Now, extinction is a different kind of death. It's bigger. We didn't really realize that until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati zoo. This had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in North America for six million years. Suddenly it wasn't here at all. Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long used to darken the sun. Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm, a feathered tempest. And indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, from Canada down to the Gulf. But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades. What happened?
目前,灭种是另一种形式的死亡 规模甚至更大 而我们人类直到1914年 当最后一只名为玛莎的母北美候鸽 死于辛辛那提动物园时 我们才惊觉这点 牠们曾是世上数量最多的鸟类 在北美洲存活了六百万年 突然间就这么消逝了 牠们曾是一英里宽,四百英里长的群体 还能够遮蔽太阳 奥尔多•利奥波德说过:“这是一场生物风暴” “一场羽毛风暴” 而牠们的确是关键物种 使整个东部的落叶林更加丰盛 从密西西比河到大西洋 从加拿大往下至墨西哥湾 但就在短短数十年间 数量便从五十亿骤降至零 发生了什么?
Well, commercial hunting happened. These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton, and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground, they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands. It was the cheapest source of protein in America. By the end of the century, there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
嗯,是因为商业狩猎的开始 牠们被捕捉 身上的肉数以吨计地被贩售 这并不困难,因为当牠们一大群飞降地面时 会十分稠密地聚在一起 上百位猎人及网子此时一出动 就扑杀成千上百的旅鸽 牠们曾是美洲最便宜的蛋白质来源 在上个世纪结束时,牠们已经一无所剩 除了牠们美丽的皮羽还保存在博物馆标本抽屉里
There's an upside to the story. This made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the American bison, and so these birds saved the buffalos.
故事还有积极的另一面 它让人们了解同样一件事情 即将发生在美洲水牛身上 这样,这些鸟倒是救了水牛一命
But a lot of other animals weren't saved. The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere. It was hunted to death for its feathers. There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen. It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway. A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor, there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again." There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things, and it happened to lots of birds that people loved. It happened to lots of mammals. Another keystone species is a famous animal called the European aurochs. There was sort of a movie made about it recently. And the aurochs was like the bison. This was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent, from Spain to Korea. The documentation of this animal goes back to the Lascaux cave paintings.
但是,很多其他动物并未被保留下来 卡罗来纳鹦鹉是是一种曾点缀了家家户户后院的鹦鹉。 因为牠自身华美的羽毛而被猎捕致死 有一种东海岸的鸟,人们喜欢称为松鸡 外表十分惹人怜爱 人们尝试着去保护他们,然而牠还是绝迹了 一家当地报纸阐明着,牠们一只不剩 世界再也没办法创造出这样的生命。 当物种消失时,总是有种深沉的哀伤蔓延 许多受人喜爱的鸟类已遭此命运 同样状况也发生在许多哺乳动物身上 另一个关键物种是种有名的动物 欧洲野牛 最近还有部关于牠们的电影 这些野牛很像水牛 基本上,这种动物的生态功能 使得欧亚大陆的森林之间保有草原 从西班牙一直延伸到韩国 而人类关于这种动物的记载 可以回溯到拉斯科岩洞画的年代
The extinctions still go on. There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo. It went extinct in 2000. There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia, called the Tasmanian tiger. It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos. A little bit of film was shot.
许多动物仍陆续灭绝 一种分布在西班牙,名为布卡多山羊的野山羊 于2000年灭绝 也有一些令人惊叹的物种,像是袋狼 他们在澳洲的塔斯马尼亚州 又称塔斯马尼亚狼或塔斯马尼亚虎 他们也逃不过猎杀,最后几只在动物园中死去 这是一小段影片
Sorrow, anger, mourning. Don't mourn. Organize. What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens, fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old could be used to bring species back, what would you do? Where would you start?
沉重、愤怒、悲伤 但别悲伤,振作起来 如果你发现利用博物馆标本 或是20万年前化石中的DNA 可以让这些物种复活 你会怎么做呢?你又会从何做起?
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there. I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed.
