I believe that there are new, hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and institutions -- institutions that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life: schools, hospitals, workplaces, factories, offices, etc.
Vjerujem da postoje nove, skrivene napetosti koje se zapravo događaju između ljudi i ustanova - onih ustanova koje ljudi koriste svaki dan: škole, bolnice, radna mjesta, tvornice, uredi i sl.
And something that I see happening is something that I would like to call a sort of "democratization of intimacy." And what do I mean by that? I mean that what people are doing is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels, they are breaking an imposed isolation that these institutions are imposing on them.
I ono što vidim da se događa je nešto što bih nazvala vrstom “demokratizacije privatnosti.” I što pod tim mislim? Mislim da je ono što ljudi rade, zapravo, oni na neki način, preko svojih komunikacijskih kanala razbijaju prisilnu izolaciju koju im te ustanove nameću.
How are they doing this? They're doing it in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work, by IMing from their office to their friends, by texting under the desk. The pictures that you're seeing behind me are people that I visited in the last few months. And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most. And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father. One young woman brought her grandfather. For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc. What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally, people are communicating on a regular basis with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
Kako oni to čine? Čine to na jednostavan način, tako što zovu mamu s posla, dopisuju se preko interneta iz ureda s prijateljima, šalju SMS poruke ispod stola. Slike koje vidite iza mene slike su ljudi koje sam posjetila u posljednjih nekoliko mjeseci. Zamolila sam ih da dođu s osobom s kojom najviše komuniciraju. Netko je poveo dečka, netko oca. Jedna mlada žena povela je svoga djeda. Već 20 godina proučavam kako ljudi koriste komunikacijska sredstva kao što su e-mail, mobiteli, SMS-ovi, i sl. Ono što ćemo zapravo vidjeti je da, u biti, ljudi redovito komuniciraju s pet, šest, sedam ljudi iz svoje najbliže okoline.
Now, lets take some data. Facebook. Recently some sociologists from Facebook -- Facebook is the channel that you would expect is the most enlargening of all channels. And an average user, said Cameron Marlow, from Facebook, has about 120 friends. But he actually talks to, has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people on a regular base, depending on his gender. Academic research on instant messaging also shows 100 people on buddy lists, but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four -- anyway, less than five. My own research on cellphones and voice calls shows that 80 percent of the calls are actually made to four people. 80 percent. And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people. A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed. I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people. And some sociologists actually feel that it's a closure, it's a cocooning, that we're disengaging from the public. And I would actually, I would like to show you that if we actually look at who is doing it, and from where they're doing it, actually there is an incredible social transformation.
Pogledajmo sad neke podatke. Facebook. Nedavno je nekoliko sociologa s Facebooka -- Facebook je komunikacijsko sredstvo za koje biste očekivali da je najrasprostranjeniji od svih drugih. Prosječni korisnik, kaže Cameron Marlow s Facebooka, ima 120 prijatelja. Ali zapravo razgovara, održava redovitu dvosmjernu komunikaciju s otprilike četiri do šest osoba, ovisno o spolu. Znanstvena istraživanja o komunikaciji putem instant poruka također pokazuju 100 osoba na popisu prijatelja, ali se zapravo ljudi dopisuju sa svega dvoje, troje, četvero - u svakom slučaju manje od pet osoba. Moje istraživanje o mobitelima i telefoniranju pokazuje da je 80% svih poziva bilo upućeno prema četiri osobe. 80 posto. A kad je u pitanju Skype, radi se o dvije osobe. Mnogo je sociologa prilično razočarano. Mislim, ja sam bila pomalo razočarana ponekad kada bih vidjela ove podatke i ovakav razvoj situacije, za samo pet ljudi. Neki sociolozi smatraju da je to otuđivanje, zatvaranje u čahuru, da se odvajamo od javnosti. A ja bih vam, zapravo, htjela pokazati da ako pogledamo tko to radi i odakle se to radi, da je došlo do nevjerojatne društvene promjene.
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples. The first gentleman, he's a baker. And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning. And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven, cleans his hands from the flour and calls his wife. He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day. And I've heard this story a number of times. A young factory worker who works night shifts, who manages to sneak away from the factory floor, where there is CCTV by the way, and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight. Or a mother who, at four o'clock, suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet to check that her children are safely home.
