Now, extinction is a different kind of death. It's bigger. We didn't really realize that until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati zoo. This had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in North America for six million years. Suddenly it wasn't here at all. Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long used to darken the sun. Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm, a feathered tempest. And indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, from Canada down to the Gulf. But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades. What happened?
Izumiranje je drugačiji način smrti. Veće je. Ovo nismo stvarno shvatili do 1914. god. kada je poslednji golub selac, ženka zvana Marta, uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Sinsinatiju. Ovo je bila najbrojnija ptica na svetu koja je šest miliona godina nastanjivala Severnu Ameriku. Iznenada, nije je više bilo. Jata, široka 1,5 km i duga 650 km, su obično zaklanjala sunce. Aldo Leopold ih je zvao biološka oluja, pernata nepogoda. To je zaista bila ključna vrsta koja je obogaćivala celokupnu listopadnu šumu od Misisipija do Atlantika, od Kanade do Golfskog zaliva. Ali je spala sa 5 milijardi ptica na nulu, za svega nekoliko decenija. Šta se dogodilo?
Well, commercial hunting happened. These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton, and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground, they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands. It was the cheapest source of protein in America. By the end of the century, there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
Pa, desio se komercijalni lov. Lovili su ove ptice zbog mesa koje se prodavalo u tonama, bilo je jednostavno, zato što kada su ova velika jata sletala na zemlju, bila su toliko gusta da su stotine lovaca i lovaca sa mrežama mogli da dođu i poubijaju na desetine hiljada. To je bio najjeftniji izvor proteina u Americi. Do kraja veka, nije ostalo ništa osim ovih divnih koža u muzejskim fiokama za uzorke.
There's an upside to the story. This made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the American bison, and so these birds saved the buffalos.
Postoji i dobra strana ove priče. Učinila je da ljudi shvate da ista sudbina čeka i američkog bizona, te su ove ptice spasile bizone.
But a lot of other animals weren't saved. The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere. It was hunted to death for its feathers. There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen. It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway. A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor, there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again." There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things, and it happened to lots of birds that people loved. It happened to lots of mammals. Another keystone species is a famous animal called the European aurochs. There was sort of a movie made about it recently. And the aurochs was like the bison. This was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent, from Spain to Korea. The documentation of this animal goes back to the Lascaux cave paintings.
Ali mnoge druge životinje nisu spasene. Papagaj Karolina je ptica koja je uveseljavala svačije dvorište. Lovili su ga do izumiranja zbog perja. Postojala je vrsta divlje kokoške - kokoš pustare, koju su ljudi na istočnoj obali voleli. Pokušali su da je zaštite. Svejedno je izumrla. Lokalne novine su pisale: ”Nema preživelih, nema budućnosti, nema živih koji bi obnovili ovu vrstu.” Postoji osećaj duboke tragedije koji prati ovakve događaje i desio se mnogim vrstama ptica koje su ljudi voleli. To je zadesilo brojne sisare. Druga ključna vrsta je čuvena životinja zvana evropski urus. Nedavno je snimljen neki film o njemu. Urus je bio sličan bizonu. Ova životinja je u osnovi održavala šumu kombinovanu sa travnjacima u celoj Evro-Aziji od Španije do Koreje. Dokazi o ovoj životinji su stari koliko i pećinske slike u Laskou.
The extinctions still go on. There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo. It went extinct in 2000. There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia, called the Tasmanian tiger. It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos. A little bit of film was shot.
Izumiranja se još uvek nastavljaju. Postoji vrsta divokoze u Španiji zvana bukardo. Izumrla je 2000. Postojala je divna životinja, torbarski vuk nazvan tilacin na Tasmaniji u južnoj Australiji, zvani tasmanijski tigar. Lovili su ga sve dok ih nije ostalo nekoliko koji su uginuli u zoo-vrtovima. Snimljen je mali film.