你可能会先确定,生物技术是否达得到要求 我则是从我太太莱恩·费伦娜开始 她经营一家叫DNA direct的生技公司 透过她,我认识了她的同事乔治.邱奇 他也是位着迷于旅鸽的 顶尖基因工程师 他对他所使用的方法深具信心 他对他所使用的方法深居信心 并认为他可以让物种复活
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists, and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro. All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue, because down in there is what is called ancient DNA. It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented, but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
所以他和莱恩策划并主持了一个会议 在哈佛的维斯学院召集了一批 旅鸽专家、鸟类保育学家、生物伦理学家 而且很幸运的是旅鸽的DNA已经被 一名叫做贝丝.夏皮罗的分子生物学家完成定序 而她只用了保存在史密森纳研究院 标本中的一小块脚部组织 因为里面含有原始DNA DNA已经碎裂成片段 利用现在的技术,你可以重组完整的基因序列
Then the question is, can you reassemble, with that genome, the whole bird? George Church thinks you can. So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend, he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species, and he has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine. It's kind of like an evolution machine. You try combinations of genes that you write at the cell level and then in organs on a chip, and the ones that win, that you can then put into a living organism. It'll work. The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair. The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
问题在于你能不能利用基因体 重新“组合”出健全的鸟? 乔治·邱奇认为这可以达到 在他写的、也是我强力推荐的《重生》中 有一章节解释了复活灭绝物种的技术 这个仪器被他称为: 多样化自动基因体建构机 这项技术和演化的机制类似 你将不同组合的基因送入细胞 从细胞层级到组织层级 再把成功存活下来的组织 送入代理孕母体内,它就会成功 从乔治难以辨识的记录中 我们可以知道这项技术的精确度 达到碱基对的层级 后鸽基因体包含13亿对碱基
So what you're getting is the capability now of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene. It's called an allele. Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway. So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative. Now along the way, George points out that his technology, the technology of synthetic biology, is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law. It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
所以你现在能做的是 把一个基因用它的对偶基因取代 (译注:这是用来解决原始基因序列上破裂、缺失的问题) 这在正常的精卵结合过程中也会发生 所以,我们可用和灭绝物种 最接近的物种 组合并修复灭绝物种的基因体 在此过程中,乔治指出 他所使用的合成生物学技术 现在成长速度是莫尔定律的四倍 这从2005开始,也很有可能一直延续下去
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here. Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is mostly living passenger pigeon. There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits, you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
最接近旅鸽的存活物种是带尾鸽 牠们数量庞大,在这附近也有 从基因层面来说,带尾鸽似乎是活着的旅鸽 牠们的基因体中只有一些带尾鸽特有的序列 牠们的基因体中只有一些带尾鸽特有的序列 如果你将这些序列以旅鸽特有的序列取代 你就有一只已经灭绝的旅鸽对你咕咕叫
Now, there's work to do. You have to figure out exactly what genes matter. So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon, genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon, and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on. Add them all up and the result won't be perfect. But it should be be perfect enough, because nature doesn't do perfect either.
