseku šest do osam godina duže od muškaraca. Šest do osam godina duže. To je ogroman jaz. Godine 2015, "Lanset" je objavio članak koji je pokazao da muškarci u bogatim državama imaju duplo veće šanse od žena da umru u bilo kom dobu.
But there is one place in the world where men live as long as women. It's a remote, mountainous zone, a blue zone, where super longevity is common to both sexes. This is the blue zone in Sardinia, an Italian island in the Mediterranean, between Corsica and Tunisia, where there are six times as many centenarians as on the Italian mainland, less than 200 miles away. There are 10 times as many centenarians as there are in North America. It's the only place where men live as long as women.
Međutim, postoji jedno mesto na svetu gde muškarci žive koliko i žene. Radi se o udaljenoj, planinskoj oblasti, plavoj zoni, gde je izuzetna dugovečnost uobičajena kod oba roda. Ovo je plava zona u Sardiniji, italijanskom ostrvu u Mediteranu, između Korzike i Tunisa, gde ima šest puta više stogodišnjaka nego u ostatku Italije, manje od 320 kilometra dalje. Tamo ima deset puta više stogodišnjaka nego u Severnoj Americi. To je jedino mesto gde muškarci žive koliko i žene.
But why? My curiosity was piqued. I decided to research the science and the habits of the place, and I started with the genetic profile. I discovered soon enough that genes account for just 25 percent of their longevity. The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
Ali zašto? Znatiželja me je golicala. Odlučila sam da istražim znamenitosti i navike tog mesta, a započela sam sa genetskim profilom. Ubrzo sam otkrila da su geni svega 25 procenata zaslužni za njihovu dugovečnost. Ostalih 75 procenata je način života.
So what does it take to live to 100 or beyond? What are they doing right? What you're looking at is an aerial view of Villagrande. It's a village at the epicenter of the blue zone where I went to investigate this, and as you can see, architectural beauty is not its main virtue, density is: tightly spaced houses, interwoven alleys and streets. It means that the villagers' lives constantly intersect. And as I walked through the village, I could feel hundreds of pairs of eyes watching me from behind doorways and curtains, from behind shutters. Because like all ancient villages, Villagrande couldn't have survived without this structure, without its walls, without its cathedral, without its village square, because defense and social cohesion defined its design.
Dakle, šta je potrebno da se živi 100 i više godina? Šta oni rade kako treba? Gledate Vilagrande iz ptičje perspektive. Radi se o selu u epicentru plave zone kuda sam išla da istražujem o ovome i, kao što vidite, arhitektonska lepota im nije glavna vrlina, gustina jeste: tesni razmaci između kuća, isprepletene uličice i ulice. To znači da se životi seljana stalno ukrštaju. I dok sam šetala kroz selo mogla sam da osetim na stotine pari očiju kako me posmatraju iza ulaznih vrata i prozora, iza roletni. Jer kao i u drugim drevnim selima, selo Vilagrande ne bi preživelo bez ove strukture, bez zidova, bez katedrale, bez seoskog trga, zato što su odbrana i društvena kohezija definisale njegov dizajn.
Urban priorities changed as we moved towards the industrial revolution because infectious disease became the risk of the day. But what about now? Now, social isolation is the public health risk of our time. Now, a third of the population says they have two or fewer people to lean on.
Gradski prioriteti su se promenili dok smo se približavali industrijskoj revoluciji jer su zarazne bolesti postale svakodnevni rizik. Međutim, kako je danas? Sada, društvena izolacija je rizik za javno zdravlje našeg doba. Sad, trećina populacije kaže da imaju dve ili manje osoba na koje mogu da se oslone.
But let's go to Villagrande now as a contrast to meet some centenarians.
Međutim, pođimo sada nasuprot tome u Vilagrande da upoznamo neke stogodišnjake.
Meet Giuseppe Murinu. He's 102, a supercentenarian and a lifelong resident of the village of Villagrande. He was a gregarious man. He loved to recount stories such as how he lived like a bird from what he could find on the forest floor during not one but two world wars, how he and his wife, who also lived past 100, raised six children in a small, homey kitchen where I interviewed him. Here he is with his sons Angelo and Domenico, both in their 70s and looking after their father, and who were quite frankly very suspicious of me and my daughter who came along with me on this research trip, because the flip side of social cohesion is a wariness of strangers and outsiders. But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all. He was a happy-go-lucky guy, very outgoing with a positive outlook. And I wondered: so is that what it takes to live to be 100 or beyond, thinking positively? Actually, no.
