Now, extinction is a different kind of death. It's bigger. We didn't really realize that until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati zoo. This had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in North America for six million years. Suddenly it wasn't here at all. Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long used to darken the sun. Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm, a feathered tempest. And indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, from Canada down to the Gulf. But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades. What happened?
Izumiranje je posebna vrsta smrti. Mnogo je veća. To nismo shvatili do 1914., kad je posljednji golub selac, ženka nazvana Marta, uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Cincinnatiju. To je bila najbrojnija ptica u svijetu koja je u Sjevernoj Americi živjela 6 milijuna godina. Odjednom je uopće nije bilo. Jata koja su bila široka 1,6 km i 640 km duga zamračivala su nebo. Aldo Leopold rekao je da je to bila biološka oluja, pernata oluja. Bila je to ključna vrsta koja je obogaćivala cijelu istočnu listopadnu šumu, od Mississippija do Atlantskog oceana, od Kanade do Golfskog zaljeva. Ali broj ptica smanjio se s 5 milijardi na nulu u samo nekoliko desetljeća. Što se dogodilo?
Well, commercial hunting happened. These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton, and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground, they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands. It was the cheapest source of protein in America. By the end of the century, there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
Dogodio se komercijalni izlov. Ove ptice lovili su za meso koje se prodavalo na tone, i bilo je lako to učiniti jer kad bi ta velika jata sletjela na zemlju, bila su toliko gusta da su stotine lovaca i ljudi s mrežom mogle doći i poubijati desetke tisuća ptica. Bio je to najjeftiniji izvor bjelančevina u Americi. Do kraja stoljeća, ništa nije ostalo osim ovih lijepih koža u muzejskim ladicama s uzorcima.
There's an upside to the story. This made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the American bison, and so these birds saved the buffalos.
Postoji i druga strana priče. Ovo je navelo ljude da shvate da će se ista stvar dogoditi američkom bizonu pa su ove ptice spasile bizone.
But a lot of other animals weren't saved. The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere. It was hunted to death for its feathers. There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen. It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway. A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor, there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again." There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things, and it happened to lots of birds that people loved. It happened to lots of mammals. Another keystone species is a famous animal called the European aurochs. There was sort of a movie made about it recently. And the aurochs was like the bison. This was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent, from Spain to Korea. The documentation of this animal goes back to the Lascaux cave paintings.
Ali mnogo drugih životinja nije spašeno. Karolina papagaj bio je papagaj koji je posvuda ukrašavao dvorišta. Lovili su ga do smrti zbog njegovog perja. Na Istočnoj obali postojala je ptica koja se sviđala ljudima, a zvala se Tympanuchus cupido cupido. Obožavali su je. Pokušali su je zaštiti. Svejedno je umrla. U mjesnim novinama pisalo je: "Nema preživjelih, nema budućnosti, nema života koji bi se ikad mogao obnoviti u ovom obliku." Ovakve stvari prati osjećaj velike tragedije, a dogodio se mnogim pticama koje su ljudi voljeli. Dogodilo se to i mnogim sisavcima. Još jedna ključna vrsta slavna je životinja koja se zove tur. Nedavno je snimljen film o njemu. Tur je bio poput bizona. To je bila životinja koja je u biti održavala šumu pomiješanu s travnjakom kroz cijelu Europu i Aziju, od Španjolske do Koreje. Zapisi o ovoj životinji sežu sve do špiljskih crteža u Lascauxu.
The extinctions still go on. There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo. It went extinct in 2000. There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia, called the Tasmanian tiger. It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos. A little bit of film was shot.
Istrebljenja se još uvijek odvijaju. U Španjolskoj postoji vrsta divokoze koja se zove bucardo. Izumrla je 2000. godine. Postojala je čarobna životinja, vuk tobolčar pod nazivom thylacine na Tasmaniji, na jugu Australije, a zvao se tasmanski tigar. Lovili su ga sve dok nije ostalo samo nekoliko primjeraka koji su uginuli u zoološkim vrtovima. Snimljeno je par kadrova.
Sorrow, anger, mourning. Don't mourn. Organize. What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens, fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old could be used to bring species back, what would you do? Where would you start?
Žalost, ljutnja, oplakivanje. Nemojte oplakivati. Organizirajte. Što kad biste saznali da, korištenjem DNK iz muzejskih primjeraka, da bi fosili i do 200.000 godina starosti mogli poslužiti za oživljavanje vrsta? Što biste učinili? Otkuda biste krenuli?
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there. I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed.