Sorrow, anger, mourning. Don't mourn. Organize. What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens, fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old could be used to bring species back, what would you do? Where would you start?
Žalost, bes, tuga. Nemojte da žalite. Organizujte se. Šta ako biste otkrili da DNK muzejskih uzoraka, fosila možda starih i do 200 000 godina, mogu da se koriste za obnovu vrsta, šta biste uradili? Gde biste počeli?
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there. I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed.
Pa, počeli biste otkrivajući da li biotehnologija zaista postoji. Započeo sam sa svojom suprugom, Rajen Felan, koja vodi biotehnološku kompaniju "DNA Direct" i preko nje i jednog njenog saradnika, Džordža Čerča, jednog od vodećih inženjera genetike, koji je, ispostavilo se, takođe opsednut golubovima selcima i sa mnogo samopouzdanja da bi metode na kojima je radio zaista mogle biti uspešne.
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists, and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro. All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue, because down in there is what is called ancient DNA. It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented, but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
On i Rajen su, na Wyss institutu na Harvardu, bili organizatori okupljanja specijalista o golubovima selcima, konzervacionih ornitologa, bioetičara, a srećom, DNK goluba selca je već sekvencionirala molekularni biolog Bet Šapiro. Jedino što joj je bilo potrebno od ovih uzoraka u Smitsonijanu je delić tkiva jastučeta nožnog prsta jer se tu nalazi takozvana drevna DNK. Ta DNK je prilično oštećena, ali sadašnjim dobrim tehnikama, u osnovi možete obnoviti ceo genom.
Then the question is, can you reassemble, with that genome, the whole bird? George Church thinks you can. So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend, he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species, and he has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine. It's kind of like an evolution machine. You try combinations of genes that you write at the cell level and then in organs on a chip, and the ones that win, that you can then put into a living organism. It'll work. The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair. The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
Pitanje je možete li tim genomom obnoviti celu pticu? Džordž Čerč misli da možete. U njegovoj knjizi, “Obnavljanje” koju preporučujem, postoji poglavlje o nauci obnavljanja izumrlih vrsta i on ima aparat koji se zove multipla automatizovana mašina genomskog inženjeringa. To je kao vrsta evolucionog aparta. Pokušate kombinaciju gena koju napišete na čipu, prvo na ćelijskom, pa na tkivnom nivou i pobeđuje ona koju možete staviti u živi organizam. Ona će funkcionisati. Jedan od čuvenih Džordžovih nečitkih slajdova, ipak pokazuje da ovde postoji preciznost do individualnog para baza. Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde baznih parova u genomu.
So what you're getting is the capability now of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene. It's called an allele. Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway. So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative. Now along the way, George points out that his technology, the technology of synthetic biology, is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law. It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
Dakle, ono što sad dobijate je sposobnost da zamenite jedan gen drugom varijacijom istog gena. Zove se alel. Uostalom, to se ionako dešava u prirodnoj hibridizaciji. Ovo je oblik veštačke hibridizacije genoma izumrle vrste sa genomom njegovog najbližeg živog srodnika. Na ovom putu, Džordž ukazuje da se njegova tehnologija, tehnologija veštačke biologije, trenutno ubrzava četvorostrukom brzinom Murovog zakona. On ovo radi od 2005. i verovatno će nastaviti.
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here. Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is mostly living passenger pigeon. There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits, you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
U redu, najbliži živi srodnik goluba selca je golub pećinar. Ima ih mnogo. Neki su i ovde. Genetski, golub pećinar već jeste uglavnom živi golub selac. Postoje samo neki delići koji su golub pećinar. Ukoliko te deliće zamenite delićima goluba selca, ponovo ćete dobiti izmrlu vrstu ptice, koja vam guče.
Now, there's work to do. You have to figure out exactly what genes matter. So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon, genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon, and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on. Add them all up and the result won't be perfect. But it should be be perfect enough, because nature doesn't do perfect either.