Upoznajte Đuzepea Murinu. Ima 102 godine, superstogodišnjak i celoživotni stanovnik sela Vilagrande. Bio je društven čovek. Voleo je da prepričava priče, poput one kako je živeo kao ptica od onoga što je mogao da nađe na šumskom tlu tokom, ne jednog, već dva svetska rata, kako su on i njegova supruga, koja je takođe živela preko 100 godina, podigli šestoro dece u maloj, udobnoj kuhinji gde sam ga intervjuisala. Ovde je sa sinovima, Anđelom i Domenikom, obojica su u 70-im i paze svog oca, i koji su, iskreno, bili veoma sumnjičavi prema meni i mojoj kćerki, koja je pošla sa mnom na ovo istraživačko putovanje, jer je druga strana društvene kohezije podozrivost prema strancima i izvanjcima. Međutim, Đuzepe uopšte nije bio sumnjičav. Bio je bezbrižan čovek, veoma društven i sa pozitivnim stavom. Zapitala sam se: dakle to je potrebno da se živi 100 i više godina, pozitivno razmišljanje? Zapravo nije.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101, the grumpiest person I have ever met.
Upoznajte Đovanija Korijasa. Ima 101 godinu, najćudljivija je osoba koju sam ikad upoznala.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And he put a lie to the notion that you have to be positive to live a long life. And there is evidence for this. When I asked him why he lived so long, he kind of looked at me under hooded eyelids and he growled, "Nobody has to know my secrets."
Pokazao je da je lažna pretpostavka da morate da budete pozitivni da biste bili dugovečni. A imamo dokaze za to. Kada sam ga upitala zašto je toliko dugo živ, nekako me je pogledao, spuštenih obrva i zamumlao: "Niko ne mora da zna moje tajne."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
But despite being a sourpuss, the niece who lived with him and looked after him called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure." And she respected him and loved him, and she told me, when I questioned this obvious loss of her freedom, "You just don't understand, do you? Looking after this man is a pleasure. It's a huge privilege for me. This is my heritage." And indeed, wherever I went to interview these centenarians, I found a kitchen party. Here's Giovanni with his two nieces, Maria above him and beside him his great-niece Sara, who came when I was there to bring fresh fruits and vegetables. And I quickly discovered by being there that in the blue zone, as people age, and indeed across their lifespans, they're always surrounded by extended family, by friends, by neighbors, the priest, the barkeeper, the grocer. People are always there or dropping by. They are never left to live solitary lives. This is unlike the rest of the developed world, where as George Burns quipped, "Happiness is having a large, loving, caring family in another city."
No, uprkos njegovoj zlovolji, nećaka koja je živela s njim i pazila ga, nazivala ga je "Il Tesoro", "moje blago". I poštovala ga je i volela, a rekla mi je, kada sam propitivala o ovom očiglednom gubitku njene slobode: "Prosto ne razumete, zar ne? Paženje ovog čoveka je zadovoljstvo. Meni je to izuzetna privilegija. Ovo je moje nasleđe." I, zaista, kuda god bih pošla da intervjuišem ove stogodišnjake, zatekla bih kuhinjsku zabavu. Ovo je Đovani sa njegove dve nećake, Marija iznad njega, a pored njega je pranećaka Sara, koja je navratila, dok sam bila tamo, da donese sveže voće i povrće. I ubrzo sam otkrila dok sam bila tamo da u plavoj zoni, kako ljudi stare, i zaista tokom njihovog životnog veka, uvek su okruženi širom porodicom, prijateljima, komšijama, sveštenikom, kafedžijom, piljarom. Ljudi su uvek tu ili navraćaju. Nikada nisu prepušteni da žive usamljeno. Tako nije u ostatku razvijenog sveta, gde, kako se Džordž Barns šalio: "Sreća je imati veliku, punu ljubavi, brižnu porodicu u drugom gradu."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Now, so far we've only met men, long-living men, but I met women too, and here you see Zia Teresa. She, at over 100, taught me how to make the local specialty, which is called culurgiones, which are these large pasta pockets like ravioli about this size, this size, and they're filled with high-fat ricotta and mint and drenched in tomato sauce. And she showed me how to make just the right crimp so they wouldn't open, and she makes them with her daughters every Sunday and distributes them by the dozens to neighbors and friends. And that's when I discovered a low-fat, gluten-free diet is not what it takes to live to 100 in the blue zone.
