I want to introduce you to my badass friends. Meet Thelma and Louise.
我想跟各位介紹我狠角色朋友。 見見塞爾瑪跟路易絲。 (註:《末路狂花》的主角)
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
I'm passionate about cows. And although they've been getting a lot of crap lately due to methane emissions and climate change, I hope that I can redeem their reputation in part by showing you how incredibly important they are in solving one of the world's biggest problems: food security. But more importantly, for Africa -- it's resultant childhood stunting.
我對牛充滿熱情。 雖然牠們近期遇到許多鳥事, 因為甲烷排放以及氣候變遷, 我希望我能挽救牠們部分的名聲, 讓各位了解牠們是多麼重要, 能協助解決世界上最大的 問題之一:食物保障。 但,更重要的,對非洲而言, 缺乏食物造成兒時發育遲緩。
Nutritional stunting manifests itself in a reduction of growth rate in human development. And according to UNICEF, stunting doesn't come easy. It doesn't come quickly. It happens over a long period of time during which a child endures painful and debilitating cycles of illness, depressed appetite, insufficient nutrition and inadequate care. And most kids simply can't endure such rigors. But those that do survive, they carry forward long-term cognitive problems as well as losses of stature. The numbers of stunted children under the age of five, in most regions of the world, has been declining. And I really hate to say this, but the only place where they haven't been declining is here, in Africa. Here, 59 million children, three in 10 in that age group, struggle to meet their genetic potential -- their full genetic potential.
營養造成的發展遲緩呈現的方式 是人類發展的成長率下降。 根據聯合國兒童基金會, 發育遲緩不容易發生。 發育遲緩不會很快發生。 它橫跨很長的一段時間, 在這期間孩子要忍受 痛苦和虛弱的疾病循環、 胃口不好、 營養不良, 以及不當的照護。 大部分的孩子實在 無法忍受這樣的艱苦。 但,存活下來的孩子, 他們會帶著長期的認知問題, 伴隨著身體發育不良。 五歲以下發展遲緩的孩子數目, 在世界大部分的區域, 都在下降中。 我很不想這麼說, 但,唯一人數沒有 下降的地方,就是這裡, 非洲。 在這裡,5900 萬孩童, 在那個年齡層中,十個就有三個, 要非常努力才能達到 他們基因上的潛能, 他們完整的潛能。
Protein is one of our most important dietary requirements, and evidence shows that lack of essential amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, in young children's diets, can result in stunting. Essential amino acids are called essential because we can't synthesize them in our bodies. We have to get them from our foods and the best sources are animal-derived: milk, meat and eggs. Most protein consumed on the African continent is crop-based. And although we have millions of smallholder farmers rearing animals, livestock production is not as easy as we think. The big livestock gaps between rich countries and poor countries are due to poor animal health. Endemic livestock diseases, some of them transmissible to humans, threaten not only livestock producers in those poor countries, but all human health across all countries.
蛋白質是我們最重要的 飲食需求之一, 有證據顯示,若孩童的飲食 缺乏必要的氨基酸, 即蛋白質的基礎成份, 就可能造成發展遲緩。 必要的氨基酸之所以必要, 是因為我們自體無法合成它們。 我們得要從食物中攝取, 而最好的來源是動物源食品: 牛奶、肉、蛋。 在非洲大陸,大部分被吃下的 蛋白質都是以作物為基礎的。 雖然我們有數百萬名 小佃農在飼養動物, 家畜生產沒有我們想的那麼容易。 富國和窮國之間有很大的家畜落差, 原因是動物的健康很差。 地方性的家畜疾病, 有些可以傳染給人類, 這些疾病威脅的不只是 窮國的家畜生產者, 還包括所有國家所有人類的健康。
This is a global pathogens network. It shows the pathogens found across the world according to the Enhanced Infectious Diseases database. And it shows those pathogens that share hosts. In a nutshell, we share pathogens, and thus diseases, with the species we live closest to: our livestock. And we call these zoonotic diseases. Recent reports show that the deadly dozen zoonotic diseases kill 2.2 million people and sicken 2.4 billion people annually. And Jimmy says, "The greatest burden of zoonoses falls on one billion poor livestock keepers."
這是全球的病原體網路。 它顯示在全世界發現的病原體, 資料來自強化傳染病資料庫。 它能顯示出有共同宿主的病原體。 在一個小封閉空間中, 我們共享病原體 進而共享疾病的對象, 就是和我們居住地相近的物種: 我們的家畜。 我們稱之為人畜共通病。 近期的報告指出, 十多種致命的人畜共通病, 每年會奪走 220 萬條人命, 並讓 24 億人生病。 吉米說: 「人畜共通病最沉重的擔子, 落在十億貧窮的家畜飼養者肩上。」
We totally underestimate the importance of our smallholder farmers. We're beginning to recognize how important they are and how they influence our medical health, our biosafety and more recently, our cognitive and our physical health. They stand at the frontline of zoonotic epidemics. They pretty much underpin our existence. And they need to know so much, yet most lack knowledge on livestock disease prevention and treatment.