Započeli biste ispitivanjem postoji li zbilja biotehnologija. Započeo sam sa svojom ženom, Ryan Phelan, koja je vodila biotehnološku tvrtku DNA Direct, i s jednim od njenih kolega, Georgeom Churchom, jednim od vodećih inženjera genetike, za kog se ispostavilo da je opsjednut golubovima selcima, te uz mnogo vjere da bi metodologija na kojoj on radi ustvari mogla upaliti.
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists, and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro. All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue, because down in there is what is called ancient DNA. It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented, but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
On i Ryan na Wyss Institutu u Harvardu organizirali su i održali susret stručnjaka za goluba selca, konzervacijskih ornitologa, bioetičara. Srećom, DNK goluba selca već je sekvencionirala molekularna biologinja Beth Saphiro, Iz primjeraka u Smithsonian muzeju trebalo joj je samo malo tkiva s nožnog prsta zato što se ondje nalazi takozvani drevni DNK. To je DNK koji je dosta rascjepkan, ali uz tehnike koje danas postoje možete ponovno sastaviti cijeli genom.
Then the question is, can you reassemble, with that genome, the whole bird? George Church thinks you can. So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend, he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species, and he has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine. It's kind of like an evolution machine. You try combinations of genes that you write at the cell level and then in organs on a chip, and the ones that win, that you can then put into a living organism. It'll work. The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair. The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
Pitanje je možete li s tim genomom ponovno sastaviti i cijelu pticu. George Church misli da možete. U njegovoj knjizi, "Regenesis", koju preporučam, postoji poglavlje o znanosti oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta, a on ima stroj koji se zove Složeni automatizirani stroj za izgradnju genoma. On je poput evolucijskog stroja. Isprobavate kombinacije gena koje pišete na razini stanice, a onda u organe na čip, a one koji pobijede možete staviti u živući organizam. Funkcionirat će. Jedan od Georgeovih slavnih narazumljivih slajdova ističe da je proces precizan sve do pojedinačnog baznog para. Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde baznih parova u svom genomu.
So what you're getting is the capability now of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene. It's called an allele. Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway. So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative. Now along the way, George points out that his technology, the technology of synthetic biology, is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law. It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
Zapravo dobivate mogućnost zamjene jednog gena s nekom varijacijom tog gena. Ta varijacija zove se alel. To se i inače događa kod normalnog križanja. Ovo je oblik sintetičkog križanja genoma izumrle vrste s genomom njegove najbliže živuće rodbine. Kroz proces, George ističe da se njegova tehnologija sintetičke biologije trenutno kreće četiri puta brže od Mooreovog zakona. Tako je bilo od 2005. godine i vjerojatno će se nastaviti.
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here. Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is mostly living passenger pigeon. There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits, you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
Najbliži živući rođak goluba selca je golub trakastog repa (Patagioenas fasciata). Ima ih mnogo. Ima ih i ovdje. Genetski gledano, golub trakastog repa već je uglavnom živući golub selac. Samo su neki dijelovi njega golub trakastog repa. Ako zamijenite te dijelove s dijelovima goluba selca, opet će vam gugutati izumrla ptica.
Now, there's work to do. You have to figure out exactly what genes matter. So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon, genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon, and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on. Add them all up and the result won't be perfect. But it should be be perfect enough, because nature doesn't do perfect either.
Ima tu posla. Morate otkriti koji su točno geni važni. Postoje geni za kratak rep kod goluba trakastog repa, geni za dug rep kod goluba selca, isto tako s crvenim očima, prsima boje breskve, formacije jata, itd. Sve ih zbrojite i rezultat neće biti savršen. Ali trebao bi biti dovoljno savršen jer ni priroda ne stvara savršeno.
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
Onaj susret u Bostonu rezultirao je s tri stvari.
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way, and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
Kao prvo, Ryan i ja odlučili smo stvoriti neprofitnu organizaciju Revive and Restore, koja bi općenito promovirala oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta, i nastojati da se kreće u odgovornom smjeru, a nastavili bismo rad na golubu selcu.
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak, who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA, himself sequenced the passenger pigeon, using money from his family and friends. We hired him full-time. Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian, he's looking down at Martha, the last passenger pigeon alive. So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
Još jedan izravni rezultat bio je diplomac Ben Novak, koji je opsjednut golubom selcem od svoje 14. godine te je naučio kako raditi s drevnim DNK, sam sekvencionirao goluba selca, financirajući to novcem obitelji i prijatelja. Zaposlili smo ga na puno radno vrijeme. Lani sam ga slikao u Smithsonian muzeju kako gleda Marthu, posljednji primjerak goluba selca. Ako bude uspješan, ona neće biti posljednja.