现在需要着手进行的是: 你必须分辨出那些基因是重要的 像是带尾鸽拥有短尾的基因 而旅鸽则是表现长尾的基因 还有红颜、桃红色的胸部和群集行为等基因 将这些都加在一起,结果不会是完美的 但应该就近乎完美了 自然界中也没有完美的作品
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
所以,在波士顿的会议中决定了三件事
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way, and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
首先,我和莱恩创立了个非盈利组织 这个名为“复活与保存”的组织致力于 以负责任的方式推动“反灭绝” 而我们将先从旅鸽做起
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak, who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA, himself sequenced the passenger pigeon, using money from his family and friends. We hired him full-time. Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian, he's looking down at Martha, the last passenger pigeon alive. So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
另一项结果是本·诺瓦克,一位年轻研究生 他从14岁起就为旅鸽所深深着迷 而且在学会如何操作原始DNA后 他利用家人和朋友的帮助 完成了旅鸽基因体定序 我们雇佣了他 这是一张在去年在史密森纳我帮他照的照片 照片中他低头看着玛莎 世界上最后一只旅鸽 如果他成功的话,它就不会是最后一只
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de-extinction, but they'd never met each other. And National Geographic got interested because National Geographic has the theory that the last century, discovery was basically finding things, and in this century, discovery is basically making things. De-extinction falls in that category. So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically meeting to see if they had work to do together. Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical. There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species, they're recreating extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
波士顿会议的第三项结果是 让我们了解到世界上有许多科学家 在进行不同形式的反灭绝 但他们素未谋面 而国家地理频道对此很感兴趣 因为他们有个想法 就是上世纪的发现是为了寻找未知 而这个世纪是在创造发明 而灭绝符合此条件 所以他们资助并主办了这场会议 让35位保育生物学家和分子生物学家 见面并讨论合作机会 其中一些保育生物学家非常激进 其中三人不只要让古生物复活 他们更希望在北西伯利亚、荷兰和夏威夷 恢复已经消失的生态系统
Henri, from the Netherlands, with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce, is working on the aurochs. The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle, and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed. So what they're doing is working with seven breeds of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding, the aurochs. Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea than it is in America, and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe, they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job, its old ecological role, of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
来自荷兰的亨利 嗯,我不大会说他的荷兰姓氏 在做欧洲野牛 欧洲野牛是所有被驯养牛种的祖先 所以牠的基因体还存在,只是不平均的散布在不同品种里 所以他们利用七个原始、强韧 和上图原牛相似的品种 利用筛选性的繁殖 希望可以让欧洲野牛重现 现在野放在韩国推展的 比美国更为迅速 所以我们计划将野牛引进欧洲的野放区 让他们扮演原有的生态功能 他们原本在生态系统中扮演的角色 让原本茂密森林下的贫瘠土壤 重现多样化的草原植被
Another amazing story came from Alberto Fernández-Arias. Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain. The last bucardo was a female named Celia who was still alive, but then they captured her, they got a little bit of tissue from her ear, they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen, released her back into the wild, but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree. They took the DNA from that ear, they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat, the pregnancy came to term, and a live baby bucardo was born. It was the first de-extinction in history.
另一个令人惊叹的故事 是来自阿贝图.费尔南斯.阿里 阿贝图在西班牙研究布卡多山羊 最后一只是名叫西丽亚的母羊 当研究员捕捉它时它还健在 当时他们从他耳朵取得一小块组织 并冷冻保存于液态氮中后 将他野放 但数个月后发现他被树木压死 他们利用他耳朵中的DNA 恢复成受精卵的形式并植入山羊 当孕期结束 活生生的布卡多山羊就出生了 这是历史上第一个反灭绝的实例
(Applause)
(掌声)
It was short-lived. Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems. This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes, but Alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then, and this will move ahead, and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern Spain.
但牠活的不久 有时跨种的复制会造成生物呼吸系统的问题 这只肺脏发育不全的羊只存活了10 分钟 但阿贝图对深具信心 因为动物复制技术已有长足进步 未来终究会更加发达 他相信未来会有成群的布卡多山羊 重返西班牙北部的山区
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder. At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species over the last 35 years. Now, when it's frozen that deep, minus 196 degrees Celsius, the cells are intact and the DNA is intact. They're basically viable cells, so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology took some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow, the cow went to term, and what was born was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng, who thrived and is still alive.