Treba raditi. Treba da odredite gene koji su zaista značajni. Tako da postoje geni za kratak rep goluba pećinara, geni za dugačak rep goluba selca, i tako dalje, za crvene oči, grudi boje breskve, skupljanje u jata itd. Kad ih sve saberete, rezultat neće biti savršen. Ali bi trebalo da bude dovoljno dobar jer ni priroda nije savršena.
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
Dakle, ovaj skup u Bostonu je doveo do tri stvari.
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way, and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
Prvo, Rajen i ja smo odlučili da stvorimo neprofitnu organizaciju zvanu "Oživi i obnovi" koja bi promovisala oživljavanje uopšte i pokušali da je pokrenemo na odgovoran način i promovisaćemo goluba selca.
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak, who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA, himself sequenced the passenger pigeon, using money from his family and friends. We hired him full-time. Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian, he's looking down at Martha, the last passenger pigeon alive. So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
Drugi direktan rezultat je rad mladog studenta diplomca Bena Novaka koji je bio opsednut golubom selcem od 14. godine, takođe je naučio da radi sa drevnom DNK i sam je sekvencionirao goluba selca, uz pomoć sredstava porodice i prijatelja. Zaposlili smo ga za puno radno vreme. Ovo je njegova fotografija koju sam napravio prošle godine u Smitsonijanu, gleda u Martu, poslednjeg živog goluba selca. Ako bude uspešan, neće biti i poslednji.
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de-extinction, but they'd never met each other. And National Geographic got interested because National Geographic has the theory that the last century, discovery was basically finding things, and in this century, discovery is basically making things. De-extinction falls in that category. So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically meeting to see if they had work to do together. Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical. There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species, they're recreating extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
Treći ishod bostonskog sastanka je shvatanje da postoje naučnici širom sveta koji rade na različitim oblicima oživljavanja, ali se nikad nisu sreli. Zainteresovala se i Nacionalna geografija jer Nacionalna geografija ima teoriju da je u prethodnom veku otkriće bilo uglavnom pronaći nešto, a u ovom veku, otkriće je uglavnom napraviti nešto. Oživljavanje pripada toj kategoriji. Oni su bili domaćini i sponzori sastanka. 35 naučnika, konzervacionih biologa i molekularnih biologa, se sastalo da bi videli mogu li da urade nešto zajedno. Neki od ovih konzervacionih biologa su prilično radikalni. Trojica njih ne samo da obnavljaju ranije vrste, oni obnavljaju izumrle eko-sisteme u severnom Sibiru, Holandiji i na Havajima.
Henri, from the Netherlands, with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce, is working on the aurochs. The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle, and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed. So what they're doing is working with seven breeds of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding, the aurochs. Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea than it is in America, and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe, they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job, its old ecological role, of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
Henri iz Holandije, sa holandskim prezimenom koje neću ni pokušati da izgovorim, radi na urusu. Urus je predak svih domaćih goveda tako da je njegov genom živ, samo je nejednako rasprostranjen. Oni rade sa sedam različitih vrsta primitivnih, izdržljivih goveda kao što je ova "Maremmana primitivo" gore da bi vremenom, selektivnim uzgojem unazad, obnovili urusa. Obnavljanje divljih vrsta je brže u Koreji nego u Americi, a plan je, da će sa ovim obnovljenim divljim oblastima u Evropi, ponovo uvesti uruse u njihov stari posao, njihovu staru ekološku ulogu, a to je čišćenje donekle ogoljenih, ograničenih šuma da bi se postigao visok stepen biodiverziteta travnjaka.
Another amazing story came from Alberto Fernández-Arias. Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain. The last bucardo was a female named Celia who was still alive, but then they captured her, they got a little bit of tissue from her ear, they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen, released her back into the wild, but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree. They took the DNA from that ear, they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat, the pregnancy came to term, and a live baby bucardo was born. It was the first de-extinction in history.