Postoje tri priče koje smatram prilično dobrim primjerima. Prvi gospodin je pekar. On svako jutro počinje raditi u 4 sata. Oko 8 sati nekako se uspije iskrasti, očistiti ruke od brašna i nazvati svoju ženu. Samo joj želi poželjeti dobar dan jer to je početak njezina dana. A ovakvu sam priču čula nebrojeno puta. Tu je i mladi radnik u tvornici koji radi noćne smjene i uspijeva se nakratko išuljati sa svog radnog mjesta gdje, usput rečeno, postoji i nadzorna kamera, te naći kutak odakle će u 23 sata nazvati svoju djevojku samo da joj poželi laku noć. Ili majka dvoje djece, koja u 16 sati nađe kutak u WC-u kako bi nazvala djecu i provjerila jesu li kod kuće, na sigurnom.
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple. They've lived in Italy for a number of years. They Skype with their families a few times a week. But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table, pull out the webcam and actually have dinner with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it. And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago from a very modest family of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland. They had set up a big screen in their living room, and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother. But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist who is working on Filipina migrant women who leave their children back in the Philippines, was telling me about how much parenting is going on through Skype, and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
Tu je i još jedan par, par iz Brazila. Puno su godina živjeli u Italiji. Komunicirali su sa svojim obiteljima preko Skype-a nekoliko puta tjedno. A svaka dva tjedna doslovno bi stavljali računalo na stol za vrijeme večere, uključili web-kameru i tako večerali sa svojima u Sao Paolu. I to im je uvijek bio važan događaj. A takvu sam priču već čula prije nekoliko godina od skromne obitelji doseljenika iz Kosova u Švicarsku. Postavili su veliki zaslon u svojoj dnevnoj sobi. I preko njega su svako jutro doručkovali sa svojom bakom. A Danny Miller, izvrstan antropolog koji radi sa ženama doseljenicama s Filipina, koje ostavljaju svoju djecu na Filipinima, pričao mi je koliko se puno roditeljskog odgoja odvija preko Skypea i koliko su te žene povezane sa svojom djecom preko istog.
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends. They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually. And finally, finally, they've managed to put instant messaging on their computers at work. And now, obviously, they have it open. Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other. And this is exactly what we've been seeing with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table, and texting under the table to their friends. So, none of these cases are unique. I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
A tu je i treći par. To su dva prijatelja. Dopisuju se međusobno svaki dan, zapravo nekoliko puta dnevno. Napokon su uspjeli staviti instant poruke na računala na poslu. I sada se otvoreno dopisuju. Kad god imaju slobodnog vremena pričaju. To je upravo ono što viđamo kod adolescenata i djece u školama, ispod stola dok se dopisuju sa svojim prijateljima. Nijedan od tih slučajeva nije poseban. Mislim, mogla bih vam govoriti o stotinama.
But what is really exceptional is the setting. So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about: factory, migration, office. But it could be in a school, it could be an administration, it could be a hospital. Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years, if you just think back 15 years, when you clocked in, when you clocked in to an office, when you clocked in to a factory, there was no contact for the whole duration of the time, there was no contact with your private sphere. If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere. If you were in management, oh, that was a different story. Maybe you had a direct line. If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator. But basically, when you walked into those buildings, the private sphere was left behind you.
No, ono što je stvarno posebno jest okolina. Dakle, sjetite se tri slučaja o kojima sam vam govorila: tvornica, migracije, ured. Ali to može biti škola, ured pa čak i bolnica. Tri okoline; ako se samo vratimo 15 godina unatrag, ako samo pomislite 15 godina unatrag, kada ste zatvoreni, kada ste zatvoreni u uredu, kada ste zatvoreni u tvornici, tijekom cijelog radnog vremena nije bilo kontakta s vašom privatnošću. Ako ste imali sreće, javni telefon bio je u hodniku ili negdje drugdje. Ako ste bili u menadžmentu, oh, to je bila druga priča. Možda ste imali izravnu liniju. Ako niste, morali ste ići preko operatera. Ali kada biste ušli u te zgrade, vaš privatni život ostajao je vani.
