I believe that there are new, hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life: schools, hospitals, workplaces, factories, offices, etc.
Verujem da trenutno postoje nove, skrivene tenzije koje se javljaju između ljudi i institucija - onih institucija koje ljudi nastanjuju svakodnevno: škola, bolnica, radnih okruženja, fabrika, kancelarija, itd.
And something that I see happening is something that I would like to call a sort of "democratization of intimacy." And what do I mean by that? I mean that what people are doing is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels, they are breaking an imposed isolation that these institutions are imposing on them.
I vidim da se dešava nešto što bih volela da nazovem "demokratizacijom intime". Šta mislim pod tim? Mislim da ono što ljudi rade zapravo nekako, svojim komunikacionim kanalima, probijaju nametnutu izolaciju koju im ove institucije nameću.
How are they doing this? They're doing it in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work, by IMing from their office to their friends, by texting under the desk. The pictures that you're seeing behind me are people that I visited in the last few months. And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most. And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father. One young woman brought her grandfather. For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc. What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally, people are communicating on a regular basis with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
Kako oni to rade? Na vrlo jednostavan način, tako što zovu svoju mamu sa posla, četuju sa prijateljima, iz kancelarije, kucaju poruke ispod radnih stolova. Na slikama koje vidite iza mene su ljudi koje sam posetila u poslednjih par meseci. Zamolila sam ih da dođu sa osobom sa kojom najviše komuniciraju. I neko je doveo momka, a neko oca. Jedna mlada žena je dovela svog dedu. 20 godina posmatram kako ljudi koriste kanale poput imejla, mobilnog telefona, poruka, itd. Ono što ćemo zapravo videti je da u osnovi, ljudi redovno komuniciraju sa pet, šest, sedam svojih najintimnijih sfera.
Now, lets take some data. Facebook. Recently some sociologists from Facebook -- Facebook is the channel that you would expect is the most enlargening of all channels. And an average user, said Cameron Marlow, from Facebook, has about 120 friends. But he actually talks to, has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people on a regular base, depending on his gender. Academic research on instant messaging also shows 100 people on buddy lists, but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four -- anyway, less than five. My own research on cellphones and voice calls shows that 80 percent of the calls are actually made to four people. 80 percent. And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people. A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed. I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people. And some sociologists actually feel that it's a closure, it's a cocooning, that we're disengaging from the public. And I would actually, I would like to show you that if we actually look at who is doing it, and from where they're doing it, actually there is an incredible social transformation.
Sada, hajde da predsatvimo neke podatke. "Fejsbuk". Nedavno su neki sociolozi sa "Fejsbuka" - "Fejsbuk" je kanal za koji očekujete da se od svih najviše širi. I prosečan korisnik "Fejsbuka", prema Kameronu Marlou, ima oko 120 prijatelja. Ali zapravo razgovara, ima redovnu dvosmernu razmenu sa otprilike četiri do šest ljudi, u zavisnosti od pola. Naučno istraživanje o trenutnim porukama takođe pokazuje 100 ljudi na listi prijatelja, ali u osnovi, ljudi četuju sa dvoje, troje, četvoro - uglavnom, manje od petoro. Moje sopstveno istraživanje o mobilnim telefonima i govornim pozivima pokazuje da 80 posto poziva ide prema četiri osobe. 80 odsto. I kada idete na "Skajp", svede se na dve osobe. Mnogi sociolozi su prilično razočarani. Mislim, ja sam bila povremeno razočarana ovim činjenicama i i primenama, samo petoro ljudi. I neki sociolozi osećaju da je to zatvaranje, učaurenje, da se isključujemo iz javnosti. I ja bih volela da vam pokažem da ako zapravo pogledamo ko to radi, i odakle to čine, da postoji neverovatna socijalna transformacija.
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples. The first gentleman, he's a baker. And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning. And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven, cleans his hands from the flour and calls his wife. He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day. And I've heard this story a number of times. A young factory worker who works night shifts, who manages to sneak away from the factory floor, where there is CCTV by the way, and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight. Or a mother who, at four o'clock, suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet to check that her children are safely home.
Postoje tri priče koje mislim da su dobri primeri. Prvi gospodin je pekar. I on svakog jutra u četiri počinje sa radom. I negde oko osam sati, on se odšunja od svoje pećnice, očisti svoje brašnjave ruke i pozove svoju ženu. Samo želi da joj poželi dobar dan, jer je to početak njenog dana. Čula sam ovu priču nebrojeno puta. Mladić radi u fabrici noćnu smenu, i uspeva da se izvuče sa radnog mesta, gde postoje i kamere, i da pronađe ćošak, gde u 11 sati noću zove svoju devojku da joj poželi laku noć. Ili majka koja, u četiri sata, iznenada uspeva da nađe mesto u toaletu i proveri da li su joj deca sigurno stigla kući.
