Now, extinction is a different kind of death. It's bigger. We didn't really realize that until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati zoo. This had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in North America for six million years. Suddenly it wasn't here at all. Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long used to darken the sun. Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm, a feathered tempest. And indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, from Canada down to the Gulf. But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades. What happened?
物種滅絕是一種不一樣的死亡 它的規模更大 但直到 1914 年,當最後一隻旅鴿 —— 一隻名叫瑪莎的母鳥 —— 在辛辛那提動物園中去世時, 我們才瞭解到這份震撼 牠們曾是世界上數量最多的鳥類 存活於北美洲六百萬年 突然間就消失了 旅鴿鳥群曾達 1 英里寬並綿延 400 英里 甚至可以遮蔽太陽 阿爾多.李奧帕德曾如此形容: 這是一場生物風暴、一場飛羽旋風 牠們也確實是關鍵物種 盤踞美東的落葉林 從密西西比河到大西洋 從加拿大一路到墨西哥灣 但從五十億隻歸零 卻只花了數十年的時間 發生什麼事呢?
Well, commercial hunting happened. These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton, and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground, they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands. It was the cheapest source of protein in America. By the end of the century, there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
嗯,發生了商業性的獵殺 這種鳥類被獵殺並成噸地賣入肉品市場 牠們成群的飛行,讓獵殺易如反掌 當牠們接近地面時,數百名獵人 可以輕而易舉地從如此密集的鳥群中 獵殺到成千上萬的獵物 牠們曾是美國最廉價的蛋白質來源 到 19 世紀末葉,牠們就從地球上消失了 只剩披蓋華羽的標本躺在博物館中
There's an upside to the story. This made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the American bison, and so these birds saved the buffalos.
但這故事仍有光明的一面 這讓人類意識到同樣的狀況 也將發生在美洲水牛身上 所以這些鳥的滅絕救了水牛
But a lot of other animals weren't saved. The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere. It was hunted to death for its feathers. There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen. It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway. A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor, there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again." There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things, and it happened to lots of birds that people loved. It happened to lots of mammals. Another keystone species is a famous animal called the European aurochs. There was sort of a movie made about it recently. And the aurochs was like the bison. This was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent, from Spain to Korea. The documentation of this animal goes back to the Lascaux cave paintings.
但仍有許多我們保護不及的動物 卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡 曾是點亮每家後院的嬌客 卻因羽毛需求而被獵殺殆盡 曾經有種叫北美松雞的鳥被東岸人喜愛 因為牠令人喜歡,人們試圖保護牠 但牠們最終還是滅絕了 地方報紙曾說:「沒有生還,也沒有未來, 世界再也沒辦法創造出這樣的生命。」 當物種消失時,總是有種深沈的哀傷蔓延 許多受人喜愛的鳥類已遭此命運 同樣狀況也發生在哺乳動物身上 另一個關鍵物種是有名的動物 歐洲野牛 最近甚至有部關於牠們的電影 這些野牛很像水牛 基本上,這種動物的生態功能 使得歐亞大陸的森林之間保有草原 牠們分佈從西班牙到韓國 而人類關於這種動物的記載 可以回溯到拉斯科岩洞畫的年代
The extinctions still go on. There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo. It went extinct in 2000. There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia, called the Tasmanian tiger. It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos. A little bit of film was shot.
許多動物仍陸續滅絕 一種分佈在西班牙,名為布卡多山羊的野山羊 於 2000 年滅絕 也有一些令人驚嘆的物種,像是袋狼 牠們在澳洲的塔斯馬尼亞州 又稱塔斯馬尼亞狼或塔斯馬尼亞虎 牠們也逃不過獵殺,最後幾隻在動物園中死去 這是一小段影片
Sorrow, anger, mourning. Don't mourn. Organize. What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens, fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old could be used to bring species back, what would you do? Where would you start?
沈重、憤怒、悲傷 但別悲傷,振作起來 如果你發現利用博物館標本 或是 20 萬年前化石中的 DNA 可以讓這些物種復活 你會怎麼做呢? 你又會從何做起?
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there. I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed.