Sad, do sad smo samo upoznali muškarce, dugovečne muškarce, ali upoznala sam i žene, a ovde vidite Ziju Terezu. Ona, sa preko 100 godina, me je naučila kako da spremam lokalni specijalitet, koji nazivaju kulurđonima, a to su ovi veliki džepovi od testenine, poput raviola, otprilike ove veličine, ove veličine, a punjeni su punomasnom rikotom i mentom i natopljeni su u sosu od paradajza. Naučila me je kako da napravim odgovarajući nabor, kako se ne bi otvarale, a ona ih sprema svake nedelje sa njenim kćerkama i poklanja na desetine komšijama i prijateljima. I tako sam otkrila da niskomasna, bezglutenska ishrana nije to što je potrebno da se doživi 100 godina u plavoj zoni.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Now, these centenarians' stories along with the science that underpins them prompted me to ask myself some questions too, such as, when am I going to die and how can I put that day off? And as you will see, the answer is not what we expect. Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher at Brigham Young University and she addressed this very question in a series of studies of tens of thousands of middle aged people much like this audience here. And she looked at every aspect of their lifestyle: their diet, their exercise, their marital status, how often they went to the doctor, whether they smoked or drank, etc. She recorded all of this and then she and her colleagues sat tight and waited for seven years to see who would still be breathing. And of the people left standing, what reduced their chances of dying the most? That was her question.
Sad, priče ovih stogodišnjaka, zajedno sa naukom koja ih potkrepljuje, podstakli su me da se i sama zapitam neka pitanja, poput: kada ću da umrem, i kako mogu to da odložim? I, kao što ćete da vidite, odgovor nije onaj koji očekujemo. Džulijen Holt-Lanstad je istraživačica na Univerzitetu Birgam Jang i ona se bavila baš ovim pitanjem u nizu istraživanja o desetinama hiljada sredovečnih ljudi, nalik ovoj publici ovde. I posmatrala je svaki aspekt njihovog načina života: njihovu ishranu, vežbanje, bračni status, koliko često odlaze kod doktora, da li puše ili piju isl. Sve ovo je zabeležila, a onda su ona i njene kolege mirno sedeli i čekali sedam godina da vide ko će i dalje biti živ. A kod onih koji su preživeli, šta im je najviše umanjilo šanse od umiranja? To je bilo njeno pitanje.
So let's now look at her data in summary, going from the least powerful predictor to the strongest. OK? So clean air, which is great, it doesn't predict how long you will live. Whether you have your hypertension treated is good. Still not a strong predictor. Whether you're lean or overweight, you can stop feeling guilty about this, because it's only in third place. How much exercise you get is next, still only a moderate predictor. Whether you've had a cardiac event and you're in rehab and exercising, getting higher now. Whether you've had a flu vaccine. Did anybody here know that having a flu vaccine protects you more than doing exercise? Whether you were drinking and quit, or whether you're a moderate drinker, whether you don't smoke, or if you did, whether you quit, and getting towards the top predictors are two features of your social life. First, your close relationships. These are the people that you can call on for a loan if you need money suddenly, who will call the doctor if you're not feeling well or who will take you to the hospital, or who will sit with you if you're having an existential crisis, if you're in despair. Those people, that little clutch of people are a strong predictor, if you have them, of how long you'll live. And then something that surprised me, something that's called social integration. This means how much you interact with people as you move through your day. How many people do you talk to? And these mean both your weak and your strong bonds, so not just the people you're really close to, who mean a lot to you, but, like, do you talk to the guy who every day makes you your coffee? Do you talk to the postman? Do you talk to the woman who walks by your house every day with her dog? Do you play bridge or poker, have a book club? Those interactions are one of the strongest predictors of how long you'll live.