Druga neobična priča dolazi od Alberta Fernandez-Arajasa. Alberto je radio sa bukardom u Španiji. Poslednji bukardo je bila ženka Silija koja je još uvek bila živa, a onda su je uhvatili uzeli su malo tkiva iz njenog uva, sačuvali su ga zamrzavanjem u tečnom azotu i ponovo je pustili na slobodu, ali nekoliko meseci kasnije pronašli su je mrtvu ispod oborenog drveta. Uzeli su DNK iz njenog uva, stavili su ga kao kloniranu jajnu ćeliju u kozu, trudnoća je iznesena do termina i živa beba bukardo je rođena. To je bilo prvo oživljavanje u istoriji.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
It was short-lived. Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems. This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes, but Alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then, and this will move ahead, and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern Spain.
Kratko je živela. Ponekad klonovi između vrsta imaju disajne probleme. Ovaj je imao malformisana pluća i umro je nakon 10 minuta, ali Alberto je bio uveren da je kloniranje od tada bitno napredovalo, ovo će se usavršavati i konačno će postojati populacija bukarda koja će se vratiti na planine severne Španije.
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder. At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species over the last 35 years. Now, when it's frozen that deep, minus 196 degrees Celsius, the cells are intact and the DNA is intact. They're basically viable cells, so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology took some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow, the cow went to term, and what was born was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng, who thrived and is still alive.
Pionir krioprezervacije u velikim dubinama je Oliver Rajder. U njegovom zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu u San Dijegu, sakupio je tkiva preko 1000 vrsta tokom poslednjih 35 godina. Kada je to duboko zamrznuo, na minus 196 stepeni Celzijusa, ćelije su sačuvane i sačuvana je DNK. To su vijabilne ćelije, tako da je neko kao Bob Lanza iz "Napredne ćelijske tehnologije" uzeo nešto od tog tkiva ugrožene vrste zvane javanski banteng, stavio ga u kravu, krava je iznela trudnoću i rođena je živa, zdrava beba javanskog bantenga koja je nastavila da napreduje i još uvek živi.
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
Najuzbudljivije za Boba Lanzu je sposobnost da sada može da uzme bilo koju vrstu ćelija sa indukovanim pluripotnentnim matičnim ćelijama i pretvori ih u germinativne ćelije, kao što su spermatozoidi i jajne ćelije.
So now we go to Mike McGrew who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland, and Mike's doing miracles with birds. So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells. Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm. He then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have, basically, the gonads of a falcon. You get a male and a female each of those, and out of them comes falcons. (Laughter) Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
Sada idemo do Majka Mekgrua koji je naučnik u Roslin insitutu u Škotskoj. Majk čini čuda sa pticama. On će uzeti, na primer kožne ćelije sokola, fibroblaste i pretvoriti ih u indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije. S obzirom da su toliko pluripotentne, mogu postati germinativna plazma. On zatim ima način da stavi germinativnu plazmu u embrion kokošijeg jajeta, tako da će kokoška u osnovi imati polne žlezde sokola. Dobijete po jednog mužjaka i ženku i od njih postaju sokolovi. (Smeh) Pravi sokolovi iz blago krivotvorenih pilića.
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting. He showed how all of this can be put together. The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon, he'll take the techniques of George Church and get passenger pigeon DNA, the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew, get that DNA into chicken gonads, and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs, and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
Ben Novak je bio najmlađi naučnik na skupu. Pokazao je kako sve ovo može da se organizuje. Redosled događaja: on će sastaviti genome golubova pećinara i golubova selaca, odneće ovu tehniku Džordžu Čerču i dobiti DNK goluba selca, tehnike Roberta Lanze i Majkla MekGreja će odneti taj DNK u pileće polne žlezde i iz pilećih gonada će nastati jaja goluba selca, ptići i sada dobijate populaciju golubova selaca.
It does raise the question of, they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon. So what do you do about that? Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their DNA, but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds.