你可能會先確定,生物技術是否達得到要求 我則是從我太太萊恩.費倫那開始 她經營一家叫 DNA Direct 的生技公司 透過她,我認識了她同事喬治.邱奇 他也是位著迷於旅鴿的 頂尖基因工程師 他對他所使用的方法深具信心 他對他所使用的方法深具信心 並認為他可以讓物種復活
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists, and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro. All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue, because down in there is what is called ancient DNA. It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented, but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
所以他和萊恩策劃並主持了一個會議 在哈佛的維斯學院招集了一批 旅鴿專家、鳥類保育學家、生物倫理學家 而且很幸運的是旅鴿的 DNA 已經被 一名叫做貝絲.夏皮羅的分子生物學家完成定序 而她只用了保存在史密森納研究院 標本中的一小塊腳部組織 因為裡面含有原始 DNA DNA 已經碎裂成片段 利用現在的技術,你可以重組成完整的基因序列
Then the question is, can you reassemble, with that genome, the whole bird? George Church thinks you can. So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend, he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species, and he has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine. It's kind of like an evolution machine. You try combinations of genes that you write at the cell level and then in organs on a chip, and the ones that win, that you can then put into a living organism. It'll work. The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair. The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
問題在於你能不能利用 基因體生出隻健全的鳥? 喬治.邱奇認為這可以達到 在他寫的、也是我強力推薦的 «重生» 中 有一章解釋了復活滅絕物種的技術 這個機器被他稱為: 多樣化自動基因體建構機 這項技術和演化的機制類似 你將不同組合的基因送入細胞 從細胞層級到組織層級 再把成功存活下來的組織 送入代理孕母體內,它就會成功 從喬治難以辨識的紀錄中 我們可以知道這項技術的精確度 達到鹼基對的層級 候鴿基因體包含 13 億對鹼基
So what you're getting is the capability now of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene. It's called an allele. Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway. So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative. Now along the way, George points out that his technology, the technology of synthetic biology, is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law. It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
所以你現在能做的是 把一個基因用它的對偶基因取代 (譯注:這是用來解決原始基因序列上破碎、缺失的問題) 這在正常的精卵結合過程中也會發生 所以,我們可用和滅絕物種 最接近的物種 組合並修復滅絕物種的基因體 在此過程中,喬治指出 他所使用的合成生物學技術 現在成長速度是莫爾定律的四倍 這從 2005 開始,也很有可能一直延續下去
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here. Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is mostly living passenger pigeon. There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits, you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
最接近旅鴿的存活物種是帶尾鴿 他們數量龐大,在這附近也有 從基因層面來說,帶尾鴿幾乎是活著的旅鴿 牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列 牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列 如果你將這些序列以旅鴿特有的序列取代 你就有一隻已經滅絕旅鴿對你咕咕叫
Now, there's work to do. You have to figure out exactly what genes matter. So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon, genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon, and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on. Add them all up and the result won't be perfect. But it should be be perfect enough, because nature doesn't do perfect either.