我們完全低估了小佃農的重要性。 我們開始認可他們的重要性, 以及他們如何影響我們的醫療健康、 我們的生物安全性, 以及更近期的, 我們的認知與身體健康。 他們站在人畜共通病 流行傳播的前線。 他們可說是支撐著我們的生存。 他們需要知道很多知識, 卻又最缺乏那些知識, 關於家畜疾病預防和治療的知識。
So how do they learn? Apart from shared experiences, trial and error, conventional farming extension services are boots on the ground and radio -- expensive and hard to scale in the face of population growth.
所以,他們要如何學習? 除了分享共同的經驗 和反覆試驗外, 傳統農業的發展依靠人力和電台, 在人口增長的情況下 既昂貴又難以普及。
Sounds pretty gloomy, doesn't it? But we're at an interesting point in Africa. We're changing that narrative using innovative solutions, riding across scalable technologies. Knowledge doesn't have to be expensive.
聽起來挺沮喪的,是嗎? 但,現在的非洲 有個契機。 我們可以用創新的解決方案 來改變現狀, 橫跨可擴充的技術。 知識不見得要很昂貴。
My company developed an agricultural platform called iCow. We teach farmers best livestock practices using SMS over simple, low-end phones. Farmers receive three SMSs a week on best livestock practices, and those that execute the messages go on to see increases in productivity within as short a time as three months. The first increases in productivity, of course, are improved animal health. We use SMS because it is retentive. Farmers store their messages, they write them down in books, and in effect, we're drip-feeding agricultural manuals into the fields.
我的公司發展出了一個 農業平台 iCow(i 乳牛)。 通過傳簡訊,用簡單 易操作的手機教授農民們 最好的牲畜養殖方法。 農場主每周會收到三則簡訊, 內容就是最好的家畜實做方式, 照著訊息去做的人,會在三個月的 短時間內看到生產力增加。 當然,要增加生產力, 第一件事是改善動物健康。 我們用簡訊是因為它可以保存。 農場主會把訊息存起來, 他們會寫在筆記上, 實際上, 我們是把農業手冊的內容 注入到田野實做中。
We recognize that we are all part of the global food network: producers and consumers, you and me, and every farmer. We're focusing now on trying to bring together producers and consumers to take action and take responsibility for not only food security, but for food safety.
我們了解到,我們都是 全球食物網路的一部分: 生產者與消費者, 你、我,和每一個農場主。 現在,我們的重點在試圖將 生產者與消費者結合起來, 以採取行動和負起責任, 不單單是為了食物保障, 也為了食物安全。
This beautiful animal is an African-Asian Sahiwal crossed with a Dutch Fleckvieh. She's milkier than her Sahiwal mom, and she's sturdier and more resistant to disease than her Fleckvieh father. In Ethiopia and Tanzania, the African Dairy Genetic Gains program is using SMS and cutting-edge genomics and pioneering Africa's first tropically adapted dairy breeding centers and dairy performance recording centers. Farmers contribute their production data -- milking records, breeding records and feeding records -- to the ADGG platform. This stage is synthesized through algorithms from some of the top livestock institutions in the world before it lands back in the farmers' hands in actionable SMSs. Customized data, customized responses all aimed at increasing productivity based on the potential on the ground.
這隻美麗的動物是非亞的 沙希華牛與荷蘭的西門特牛混種。 她比她的沙希華母親更能產乳, 比她的西門特父親 更強健更能抵抗疾病。 在衣索比亞和坦尚尼亞, 「非洲乳牛遺傳增益」 (ADGG)計畫 使用簡訊和最先進的 染色體雜交品種, 開拓非洲第一批能適應 熱帶的乳牛繁殖中心, 以及乳牛表現記錄中心。 農場主會貢獻他們的生產資料── 擠奶記錄、 繁殖記錄,以及餵食記錄── 提供給 ADGG 平台。 在這個階段,會用世界頂尖 家畜機構提供的演算法把資料整合, 轉為可以實行的簡訊, 送回到農場主手上。 客製化的資料, 客製化的回應, 目標都是要根據一般潛能 來增加生產力。
We're at a very interesting place in agriculture in Africa. By the end of this year, we'll have almost one billion mobile phone subscriptions. We have the power in our hands to ensure that livestock production systems are not only healthy, productive and profitable, but that farmers are knowledgeable, and more importantly, that our farmers are safe.
我們正處在非洲農業 一個很有意思的地方。 今年年底, 我們將會有接近十億筆的 行動電話訂閱。 我們手中就握有力量, 能夠確保家畜生產體制不僅健康、 有生產力、能獲利, 而且農場主也有相關知識; 更重要的是, 我們的農場主是安全的。
Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways to guarantee food security. Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways to guarantee each and every child their full opportunity and ability to reach their full genetic potential. And harnessing the power of millions of smallholder farmers and their badass cows like mine, we should be able to bring a halt to stunting in Africa.
和小佃農合作, 是確保食物安全的最佳方式之一。 和小佃農合作,也是個極佳的方式, 能保障每一個孩童 都有完整的機會與能力, 來發揮他們的遺傳的潛力。 利用數百萬名小佃農的力量 以及他們那些狠角色牛隻, 就像我的一樣, 我們應該能夠終止非洲的發展遲緩。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Thank you.
謝謝。