冷冻保存的先驱奥利弗·雷德 在圣地亚哥动物园中 他的冰冻园区在过去35年内 搜集了超过1千种物种的组织 当冰封在低温—— -196摄氏度 细胞和其中的DNA都可以完整保存 它们基本上都是能培养的细胞 先进细胞科技公司的鲍勃·兰扎 从濒临绝种的爪哇野牛的冷冻组织中 取了一些植入母乳牛 当母牛孕期届满 一只健康的爪哇野牛宝宝就诞生了 牠仍健在,也在持续成长中
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
最让鲍勃兴奋的是 现在可以将任何细胞诱导成全能干细胞 并将其分化成如精子、卵子 这类生殖细胞的技术
So now we go to Mike McGrew who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland, and Mike's doing miracles with birds. So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells. Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm. He then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have, basically, the gonads of a falcon. You get a male and a female each of those, and out of them comes falcons. (Laughter) Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
现在我们来介绍麦克·麦格罗 他是一位在苏格兰罗斯林研究所的科学家 麦克在鸟类上展现奇迹 他会拿猎鹰的皮肤细胞,例如纤维母细胞 让它恢复成全能干细胞 因为它具有全能性,所以也可以分化成种质 然后他有种方法可以将种质 送入鸡蛋的胚胎中 所以这只鸡将会长出 猎鹰的生殖腺 当你把他们凑成对后 就可以生出猎鹰了 (笑声) 从改造的鸡生出猎鹰
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting. He showed how all of this can be put together. The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon, he'll take the techniques of George Church and get passenger pigeon DNA, the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew, get that DNA into chicken gonads, and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs, and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
本·诺瓦克是会议中最年轻的科学家 他展示了如何让这些技术衔接在一起 流程如下:他会先利用带尾鸽 和旅鸽的基因体放在一起 再利用乔治·邱奇的技术 修复旅鸽的DNA 罗伯特·兰扎和麦克·麦格罗的技术 则可以将DNA送入鸡的生殖腺 并生出旅鸽蛋、孵化成雏鸽 你就可以得到旅鸽族群
It does raise the question of, they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon. So what do you do about that? Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their DNA, but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds.
这可能会有个问题: 没有旅鸽亲鸟 如何教导乳鸽成为一只真正的旅鸽 你会怎么解决这个问题? 还好大部分鸟类行为 都包含在他们的DNA里 单位了保险起见,他提出一个想法: 利用信鸽 教导年轻的旅鸽如何结队飞行 并且找到原本筑巢、 育幼的地方
There were some conservationists, really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, who is one of the founders of conservation biology, and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List. They're excited about all this, but they're also concerned that it might be competitive with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive, that haven't gone extinct yet. You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there. You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
有一些保育学家 包含创立保育生物学的 著名科学家史坦利·邓波 和IUCN负责编纂红名单的凯特·琼斯 (IUCN:国际自然保护联盟) 他们对此都非常振奋 但他们也担心这会和保护还存活的濒临灭绝动物 但他们也担心这会和保护还存活的濒临灭绝动物 这项重要工作竞争资源 这项重要工作竞争资源 你必须保护还存活着的动物 为了避免每年2.5万头被猎杀的大象 你必须停止亚洲的象牙交易
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing that bad news bums people out. And so the Red List is really important, keep track of what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on. But they're about to create what they call a Green List, and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you, species that were endangered, like the bald eagle, but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work, and protected areas around the world that are very, very well managed. So basically, they're learning how to build on good news. And they see reviving extinct species as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
但同时保育生物学家也发现 坏消息使人丧气 所以即使负责追踪危险和 濒临灭绝动物的红名单很重要 所以即使负责追踪危险和 濒临灭绝动物的红名单很重要 但是他们也准备编纂绿名单 而绿名单会告诉你哪些物种现在过得很好 曾经濒临绝种的白头鹰 因为大家的努力,现在他们的状况已经转好 而各地的保育区 也都经营完善 所以他们现在也试着散布好消息 而让灭种生物复活 就是一个你会想得到的好消息
Here's a couple related examples. Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species. The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987. Everybody thought is was finished. Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild. That technology will be used on de-extincted animals. Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa. In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct. There were just 254 left. Now there are 880. They're increasing in population by three percent a year. The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program, which is absolutely brilliant. So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan with an iPhone. That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
这里有几个相关的例子 人工繁殖培育是复育生物的重要环节 加州神鹫在 1987 年仅剩 22 只 大家都觉得他们要消失了 因为圣地亚哥动物园的人工繁殖培育 现在已有405只,其中226只已经野放 这项技术会被用在反灭绝复育的物种 另外一个成功的故事是中非的巨猩 在1981年黛安·弗里确信他们要灭绝了 他们仅剩254只 现在已经有880只 并且逐年上升3% 秘诀就在于他们推动生态旅游计划 这招很聪明 这张照片是上个月莱恩 用iphone拍的 野生巨猩在游客前面显得多么自在
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. There's no breeding pairs left. But this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo. A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
另外一个需要我们帮助的计划 是关于北白犀牛 他们已经没有能生育的配对了 但是这种动物 多样化的DNA 保存于冷冻园区 只要做个复制,你就能把他们救回来
So where do we go from here? These have been private meetings so far. I think it's time for the subject to go public. What do people think about it? You know, do you want extinct species back? Do you want extinct species back?