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple. They've lived in Italy for a number of years. They Skype with their families a few times a week. But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table, pull out the webcam and actually have dinner with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it. And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago from a very modest family of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland. They had set up a big screen in their living room, and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother. But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist who is working on Filipina migrant women who leave their children back in the Philippines, was telling me about how much parenting is going on through Skype, and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
Tu je još jedan par, brazilski par. Dugi niz godina žive u Italiji. Preko "Skajpa" se čuju sa svojim porodicama nekoliko puta nedeljno. Ali jednom u dve nedelje stave svoj kompjuter na trpezarijski sto, uključe web kameru i zapravo večeraju sa svojom porodicom u San Paolu. I naprave događaj od toga. Prvi put sam čula ovu priču, pre nekoliko godina, od veoma skromne porodice, koja je izbegla sa Kosova u Švajcarsku. Postavili su veliki ekran u svojoj dnevnoj sobi. I svakoga jutra doručkovali su sa svojom bakom. Ali Deni Miler, odličan antropolog koji radi sa filipinskim migrantkinjama koje su ostavile svoju decu na Filipinima, rekao mi je koliko mnogo roditeljstva se odigrava preko "Skajpa", i koliko su ove majke povezane sa svojom decom preko "Skajpa".
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends. They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually. And finally, finally, they've managed to put instant messaging on their computers at work. And now, obviously, they have it open. Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other. And this is exactly what we've been seeing with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table, and texting under the table to their friends. So, none of these cases are unique. I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
I tu je i treći par. Dvoje prijatelja. Svakodnevno četuju, zapravo više puta tokom dana. I konačno su uspeli da postave opciju ćaskanja na svojim kompjuterima na poslu. I očigledno, drže je otvorenom. Kad god imaju vremena, četuju jedno s drugim. I upravo je ovo ono što viđamo da tinejdžeri i deca rade u školi, ispod stola, kuckajući svojim prijateljima. Dakle, ni jedan od ovih slučajeva nije jedinstven. Mislim, mogla bih da vam navedem stotine njih.
But what is really exceptional is the setting. So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about: factory, migration, office. But it could be in a school, it could be an administration, it could be a hospital. Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years, if you just think back 15 years, when you clocked in, when you clocked in to an office, when you clocked in to a factory, there was no contact for the whole duration of the time, there was no contact with your private sphere. If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere. If you were in management, oh, that was a different story. Maybe you had a direct line. If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator. But basically, when you walked into those buildings, the private sphere was left behind you.
Ali ono što je zaista izuzetno jeste okruženje. Dakle, mislite o tri okruženja o kojima sam vam govorila: fabrika, migracija, kancelarija. Ali može biti i škola, administracija, može biti bolnica. Tri okruženja koja, ukoliko se vratimo 15 godina unazad, ako se samo vratite 15 godina unazad, kada ste ušli, kad ste ušli u kancelariju, fabriku, nije postojao kontakt tokom čitavog radnog vremena, nije postojao kontakt sa vašom privatnom sferom. Ukoliko ste imali sreće, postojao je javni telefon u hodniku ili tako negde. Ukoliko ste bili u menadžmentu, o, to je bila druga priča. Možda ste imali direktnu liniju. Ako niste, možda ste morali da idete preko operatera. Ali u osnovi, kada ste ušli u te zgrade, privatna sfera je ostajala iza vas.
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives, such a norm and such an expectation. And it had nothing to do with technical capability. The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there your commitment was fully to the task at hand, fully to the people around you. That was where the focus had to be. And this has become such a cultural norm that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage. If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school are just dedicated to take away the children, to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
I ovo je postala norma naših profesionalnih života, važna norma i veliko očekivanje. I nije imala veze sa tehničkim mogućnostima. Postojali su telefoni. Ali očekivalo se da jednom kada uđete u organizaciju, vaša posvećenost zadatku i ljudima oko vas bude potpuna. To je morao da bude fokus. I to je postala takva kulturološka norma da zapravo obučavamo našu decu da budu sposobna da naprave taj prelaz. Ako razmislite, jaslice, vrtić, prve godine u školi, sve su posvećene odvajanju dece, da nauče da dugo budu odsutna od svoje porodice.
And then the school enacts perfectly well. It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices: rituals of entry, rituals of exit, the schedules, the uniforms in this country, things that identify you, team-building activities, team building that will allow you to basically be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people that you will have to be with for a number of time. And of course, the major thing: learn to pay attention, to concentrate and focus your attention. This only started about 150 years ago. It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy, and of industrial revolution. When people basically had to go somewhere else to work and carry out the work. And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach, where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere and the public sphere.