Dakle, pogledajmo sada sažeto njene podatke, krećući od najslabijeg predskazivača do najjačeg. U redu? Dakle, čist vazduh, što je sjajno, ne predskazuje koliko dugo ćete da živite. Ukoliko primate terapiju za visok krvni pritisak, to je dobro. I dalje nije snažan predskazatelj. Da li ste vitki ili gojazni, možete prestati da osećate krivicu, jer je tek na trećem mestu. Sledi to koliko vežbate, i dalje umeren predskazatelj. Da li ste imali srčani problem i na rehabilitaciji ste i vežbate, penjemo se više. Da li ste vakcinisani protiv gripa. Da li neko ovde zna da vas vakcina protiv gripa više štiti od fizičkih vežbi? Da li ste pili i prestali ili ste umereni alkoholičar, da li ne pušite ili, ako ste pušili, da li ste prestali, a približavajući se najvećim predskazateljima dolazimo do dve crte vašeg društvenog života. Prva su vaše bliske veze. To su ljudi od kojih možete da zatražite zajam, ako vam je iznenada potreban novac, koji će da pozovu doktora, ako se ne osećate dobro ili koji će vas povesti u bolnicu ili koji će da sede uz vas, ako imate egzistencijalnu krizu, ako ste u očaju. Ti ljudi, ta šačica ljudi su snažan predskazatelj, ako ih imate, toga koliko dugo ćete da živite. A potom nešto što me je iznenadilo, nešto što se naziva društvenom integracijom. To znači koliko interagujete s ljudima u toku vašeg dana. S koliko ljudi razgovarate? A ovo podrazumeva i vaše slabe i vaše čvrste veze, dakle, ne samo ljude koji su vam zaista bliski, koji vam mnogo znače, već i da li razgovarate sa čovekom koji vam svakog dana sprema kafu? Da li razgovarate sa poštarom? Da li razgovarate sa ženom koja svakog dana šeta psa pored vaše kuće? Da li igrate bridž ili poker, imate čitalački klub? Ove interakcije su neki od najsnažnijih predskazatelja toga koliko ćete da živite.
Now, this leads me to the next question: if we now spend more time online than on any other activity, including sleeping, we're now up to 11 hours a day, one hour more than last year, by the way, does it make a difference? Why distinguish between interacting in person and interacting via social media? Is it the same thing as being there if you're in contact constantly with your kids through text, for example? Well, the short answer to the question is no, it's not the same thing. Face-to-face contact releases a whole cascade of neurotransmitters, and like a vaccine, they protect you now in the present and well into the future. So simply making eye contact with somebody, shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five is enough to release oxytocin, which increases your level of trust and it lowers your cortisol levels. So it lowers your stress. And dopamine is generated, which gives us a little high and it kills pain. It's like a naturally produced morphine.
Sad, ovo me dovodi do sledećeg pitanja: ako trenutno provodimo više vremena na internetu nego na bilo kojoj aktivnosti, uključujući i spavanje, trenutno stižemo do 11 sati dnevno, sat duže nego prošle godine, usput, da li je to značajno? U čemu je razlika između interakcije licem u lice i interakcije putem društvenih mreža? Da li je to isto kao da ste tu, ako ste stalno u kontaktu sa decom preko poruka, na primer? Pa, kratak odgovor na pitanje je: ne, nije isto. Kontakt licem u lice pokreće čitavu bujicu neurotransmitera i, poput vakcine, štite vas u ovom trenutku u sadašnjosti i daleko u budućnosti. Dakle, prost kontakt očima s nekim, rukovanje, bacanje petaka je dovoljno da se oslobodi oksitocin, koji kod vas povećava nivo poverenja i snižava vrednosti kortizola. Dakle, snižava stres kod vas. A proizvodi se dopamin, koji nam pruža nešto elana i uništava bol. Poput prirodno proizvedenog morfijuma.
Now, all of this passes under our conscious radar, which is why we conflate online activity with the real thing. But we do have evidence now, fresh evidence, that there is a difference. So let's look at some of the neuroscience. Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland, tried to map the difference between what goes on in our brains when we interact in person versus when we're watching something that's static. And what she did was she compared the brain function of two groups of people, those interacting live with her or with one of her research associates in a dynamic conversation, and she compared that to the brain activity of people who were watching her talk about the same subject but in a canned video, like on YouTube. And by the way, if you want to know how she fit two people in an MRI scanner at the same time, talk to me later.