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de-extinction, but they'd never met each other. And National Geographic got interested because National Geographic has the theory that the last century, discovery was basically finding things, and in this century, discovery is basically making things. De-extinction falls in that category. So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically meeting to see if they had work to do together. Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical. There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species, they're recreating extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
Treći rezultat bostonskog susreta bila je spoznaja da znanstvenici diljem svijeta rade na različitim oblicima oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta, ali nikad se međusobno nisu sreli. National Geografic zainteresirao se zato što smatra da je u prošlom stoljeću, otkriće u biti bilo pronalazak stvari, a u ovom stoljeću otkriće je u biti stvaranje stvari. Oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta spada u tu kategoriju. Oni su održali i financirali taj susret. 35 znanstvenika, konzervacijskih biologa i molekularnih biologa, susrelo se kako bi provjerilo mogu li surađivati. Neki od tih konzervacijskih biologa dosta su radikalni. Tri od njih ne samo da ponovno stvaraju drevne vrste, već ponovno stvaraju izumrle ekosustave u sjevernom Sibiru, u Nizozemskoj i na Havajima.
Henri, from the Netherlands, with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce, is working on the aurochs. The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle, and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed. So what they're doing is working with seven breeds of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding, the aurochs. Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea than it is in America, and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe, they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job, its old ecological role, of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
Henri, iz Nizozemske, čije nizozemsko prezime neću ni probati izgovoriti, radi na turu. Tur je predak svih domaćih goveda pa je njegov genom u biti živ, samo što je neravnomjerno raspoređen. Oni rade sa sedam vrsta primitivnih, robusnih goveda poput Maremmana primitivo ondje na vrhu kako bi s vremenom, uz selektivni povratni uzgoj, izgradili tura. Obnova divljine ide brže u Koreji nego u Americi, a plan je da se u svim mjestima obnovljene divljine diljem Europe unese tura da obavi svoj stari posao, svoju staru ekološku ulogu, da očisti pomalo oskudnu šumu zatvorene krošnje kako bi imala livade pune bioraznolikosti u sebi.
Another amazing story came from Alberto Fernández-Arias. Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain. The last bucardo was a female named Celia who was still alive, but then they captured her, they got a little bit of tissue from her ear, they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen, released her back into the wild, but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree. They took the DNA from that ear, they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat, the pregnancy came to term, and a live baby bucardo was born. It was the first de-extinction in history.
Još jednu čudesnu priču ispričao je Alberto Fernández-Arias. Alberto je radio s bucardom u Španjolskoj. Posljednji bucardo bila je ženka Celia koja je još bila živa kad su je uhvatili. Uzeli su malo tkiva iz njezinog uha, krioprezervirali ga u tekućem dušiku, pustili su Celiju natrag u divljinu, ali nekoliko mjeseci kasnije našli su je mrtvu ispod srušenog drveta. Uzeli su DNK iz tog uha, usadili ga kao klonirano jaje u kozu, trudnoća je došla kraju i rodio se živi mali bucardo. Bilo je to prvo oživljavanje izumrle vrste u povijesti.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
It was short-lived. Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems. This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes, but Alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then, and this will move ahead, and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern Spain.
Kratko je živio. Ponekad klonovi između različitih vrsta imaju respiratorne probleme. Ovaj je imao deformirano plućno krilo i umro je nakon 10 minuta, no Alberto je bio siguran da je kloniranje napredovalo otada, a napredovat će i ovo te će naposljetku opet postojati populacija bucarda u planinama sjeverne Španjolske.
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder. At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species over the last 35 years. Now, when it's frozen that deep, minus 196 degrees Celsius, the cells are intact and the DNA is intact. They're basically viable cells, so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology took some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow, the cow went to term, and what was born was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng, who thrived and is still alive.
Pionir duboke krioprezervacije bio je Oliver Ryder. U zoološkom vrtu u San Diegu, njegov smrznuti zoo sakupio je tkiva više od 1000 vrsta kroz posljednjih 35 godina. Kad se tako duboko zamrznu, na -196 stupnjeva celzijevih, stanice i DNK ostaju netaknute. To su u osnovi održive stanice pa je netko poput Boba Lanze iz Advanced Cell Technologyja uzeo malo tkiva jedne ugrožene vrste koja se zove javanski banteng, stavio ga u kravu, krava se otelila i rodio se živi zdravi mali javanski banteng koji je napredovao i još uvijek je živ.
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
Za Boba Lanzu najuzbudljivije je što može uzeti bilo koju vrstu stanice s induciranim pluripotentnim matičnim stanicama i pretvoriti je u embrionalnu stanicu, poput sperme ili jajašaca.