現在需要著手進行的是: 你必須分辨出哪些基因是重要的 像是帶尾鴿擁有短尾的基因 而旅鴿則是表現長尾的基因 還有紅眼、桃紅色的胸部和群集行為等基因 將這些都加在一起,結果不會是完美的 但應該就近乎完美了 自然界中也沒有「完美」的作品
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
所以,在波士頓的會議中決定了三件事
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way, and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
首先,我和萊恩創立了個非營利組織 這個名為「復活與保存」的組織致力 以付責任的方式推動「反滅絕」 而我們將先從旅鴿做起
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak, who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA, himself sequenced the passenger pigeon, using money from his family and friends. We hired him full-time. Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian, he's looking down at Martha, the last passenger pigeon alive. So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
另一項結果是本.諾瓦克,一位年輕研究生 他從 14 歲起就被旅鴿所深深著迷 而且在學會如何操作原始 DNA 後 他利用家人和朋友的金援 完成了旅鴿基因體定序 我們雇用了他 這是一張去年在史密森納我幫他照的照片 照片中他低頭看著瑪莎 —— 世界上最後一隻旅鴿 如果他成功的話,她就不會是最後一隻
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de-extinction, but they'd never met each other. And National Geographic got interested because National Geographic has the theory that the last century, discovery was basically finding things, and in this century, discovery is basically making things. De-extinction falls in that category. So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically meeting to see if they had work to do together. Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical. There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species, they're recreating extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
波士頓會議的第三項結果是 讓我們瞭解到世界上有許多科學家 在進行不同型式的反滅絕 但他們素未謀面 而國家地理頻道對此感到興趣 因為他們有個想法 就是上世紀的發現是為了尋找未知 而這個世紀是在創造發明 而反滅絕符合此條件 所以他們資助並主辦了這場會議 讓 35 位保育生物學家和分子生物學家 見面並討論合作機會 其中一些保育生物學家非常激進 其中三人不只要讓古生物復活 他們更希望在北西伯利亞、荷蘭和夏威夷 恢復已經消失的生態系統
Henri, from the Netherlands, with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce, is working on the aurochs. The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle, and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed. So what they're doing is working with seven breeds of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding, the aurochs. Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea than it is in America, and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe, they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job, its old ecological role, of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
來自荷蘭的亨利 嗯,我不會試著說他的荷文姓氏 在做歐洲野牛 歐洲野牛是所有被馴養牛種的祖先 所以牠的基因體還存在, 只是不平均的散佈在不同品種裡 所以他們利用七個原始、強韌 和上圖原牛相似的品種 利用篩選性的繁殖 希望可以讓歐洲野牛重現 現在野放在韓國推展得 比美國更為快速 所以我們計畫將野牛引進歐洲的野放區 讓牠們扮演原有的生態功能 牠們原本在生態系中扮演的角色 讓原本茂密森林下的貧脊土壤 重現多樣化的草原植被
Another amazing story came from Alberto Fernández-Arias. Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain. The last bucardo was a female named Celia who was still alive, but then they captured her, they got a little bit of tissue from her ear, they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen, released her back into the wild, but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree. They took the DNA from that ear, they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat, the pregnancy came to term, and a live baby bucardo was born. It was the first de-extinction in history.
另一個令人驚歎的故事 是來自阿貝圖.費爾南斯.阿里 阿貝圖在西班牙研究布卡多山羊 最後一隻是名叫西麗亞的母羊 當研究員捕捉牠時牠還健在 當時他們從牠耳朵取得一小塊組織 並冷凍保存於液態氮中後 將牠野放 但數個月後發現牠被樹木壓死 他們利用牠耳朵中的 DNA 恢復成受精卵的形式並殖入山羊 當孕期結束 活生生的布卡多山羊就出生了 這是歷史上第一個反滅絕的實例
(Applause)
(掌聲)
It was short-lived. Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems. This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes, but Alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then, and this will move ahead, and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern Spain.
但牠活的不久 有時候跨種的複製會造成呼吸系統的問題 這隻肺臟發育不全的羊只存活了 10 分鐘 但阿貝圖對此深具信心 因為動物複製技術已有長足進步 未來終究會更加發達 他相信未來會有成群的布卡多山羊 重返西班牙北部的山區
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder. At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species over the last 35 years. Now, when it's frozen that deep, minus 196 degrees Celsius, the cells are intact and the DNA is intact. They're basically viable cells, so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology took some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow, the cow went to term, and what was born was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng, who thrived and is still alive.