Sad, sve se ovo dešava bez našeg svesnog znanja, zbog čega mešamo aktivnost na internetu sa stvarnom. Ali trenutno imamo dokaze, sveže dokaze, da postoji razlika. Dakle, pogledajmo malo neuronauku. Elizabet Redkej, neuronaučnica sa Univerziteta Merilend, pokušala je da odredi razliku između toga šta se dešava u vašim mozgovima kad interagujemo uživo, nasuprot tome kad posmatramo nešto što je statično. A ona je upoređivala rad mozga dve grupe ljudi, onih koji su s njom interagovali uživo, ili s jednim od njenih asistenata istraživača, u dinamičnom razgovoru, i to je uporedila sa moždanom aktivnošću ljudi koji su je posmatrali kako govori o istoj temi, ali na video snimku, nalik onim na Jutjubu. I, usput, ako želite da znate kako je smestila dvoje ljudi istovremeno u MR skener, pitajte me kasnije.
So what's the difference? This is your brain on real social interaction. What you're seeing is the difference in brain activity between interacting in person and taking in static content. In orange, you see the brain areas that are associated with attention, social intelligence -- that means anticipating what somebody else is thinking and feeling and planning -- and emotional reward. And these areas become much more engaged when we're interacting with a live partner.
Dakle, u čemu je razlika? Ovo je vaš mozak tokom stvarne društevene interakcije. Gledate razliku u moždanoj aktivnosti između žive interakcije i primanja statičnog sadržaja. Narandžasto su obojene oblasti mozga koje su u vezi sa pažnjom, društvenom inteligencijom - to znači predosećanje o čemu neko drugi razmišlja, saosećanje i planiranje - i emotivna nagrada. A ove oblasti postaju daleko angažovanije kada interagujemo s partnerom uživo.
Now, these richer brain signatures might be why recruiters from Fortune 500 companies evaluating candidates thought that the candidates were smarter when they heard their voices compared to when they just read their pitches in a text, for example, or an email or a letter. Now, our voices and body language convey a rich signal. It shows that we're thinking, feeling, sentient human beings who are much more than an algorithm. Now, this research by Nicholas Epley at the University of Chicago Business School is quite amazing because it tells us a simple thing. If somebody hears your voice, they think you're smarter. I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
Sad, ovi bogatiji moždani potpisi su možda razlog zašto su agenti iz Forčun 500 firmi, koji su ocenjivali kandidate, smatrali da su kandidati pametniji kada su im čuli glas, nasutprot mišljenju formiranom na osnovu pisanih preporuka, na primer, ili imejla ili pisma. Sad, naši glasovi i govor tela prenose obilje signala. Pokazuju da smo misleća, osećajuća, svesna ljudska bića koja su mnogo više od algoritma. Sad, ovo istraživanje od Nikolasa Eplija sa Poslovne škole Univerziteta Čikago je prilično zadivljujuće jer nam saopštava nešto prosto. Ako vam neko čuje glas, smatraće vas pametnijim. Mislim, to je nešto prilično prosto.
Now, to return to the beginning, why do women live longer than men? And one major reason is that women are more likely to prioritize and groom their face-to-face relationships over their lifespans. Fresh evidence shows that these in-person friendships create a biological force field against disease and decline. And it's not just true of humans but their primate relations, our primate relations as well. Anthropologist Joan Silk's work shows that female baboons who have a core of female friends show lower levels of stress via their cortisol levels, they live longer and they have more surviving offspring. At least three stable relationships. That was the magic number. Think about it. I hope you guys have three.
Sad, vratimo se na početak: zašto žene žive duže od muškaraca? A jedan od bitnijih razloga je da su žene sklonije da daju prednost i neguju svoje odnose licem u lice tokom svog životnog veka. Noviji dokazi ukazuju da ova prijateljstva licem u lice stvaraju biološko polje sile protiv bolesti i propadanja. A nije to jedino tačno za ljude, već i za njihove rođake primate, za naše rođake primate, takođe. Rad Antropološkinje Džoan Silk pokazuje da ženke babuna koje imaju jezgro ženskih prijateljstava pokazuju, preko nivoa kortizola, niže nivoe stresa žive duže i imaju više preživelih potomaka. Bar tri stabilne veze. To je čarobni broj. Razmislite o tome. Nadam se da imate tri.