To postavlja pitanje da oni neće imati roditelje golubova selaca koji bi ih naučili kako da budu golobovi selci. Šta uraditi povodom toga? Pa, ptice su prilično instiktivne, tako da je većina toga već u njihovoj DNK, ali da bi to dopunio, deo Benove ideje je da koristi domaće golubove da pomognu da nauče mlade golubove selce kako da prave jata i kako da nađu put do svojih starih mesta gnežđenja i hranjenja.
There were some conservationists, really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, who is one of the founders of conservation biology, and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List. They're excited about all this, but they're also concerned that it might be competitive with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive, that haven't gone extinct yet. You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there. You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
Postoje neki konzervatori, zaista poznati konzervatori, kao što je Stenli Templ koji je jedan od osnivača konzervacione biologije i Kejt Džons sa IUCN koja pravi Crvenu listu. Oni su zaintrigirani svim ovim, ali se takođe boje da to može biti u suprotnosti sa veoma značajnim naporima da se zaštite ugrožene vrste koje su još uvek žive, koje još nisu izumrle. Vidite, želite da radite na zaštiti životinja, želite da radite na smanjenju tržišta slonovače u Aziji tako da ne gubite 25 000 slonova godišnje.
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing that bad news bums people out. And so the Red List is really important, keep track of what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on. But they're about to create what they call a Green List, and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you, species that were endangered, like the bald eagle, but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work, and protected areas around the world that are very, very well managed. So basically, they're learning how to build on good news. And they see reviving extinct species as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
Ali istovremeno, konzervacioni biolozi su svesni da nove loše vesti rastužuju ljude. Tako da je Crvena lista zaista značajna jer prati šta je ugroženo i kritično i slično. Ali na putu su da naprave takozvanu Zelenu listu koja će sadržati vrste koje su dobro, hvala na pitanju, vrste koje su bile ugrožene, kao što je ćelavi orao, ali su sada mnogo bolje, zahvaljujući dobrom radu svih, i zaštićene zone svuda u svetu koje su veoma dobro organizovane. Tako oni uče kako da grade na dobrim vestima. Oni vide obnavljanje izumrlih vrsta kao vrstu dobrih vesti na kojima možete da gradite.
Here's a couple related examples. Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species. The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987. Everybody thought is was finished. Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild. That technology will be used on de-extincted animals. Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa. In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct. There were just 254 left. Now there are 880. They're increasing in population by three percent a year. The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program, which is absolutely brilliant. So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan with an iPhone. That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
Ovde je nekoliko sličnih primera. Razmnožavanje u zatvorenom će biti glavni deo obnavljanja ovih vrsta. Kalifornijski kondor je sveden na 22 ptice 1987. Svi su mislili da je gotov. Zahvaljujući razmnožavanju u zoološkom vrtu San Dijega sada ih ima 405, a 226 živi u divljini. Ta tehnologija će biti korišćena za oživljavanje životinja. Druga priča o uspehu je planinska gorila u Centralnoj Africi. 1981. Dajen Fosi je bila sigurna da će izumreti. Bilo ih je svega 254. Sada ih ima 880. Broj im raste za oko 3 procenta godišnje. Tajna je da oni imaju program eko-turizma koji je asplutno sjajan. Ovo je fotografija koju je Rajen snimila prošlog meseca ajfonom. Toliko su ove divlje gorile mirne u okolini posetilaca.
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. There's no breeding pairs left. But this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo. A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
Drugi zanimljiv projekat, mada će mu trebati nešto pomoći, je severni beli nosorog. Nema više parova koji mogu da se razmnožavaju. Ali postoji veliki broj različitih varijacija DNK za ovu životinju koje su dostupne u zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu. Sa malo kloniranja, možete ih dobiti nazad.
So where do we go from here? These have been private meetings so far. I think it's time for the subject to go public. What do people think about it? You know, do you want extinct species back? Do you want extinct species back?