冷凍保存的先驅奧利弗.雷德 在聖地牙哥動物園中 他的冰凍園區在過去 35 年內 蒐集了超過 1 千種物種的組織 當冰封在低溫 —— 攝氏 -196 度 細胞和其中的 DNA 都可以完整保存 它們基本上都是能培養的細胞 先進細胞科技公司的鮑勃.蘭扎 從瀕臨絕種的爪哇野牛的冷凍組織中 取了一些殖入母乳牛 當母牛孕期屆滿 一隻健康的爪哇野牛寶寶就誕生了 牠仍健在,也在持續成長中
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
最讓鮑博興奮的是 現在可將任何細胞誘導成全能幹細胞 並將其分化成如精子、卵子 這類生殖細胞的技術
So now we go to Mike McGrew who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland, and Mike's doing miracles with birds. So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells. Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm. He then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have, basically, the gonads of a falcon. You get a male and a female each of those, and out of them comes falcons. (Laughter) Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
現在我們來介紹麥克.麥格羅 他是一位在蘇格蘭羅斯林研究所的科學家 麥克在鳥類上展現奇蹟 他會拿獵鷹的皮膚細胞,例如纖維母細胞 讓它恢復成全能幹細胞 因為它具有全能性,所以也可分化成種質 讓後他有種方法可以將種質 送入雞蛋的胚胎中 所以這隻雞將會長出 獵鷹的生殖腺 當你把牠們湊成對後 就可以生出獵鷹了 (笑聲) 從改造的雞生出獵鷹
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting. He showed how all of this can be put together. The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon, he'll take the techniques of George Church and get passenger pigeon DNA, the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew, get that DNA into chicken gonads, and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs, and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
本.諾瓦克是會議中最年輕的科學家 他預見如何讓這些技術銜接在一起 流程如下:他會先利用帶尾鴿 和旅鴿的基因體放在一起 再利用喬治.邱奇的技術 修復旅鴿的 DNA 羅伯特.蘭扎和麥克.麥格羅的技術 則可以將 DNA 送入雞的生殖腺 並生出旅鴿蛋、孵化成雛鴿 你就可得到旅鴿族群
It does raise the question of, they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon. So what do you do about that? Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their DNA, but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds.
這可能會有個問題: 沒有旅鴿親鳥 如何教導乳鴿成為一隻真正的旅鴿? 你會怎麼解決這個問題? 還好大部份鳥類行為 都包還含在牠們的 DNA 裡 但為了保險起見,他提出一個想法: 利用信鴿 教導年輕的旅鴿如何結隊飛行 並且找到原本築巢、 育幼的地方
There were some conservationists, really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, who is one of the founders of conservation biology, and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List. They're excited about all this, but they're also concerned that it might be competitive with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive, that haven't gone extinct yet. You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there. You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
有一些保育學家 包含創立保育生物學 的著名科學家史坦利.鄧波 和 IUCN 負責編篡紅名單的凱特.瓊斯 (IUCN:國際自然保護聯盟) 他們對此都非常振奮 但他們也擔心這會和 保護還存活的瀕臨絕種動物 這項重要工作 競爭資源 你必須保護還存活著的動物 為了避免每年 2.5 萬頭被獵殺的大象 你必須停止亞州的象牙交易
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing that bad news bums people out. And so the Red List is really important, keep track of what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on. But they're about to create what they call a Green List, and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you, species that were endangered, like the bald eagle, but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work, and protected areas around the world that are very, very well managed. So basically, they're learning how to build on good news. And they see reviving extinct species as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
但同時保育生物學家也發現 壞消息使人喪氣 所以即使負責追蹤 危險和瀕臨絕種動物的紅名單很重要 但是他們也準備編纂綠名單 而綠名單會告訴你哪些物種現在過的很好 曾經瀕臨絕種的白頭鷹 因為大家的努力,現在牠們的狀況已經轉好 而各地的保育區 也都經營完善 所以他們現在也試著散佈好消息 而讓絕種生物復活 就是一個你會想得到的好消息
Here's a couple related examples. Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species. The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987. Everybody thought is was finished. Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild. That technology will be used on de-extincted animals. Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa. In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct. There were just 254 left. Now there are 880. They're increasing in population by three percent a year. The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program, which is absolutely brilliant. So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan with an iPhone. That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
這裡有幾個相關的例子: 人工繁殖培育是復育生物的重要環節 加州神鷲在 1987 年僅剩 22 隻 大家都覺得牠們要消失了 因為聖地牙哥動物園的人工繁殖培育 現在已有 405 隻,其中 226 隻已經野放 這項技術會被用在反滅絕復育的物種 另外一個成功的故事是中非的巨猩 在 1981 年黛安.弗西確信牠們要滅絕了 牠們僅剩 254 隻 現在已經有 880 隻 並且逐年上升 3% 祕訣就在於他們推動生態旅遊計畫 這招很聰明 這張照片是上個月萊恩 用 iPhone 拍的 野生巨猩在遊客前面顯得多麼自在
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. There's no breeding pairs left. But this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo. A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
另外一個需要我們幫助的計畫 是關於北白犀牛 牠們已經沒有能生育的配對了 但是這種動物有多樣化的 DNA 保存於冷凍園區 只要做個複製,你就能把牠們救回來
So where do we go from here? These have been private meetings so far. I think it's time for the subject to go public. What do people think about it? You know, do you want extinct species back? Do you want extinct species back?