所以我们未来的方向是什么? 过去一直都是私人集会 我觉得应该让大众了解到这个议题 大家会怎么想呢? 你们会想要让就回灭绝动物吗? 你们会吗?
(Applause)
(掌声)
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down. It is a Tinker Bell moment, because what are people excited about with this? What are they concerned about?
彼得潘的小叮当已经翩翩降临 现在正是弥补过去的时刻 大家为何感到兴奋? 他们关心什么?
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon. So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz. They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon. As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church, who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that. We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens that can produce passenger pigeon squabs that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents, and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way, maybe for the next six million years. You can do the same thing, as the costs come down, for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk, for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker, for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal, for the woolly mammoth.
我们会先从旅鸽着手 就在此时,本·诺瓦克 已和加大圣克鲁分校的贝丝·夏皮罗合作 他们正在进行 旅鸽和带尾鸽基因体的研究 当研究结果成熟时,他们会交给乔治·邱奇 让他展现魔法还原旅鸽DNA 再藉由鲍勃·兰扎和麦克·麦格罗的帮助 将种质放进机体内 让他们生下小旅鸽 再让带尾鸽将他们抚养长大 继续这样下去,旅鸽就可以自行繁衍 或许他们可在天空翱翔下个60万年 当成本降低时 可以对卡罗莱纳长尾鹦鹉、大海确、 北美松鸡、象牙喙啄木鸟、 爱斯基摩杓鹬、加勒比僧海豹、 和长毛象进行相同的复活程序
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole in nature in the last 10,000 years. We have the ability now, and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage. Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands, by expanding and protecting the populations of endangered species. But some species that we killed off totally we could consider bringing back to a world that misses them.
事实如此:在过去的一万年 人类让自然遭受了巨大的创伤 而今我们有能力 或许也有义务去修复这些损害 我们大部分通过扩展保育原生地 以及扩大并保护 濒临绝种的物种族群 来达成任务 但对某些物种而言 我们已经将他们赶尽杀绝了 我们可以试着让他们复活 回到想念他们的世界
Thank you.
谢谢大家
(Applause)
(掌声)
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question. So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand. I suspect there are some people out there sitting, kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute, there's something wrong with mankind interfering in nature in this way. There's going to be unintended consequences. You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
查理斯·安德森:谢谢你 我有个问题 这是个感性的话题。有人支持 我相信也有些人 会有个苦恼的问题: 等等等一下, 人类不应该这样 干预自然 这可能会有预期外的后果 你将打开潘多拉的盒子 谁知道里面装了什么。他们这样说有道理吗?
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct, and many of them were keystone species, and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in by letting them go. Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is, so when these things come back, they might replace some birds that are there that people really know and love. I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work. This is a long, slow process -- One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation. We will get woolly mammoths back.
史都华·布兰德:嗯,首先 是我们人类先干预自然,造成物种灭绝 许多都是关键物种 让他们灭绝的同时 我们也对生态系统造成冲击 最根本的问题是: 当我们把它们复活时 他们可能会取代现在在那里的鸟类 而这些可能也是人类认识并喜爱的物种 我想这个能给你们一个它发展方向的概念 这是一个漫长且缓慢的过程 让我兴奋的是,这需要好几世代的努力 我们可以将长毛象复活
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation and the potential here are pretty thrilling. Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
查:我相信这场谈话 和其潜力都很令人振奋 感谢你的演说 史:谢谢
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
查:谢谢你们(掌声)