Dakle, u kom pravcu sada idemo? Do sada su postojala privatna okupljanja. Mislim da je vreme da ova tema postane javna. Šta ljudi misle o tome? Da li želite izumrle vrste nazad? Da li vi želite izumrle vrste nazad?
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Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down. It is a Tinker Bell moment, because what are people excited about with this? What are they concerned about?
Zvončica će sići mašući krilima. Ovo je Zvončicin trenutak, jer čime su ljudi ovde zaintrigirani? Šta ih brine?
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon. So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz. They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon. As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church, who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that. We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens that can produce passenger pigeon squabs that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents, and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way, maybe for the next six million years. You can do the same thing, as the costs come down, for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk, for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker, for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal, for the woolly mammoth.
I dalje ćemo napredovati sa golubom selcem. Dok ovo govorim, Ben Novak se pridružuje grupi Bet Šapiro sa Univerziteta u Kaliforniji u Santa Kruzu. Oni će raditi na genomu goluba selca i goluba pećinara. Kako njihovi rezultati sazrevaju, poslaće ih Džordžu Čerču koji će iz toga svojom magijom dobiti DNK goluba selca. Imaće pomoć Boba Lanze i Majka Mekgroa da to dovede u germinativnu plazmu koja može da ide u piliće, koji mogu da proizvedu ptiće goluba selca, koje mogu da podižu roditelji goluba pećinara, a od toga nadalje, sopstvene golubove selce možda narednih šest miliona godina. Možete da uradite isto, kako se budu smanjivali troškovi, i za papagaja Karolinu, veliku njorku, kokošku iz pustara, za detlića sa kljunom kao slonovača, za eskimsku škurak pticu, karipsku monah-foku runastog mamuta.
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole in nature in the last 10,000 years. We have the ability now, and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage. Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands, by expanding and protecting the populations of endangered species. But some species that we killed off totally we could consider bringing back to a world that misses them.
Činjenica je da je čovek napravio veliku šupljinu u prirodi u poslednih 10 000 godina. Sada imamo sposobnost i možda moralnu obavezu da popravimo nešto od štete. Veći deo zaštite divljine, ćemo uraditi širenjem i zaštitom populacije ugroženih vrsta. Ali neke vrste koje smo potpuno uništili možda možemo da vratimo svetu kome nedostaju.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
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Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question. So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand. I suspect there are some people out there sitting, kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute, there's something wrong with mankind interfering in nature in this way. There's going to be unintended consequences. You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
Kris Anderson: Hvala vam. Imam pitanje. Ovo je emotivna tema. Neki ljudi su ustali. Pretpostavljam da ima ljudi koji sede i postavljaju sebi mučno pitanje, skoro kao čekajte, čekajte, čekajte trenutak nešto je pogrešno sa ljudskom vrstom koja se meša u prirodu na ovaj način. Postojaće i nenamerne posledice. Otvorićete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije ko zna čega. Da li su u pravu?
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct, and many of them were keystone species, and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in by letting them go. Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is, so when these things come back, they might replace some birds that are there that people really know and love. I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work. This is a long, slow process -- One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation. We will get woolly mammoths back.
Stjuart Brend: Ranija činjenica je da smo se mnogo umešali i istrebili ove vrste, a mnoge od njih su bile ključne vrste i promenili smo ceo ekosistem u kom su bile, uništavajući ih. Postoji problem pomeranja osnove, a to je da kada se ove vrste vrate, one mogu da zamene neke ptice koje postoje koje ljudi zaista poznaju i vole. Mislim da će ovo delimično biti uspešno. Ovo je dug, spor proces - Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa je multi-generacijska osobina. Dobićemo nazad runastog mamuta.
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation and the potential here are pretty thrilling. Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
KA: Izgleda da su i razgovor i potencijal prilično uzbudljivi. Hvala Vam mnogo za ovu prezentaciju. SB: Hvala vam.
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
KA: Hvala vam. (Aplauz)