所以我們未來的方向是什麼? 過去一直都是私人集會 我覺得應該讓大眾瞭解這個議題 大家會怎麼想呢? 你們會想要讓救回絕種動物嗎? 你們會嗎?
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(掌聲)
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down. It is a Tinker Bell moment, because what are people excited about with this? What are they concerned about?
彼得潘的小叮噹已經翩翩降臨 現在正是彌補過去的時刻 大家為何感到興奮? 他們關心什麼?
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon. So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz. They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon. As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church, who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that. We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens that can produce passenger pigeon squabs that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents, and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way, maybe for the next six million years. You can do the same thing, as the costs come down, for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk, for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker, for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal, for the woolly mammoth.
我們會先從旅鴿著手 就在此時,本.諾瓦克 已和加大聖克魯分校的貝絲.夏皮羅合作 他們正在進行 旅鴿和帶尾鴿基因體的研究 當研究結果成熟時,他們會交給喬治.邱奇 讓他展現魔法還原旅鴿 DNA 再藉由鮑博.蘭扎和麥克.麥格羅的幫助 將種質放進雞體內 讓牠們生下小旅鴿 再讓帶尾鴿將牠們撫養長大 繼續這樣下去,旅鴿就可以自行繁衍 或許牠們可在天空翱翔下個 60 萬年 當成本降低時 可以對卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡、大海雀、 北美松雞、象牙喙啄木鳥、 愛斯基摩杓鷸、加勒比僧海豹、 和長毛象進行相同的復活程序
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole in nature in the last 10,000 years. We have the ability now, and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage. Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands, by expanding and protecting the populations of endangered species. But some species that we killed off totally we could consider bringing back to a world that misses them.
事實如此 : 在過去的一萬年 人類讓自然缺了一角 而今我們有能力 或許也有義務去修復這些損害 我們大部份藉由擴展保育原生地 和藉由擴大並保護 瀕臨絕種的物種族群 來達成任務 但對某些物種而言 我們已經將牠們趕盡殺絕了 我們可以試著讓牠們復活 回到想念牠們的世界
Thank you.
謝謝大家
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Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question. So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand. I suspect there are some people out there sitting, kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute, there's something wrong with mankind interfering in nature in this way. There's going to be unintended consequences. You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
查理斯.安德森:謝謝你 我有個問題 這是個感性的話題。有人支持 我相信也有些人 會有個苦惱的問題: 等一下, 人類不應該這樣 干預自然 這可能會有預期外的後果 你將打開潘朵拉的盒子 誰知道裡面裝了什麼。 他們這樣說有道理嗎?
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct, and many of them were keystone species, and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in by letting them go. Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is, so when these things come back, they might replace some birds that are there that people really know and love. I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work. This is a long, slow process -- One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation. We will get woolly mammoths back.
史都華.布蘭德:嗯,首先 是我們人類先干預自然,造成動物絕種 許多都是關鍵物種 讓牠們絕種的同時 我們也對生態系統造成衝擊 最根本的問題是: 當我們把牠們復活時 牠們可能會取代現在在那裡的鳥類 而這些可能也是人類認識並喜愛的物種 我想這個能給你們一個它發展方向的概念 這是一個漫長且緩慢的過程 讓我興奮的昰,這需要好幾世代的努力 我們可以將長毛象復活
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation and the potential here are pretty thrilling. Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
查:我相信這場談話 和其潛力都很令人振奮 感謝你的演說 史:謝謝
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
查:謝謝你們 (掌聲)