So now we go to Mike McGrew who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland, and Mike's doing miracles with birds. So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells. Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm. He then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have, basically, the gonads of a falcon. You get a male and a female each of those, and out of them comes falcons. (Laughter) Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
Sad idemo do Mikea McGrewa koji je znanstenik na Roslin Institutu u Škotskoj, a on radi čuda s pticama. Uzet će, recimo, stanice kože sokola, fibroblaste, i pretvoriti ih u inducirane pluripotentne matične stanice. Kako je toliko pluripotentna, može postati embrionalna plazma. On zna način na koji se embrionalna plazma stavlja u zametak kokošjeg jajeta tako da kokoš ima spolne žlijezde sokola. Uzmete takvog mužjaka i ženku i oni naprave sokola. (Smijeh) Pravi sokoli od malčice modificirane kokoši.
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting. He showed how all of this can be put together. The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon, he'll take the techniques of George Church and get passenger pigeon DNA, the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew, get that DNA into chicken gonads, and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs, and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
Ben Novak bio je najmlađi znanstvenik na susretu. Pokazao je kako se sve to može spojiti. Slijed događaja: on će spojiti genome goluba trakastog repa i goluba selca, primijenit će tehnike Georgea Churcha i dobiti DNK goluba selca, tehnike Roberta Lanze i Michaela McGrewa, staviti taj DNK u spolne žlijezde kokoši, te iz njih dobiti jaja goluba selca, mlade golubove i tako će nastati populacija golubova selaca.
It does raise the question of, they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon. So what do you do about that? Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens, so most of that is already in their DNA, but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea is to use homing pigeons to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds.
Nameće se problem da neće biti golubova selaca roditelja koji bi ih naučili kako biti golub selac. Što poduzeti oko toga? Pticama je to urođeno pa je većina toga u njihovom DNK. Ali kako bi to nadopunio, dio Benove ideje je koristiti golubove pismonoše da bi trenirali mlade golubove selce kako formirati jato te kako pronaći stara područja gniježđenja i hranjenja.
There were some conservationists, really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, who is one of the founders of conservation biology, and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List. They're excited about all this, but they're also concerned that it might be competitive with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive, that haven't gone extinct yet. You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there. You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
Bili su prisutni i neki konzervatori, jako slavni konzervatori poput Stanleya Templea koji je jedan od osnivača konzervacijske biologije, i Kate Jones s IUCN-a koja piše crveni popis. Uzbuđeni su oko ovoga, ali i zabrinuti da bi to mogla biti konkurencija iznimno važnim naporima koji se ulažu u zaštitu ugroženih vrsta koje su još uvijek žive, koje još nisu izumrle. Znate, želite raditi na zaštiti životinja koju su ovdje. Želite raditi na rušenju tržišta bjelokosti u Aziji pa godišnje strada 25000 slonova manje.
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing that bad news bums people out. And so the Red List is really important, keep track of what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on. But they're about to create what they call a Green List, and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you, species that were endangered, like the bald eagle, but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work, and protected areas around the world that are very, very well managed. So basically, they're learning how to build on good news. And they see reviving extinct species as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
Istovremeno, konzervacijski biolozi dolaze do spoznaje da loše vijesti rastužuju ljude. Zato je crveni popis jako važan, treba pratiti tko je ugrožen i kritično ugrožen, itd. Ali uskoro će stvoriti takozvani zeleni popis, a u njemu će biti vrste koje su dobro, hvala, vrste koje su bile ugrožene, poput bjeloglavog orla, ali sad su mnogo bolje zahvaljujući radu svih, te zaštićena područja diljem svijeta kojima se veoma dobro upravlja. U biti, uče kako graditi na dobrim vijestima. I vide oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta kao dobru vijest na kojoj bi se moglo graditi.
Here's a couple related examples. Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species. The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987. Everybody thought is was finished. Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild. That technology will be used on de-extincted animals. Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa. In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct. There were just 254 left. Now there are 880. They're increasing in population by three percent a year. The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program, which is absolutely brilliant. So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan with an iPhone. That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
Evo nekoliko primjera vezanih uz to. Uzgoj u zatočeništvu bit će glavni dio vraćanja tih vrsta. 1987. postojala su samo 22 kalifornijska kondora. Svi su mislili da je gotov. Zahvaljujući uzgoju u zatočeništvu u zoo-u u San Diegu, sad ih je 405, od toga 226 u divljini. Ta tehnologija primijenit će se i na oživljene izumrle životinje. Još jedna priča o uspjehu je ona o planinskom gorili u srednjoj Africi. 1981. Dian Fossey bila je uvjerena da će izumrijeti. Bilo ih je 254. Sad ih je 880. Njihova populacija povećava se za tri posto godišnje. Njihova tajna leži u briljantnom programu eko-turizma. Ryan je prošli mjesec ovo slikala iPhoneom. Tim gorilama toliko je ugodno s posjetiteljima.