The power of such face-to-face contact is really why there are the lowest rates of dementia among people who are socially engaged. It's why women who have breast cancer are four times more likely to survive their disease than loners are. Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly to play poker or to have coffee or to play old-timer's hockey -- I'm Canadian, after all --
Moć takvog kontakta licem u lice je istinski razlog zašto su najniže stope demencije među ljudima koji su društveno angažovani. To je razlog zašto žene sa rakom dojke imaju četiri puta veće šanse da prežive od usamljenih žena. Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar, a koji se redovno sastaju da igraju poker ili piju kafu ili igraju seniorski hokej - ja sam ipak Kanađanka -
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
are better protected by that social contact than they are by medication. Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly -- this is something very powerful they can do. This face-to-face contact provides stunning benefits, yet now almost a quarter of the population says they have no one to talk to.
su bolje zaštićeni tim društvenim kontaktom nego lekovima. Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar a koji se redovno sastaju - to je veoma moćna aktivnost. Ovaj kontakt licem u lice pruža zapanjujuće prednosti, pa ipak, skoro četvrtina populacije izjavljuje da nemaju s kim da pričaju.
We can do something about this. Like Sardinian villagers, it's a biological imperative to know we belong, and not just the women among us. Building in-person interaction into our cities, into our workplaces, into our agendas bolsters the immune system, sends feel-good hormones surging through the bloodstream and brain and helps us live longer. I call this building your village, and building it and sustaining it is a matter of life and death. Thank you.
Možemo da uradimo nešto povodom toga. Poput sardinijskih seljana, biološki je imperativ znati da pripadamo, i to ne samo žene među nama. Ugradnjom interakcije licem u lice u naše gradove, u naše radne prostore, u naš dnevni red ćemo da ojačamo imunitet, hormoni dobrog raspoloženja će da prokuljaju kroz naš krvotok i mozak i pomoći će nam da živimo duže. Ovo nazivam izgradnjom ličnog sela, a njegova izgradnja i održavanje su pitanja života i smrti. Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Helen Walters: Susan, come back. I have a question for you. I'm wondering if there's a middle path. So you talk about the neurotransmitters connecting when in face-to-face, but what about digital technology? We've seen enormous improvements in digital technology like FaceTime, things like that. Does that work too? I mean, I see my nephew. He plays Minecraft and he's yelling at his friends. It seems like he's connecting pretty well. Is that useful? Is that helpful?
Helen Volters: Suzan, vrati se. Imam pitanje za tebe. Pitam se da li postoji srednji put. Dakle, govoriš o neurotransimterima koji se povezuju tokom suočavanja, no šta je sa digitalnom tehnologijom? Videli smo ogroman napredak u digitalnoj tehnologiji, poput Fejs tajma, i slično. Da li to deluje takođe? Mislim, gledam mog nećaka. Igra Majnkraft i viče na prijatelje. Čini se da je prilično dobro povezan. Da li je to korisno? Da li to pomaže?
Susan Pinker: Some of the data are just emerging. The data are so fresh that the digital revolution happened and the health data trailed behind. So we're just learning, but I would say there are some improvements that we could make in the technology. For example, the camera on your laptop is at the top of the screen, so for example, when you're looking into the screen, you're not actually making eye contact. So something as simple as even just looking into the camera can increase those neurotransmitters, or maybe changing the position of the camera. So it's not identical, but I think we are getting closer with the technology.
Suzan Pinker: Neki podaci se tek pojavljuju. Podaci su toliko sveži jer se digitalna revolucija desila, a zdravstveni podaci zaostaju. Dakle, tek saznajemo, ali bih rekla da postoje neka poboljšanja koja možemo da postignemo kod tehnologije. Na primer, kamera na vašem laptopu je na vrhu ekrana, pa, na primer, kada gledate u ekran, zapravo ne održavate kontakt očima. Dakle, nešto prosto kao gledanje u kameru može da umnoži te neurotransmitere ili, pak, menjanje mesta kamere. Dakle, nije identično, ali mislim da smo sve bliži što se tiče tehnologije.
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
HV: Sjajno. Mnogo ti hvala.
SP: Thank you.
SP: Hvala vam.
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