A onda škola savršeno glumi, oponaša savršeno sve rituale koje ćemo usvojiti u kancelarijama, rituale ulaska, izlaska, rasporeda, uniformi u ovoj zemlji, stvari koje vas identifikuju, aktivnosti za razvoj timova, razvoj tima koji će vam omogućiti da budete sa nasumičnom grupom dece, ljudi sa kojima ćete morati da provodite vreme nebrojeno puta. I naravno, velika stvar: naučiti da održite pažnju, da se koncentrišete i usmerite svoju pažnju. Ovo je počelo pre samo 150 godina. Počelo je tek sa rođenjem moderne birokratije i industrijske revolucije. Tek kada su ljudi morali da odlaze drugde da rade i da obavljaju posao. A sa modernom birokratijom pojavio se i racionalan pristup, gde je postojala jasna razdvojenost privatne i javne oblasti.
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades. They were living on top of the land they were laboring. They were living on top of the workshops where they were working. And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture, even our cities. If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there. Now we have sprawling residential suburbias that are well distinct from production areas and commercial areas.
Dakle, do tog trenutka su ljudi živeli iznad svojih zanata. Živeli su na imanju na kojem su radili. Iznad radionica u kojima su radili. I ako razmislite, to se probilo na našu celokupnu kulturu, čak i naše gradove. Ako se setite srednjevekovnih gradova i opština, svi imaju nazive esnafa i zanata koji su u njima postojali. Sada imamo razuđena naseljena predgrađa koja se dobro razlikuju od industrijske zone i komercijalnih područja.
And actually, over these 150 years, there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged. So the lower the status of the job and of the person carrying out, the more removed he would be from his personal sphere. People have taken this amazing possibility of actually being in contact all through the day or in all types of situations. And they are doing it massively. The Pew Institute, which produces good data on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States, says that -- and I think that this number is conservative -- 50 percent of anybody with email access at work is actually doing private email from his office. I really think that the number is conservative. In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country. 75 percent of people admit doing private conversations from work on their mobile phones. 100 percent are using text.
Ustvari, tokom tih 150 godina, postojao je vrlo jasno razvijen klasni sistem. Dakle, što niži status u poslu jedna osoba ima, to više se sklanja iz svoje privatne oblasti. Ljudi su iskoristili ovu neverovatnu mogućnost da budu u kontaktu tokom čitavog dana ili u bilo kojoj situaciji. I ljudi to čine masovno. "Pju" (Pew) Institut, koji obrađuje informacije na dnevnoj bazi, na primer, u Americi, kaže da - i mislim da je ovaj broj konzervativan - 50 posto svih koji imaju pristup imejlu na poslu, ustvari šalju privante mejlove iz svoje kancelarije. Stvarno mislim da je ovaj broj zastareo. U mom sopstvenom istraživanju, videli smo da je vrhunac slanja privatnih imejlova obično oko 11 sati ujutru, u bilo kojoj zemlji. 75 odsto ljudi priznaje da ima privatne razgovore tokom radnog vremena preko svog mobilnog telefona. 100 posto ljudi koristi SMS.
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere is not terribly successful with all institutions. I'm always surprised the U.S. Army sociologists are discussing of the impact for instance, of soldiers in Iraq having daily contact with their families. But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access. And every day, every single day, I read news that makes me cringe, like a $15 fine to kids in Texas, for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school. Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York, if seen with a mobile phone in a hand. Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
Poenta je da ovo ponovno prisvajanje lične sfere nije toliko uspešno u svim institucijama. Uvek se iznenadim kad sociolozi američke vojske raspravljaju o uticaju, na primer, vojnika u Iraku koji imaju svakodnevni kontakt sa svojim porodicama. Ali postoje mnoge institucije koje ustvari blokiraju ovakav pristup. Svakog dana čitam vesti zbog kojih se trgnem, npr kažnjavanje dece sa 15 dolara u Teksasu, za korićenje mobilnih, svaki put kad ih koriste u školi. Trenutno otpuštanje vozača autobusa u Nju Jorku, ako su uhvaćeni sa mobilnim u ruci. Kompanije blokiraju pristup "IM-u" ili "Fejsbuku".
Behind issues of security and safety, which have always been the arguments for social control, in fact what is going on is that these institutions are trying to decide who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention, to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated. And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense, this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
Pored problema sigurnosti i bezbednosti, koji su oduvek argumenti za socijlanu kontrolu, ustvari ono što se dešava je da ove institucije pokušavaju da odluče ko, ustvari, ima pravo da odredi sopstvenu pažnju, da odluči, da li treba ili ne da bude izolovan. I ustvari pokušavaju da blokiraju, u određenom smislu, ovaj pokret za veću mogućnost intimnosti.