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros. There's no breeding pairs left. But this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo. A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
Još jedan zanimljiv projekt, iako će mu trebati malo pomoći, jest sjeverni bijeli nosorog. Nema više parova za razmnožavanje. Ali velika raznolikost DNK te životinje dostupna je u smrznutom zoo-u. Uz malo kloniranja, možemo ih vratiti.
So where do we go from here? These have been private meetings so far. I think it's time for the subject to go public. What do people think about it? You know, do you want extinct species back? Do you want extinct species back?
Kojim smjerom krenuti dalje? To su dosad bili privatni susreti. Vrijeme je da ta tema postane javna. Što ljudi misle o tome? Znate, želite li izumrle vrste natrag? Želite li izumrle vrste natrag?
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(Pljesak)
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down. It is a Tinker Bell moment, because what are people excited about with this? What are they concerned about?
Dogodit će se čarolija. To jest čaroban trenutak jer, oko čega su ljudi uzbuđeni kod toga? Što ih brine?
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon. So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz. They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon. As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church, who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that. We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens that can produce passenger pigeon squabs that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents, and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way, maybe for the next six million years. You can do the same thing, as the costs come down, for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk, for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker, for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal, for the woolly mammoth.
Nastavit ćemo raditi na golubu selcu. Ben Novak, u ovom trenu čak, pristupa grupi Beth Saphiro na Sveučilištu Santa Cruz. Radit će na genomima goluba selca i goluba trakastog repa. Kako se podaci usavrše, poslat će ih Georgeu Churchu, koji će svojom čarolijom iz toga izvući DNK goluba selca. Bob Lanza i Mike McGrew pomoći će nam doći do embrionalne plazme koja će ići u kokoši koje će proizvesti mlade golubova selaca. Njih će odgajati roditelji golubovi trakastog repa, a od tog trena stalno će biti golubova selaca, možda i sljedećih 6 milijuna godina. Možete napraviti istu stvar, kad se troškovi smanje, s karolina papagajem, s velikom njorkom, s pticom Tympanuchus cupido cupido, s bijelim djetlićem (Campephilus principalis), za pticom Numenius borealis, s karipskom morskom medvjedicom, s vunenim mamutom.
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole in nature in the last 10,000 years. We have the ability now, and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage. Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands, by expanding and protecting the populations of endangered species. But some species that we killed off totally we could consider bringing back to a world that misses them.
Ljudi su napravili ogromnu rupu u prirodi kroz posljednjih 10000 godina. Sad imamo mogućnost, a možda i moralnu obvezu, popraviti štetu. Većinu toga napravit ćemo širenjem i zaštitom divljine, širenjem i zaštitom populacija ugroženih vrsta. Ali možemo razmotriti da neke vrste, koje smo u potpunosti istrijebili, vratimo u svijet kojemu nedostaju.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question. So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand. I suspect there are some people out there sitting, kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute, there's something wrong with mankind interfering in nature in this way. There's going to be unintended consequences. You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
Chris Anderson: Hvala. Imam pitanje. Ovo je emocionalna tema. Neki ljudi su na nogama. Mislim da neki ljudi sjede i govore si, npr. čekaj, čekaj, čekaj, čekaj malo, loše je da se čovječanstvo na taj način miješa u prirodu. Bit će nekih nehotičnih posljedica. Otvorit ćete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije s tko zna čime u njoj. Jesu li u pravu?
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct, and many of them were keystone species, and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in by letting them go. Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is, so when these things come back, they might replace some birds that are there that people really know and love. I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work. This is a long, slow process -- One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation. We will get woolly mammoths back.
Stewart Brand: Pa, već sam ustvrdio da smo se jako umiješali tako što smo istrijebili te životinje, a mnoge od njih bile su ključne vrste, a mi smo promijenili cijeli ekosustav u kojem su bile odustajući od njih. Postoji problem promjene prema kojem, kad se one vrate, mogle bi zamijeniti neke od postojećih ptica koje ljudi vole i znaju. Mislim da će to tako funkcionirati. Ovo je dug, spor proces -- Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa kod toga jest supostojanje više generacija. Vratit ćemo vunene mamute.
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation and the potential here are pretty thrilling. Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
CA: Čini se da su ovdje i razgovor i potencijal dosta uzbudljivi. Puno hvala na prezentaciji. SB: Hvala.
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
CA: Hvala. (Pljesak)