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives, such a norm and such an expectation. And it had nothing to do with technical capability. The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there your commitment was fully to the task at hand, fully to the people around you. That was where the focus had to be. And this has become such a cultural norm that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage. If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school are just dedicated to take away the children, to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
I to je postala norma naših profesionalnih života, kao norma i kao očekivanje. I to nije imalo nikakve veze s tehničkim mogućnostima. Telefoni su bili tamo. No, očekivanje nakon što ste se preselili tamo, vaša predanost bila je usmjerena na zadatak pred vama i ljudima oko vas. Tamo je vaš fokus i trebao biti. I to je postala takva kulturalna norma da mi djecu čak školujemo da budu sposobna učiniti to odvajanje. To je ako mislite da su jaslice, dječji vrtići, prve godine školovanja samo posvećeni oduzimanju djece da ih priviknu na višesatne boravke daleko od svojih obitelji.
And then the school enacts perfectly well. It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices: rituals of entry, rituals of exit, the schedules, the uniforms in this country, things that identify you, team-building activities, team building that will allow you to basically be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people that you will have to be with for a number of time. And of course, the major thing: learn to pay attention, to concentrate and focus your attention. This only started about 150 years ago. It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy, and of industrial revolution. When people basically had to go somewhere else to work and carry out the work. And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach, where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere and the public sphere.
A onda se škola savršeno uklapa, oponaša savršeno sve rituale koje ćemo početi u uredima, rituale ulaska, izlaska, raspored, uniforme u ovoj zemlji, stvari koje vas identificiraju, aktivnosti za timski razvoj, timski razvoj koji će vam dopustiti da budete s nasumičnom grupom djece ili nasumičnom grupom ljudi s kojom ćete morati biti nebrojeno puta. I naravno, glavna stvar: naučiti da obraćate pažnju, da se koncentrirate i usmjerite pažnju. Ovo je počelo tek prije 150 godina. Počelo je s rođenjem moderne birokracije i industrijskom revolucijom. Kada su ljudi u biti morali ići negdje drugdje na posao i obavljati ga. I kada se s modernom birokracijom pojavio vrlo racionalan pristup, gdje je bila jasna razdvojenost između privatne i javne sfere života.
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades. They were living on top of the land they were laboring. They were living on top of the workshops where they were working. And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture, even our cities. If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there. Now we have sprawling residential suburbias that are well distinct from production areas and commercial areas.
Dakle, do tada su ljudi živjeli iznad svojih zanata. Živjeli su na imanju na kojem su radili. Živjeli su iznad radionica u kojima su radili. I, ako razmislite, to se probilo u našu cjelokupnu kulturu, čak i naše gradove. I ako se sjetite srednjovjekovnih gradova i općina, svi imaju nazive obrta i zanimanja koja su u njima postojala. Sada imamo rascjepkana naseljena predgrađa koja su jasno razgraničena od industrijskih zona i komercijalnih područja.
And actually, over these 150 years, there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged. So the lower the status of the job and of the person carrying out, the more removed he would be from his personal sphere. People have taken this amazing possibility of actually being in contact all through the day or in all types of situations. And they are doing it massively. The Pew Institute, which produces good data on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States, says that -- and I think that this number is conservative -- 50 percent of anybody with email access at work is actually doing private email from his office. I really think that the number is conservative. In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country. 75 percent of people admit doing private conversations from work on their mobile phones. 100 percent are using text.
Ustvari, tijekom tih 150 godina, postojao je vrlo jasan klasni sustav. Dakle, što niži status u poslu osoba ima, to se više udaljava od svog privatnog života. Ljudi su iskoristili ovu nevjerojatnu mogućnost da budu u kontaktu tijekom cijeloga dana ili u bilo kojoj situaciji. I to rade masovno. Institut Pew koji redovito daje dobre podatke, npr. u SAD-u, kaže da – a ja mislim da je taj broj zastario – 50 posto ljudi koji imaju pristup e-mailu na poslu, šalju privatne e-mailove iz ureda. Uistinu mislim da je taj broj zastario. U vlastitom istraživanju uočili smo da se najveći broj privatne elektronske pošte šalje u 11 sati prije podne, bez obzira o kojoj zemlji bila riječ. 75 posto ljudi priznaje da obavljaju privatne razgovore mobitelom dok su na poslu. 100 posto ih šalje SMS-ove.
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere is not terribly successful with all institutions. I'm always surprised the U.S. Army sociologists are discussing of the impact for instance, of soldiers in Iraq having daily contact with their families. But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access. And every day, every single day, I read news that makes me cringe, like a $15 fine to kids in Texas, for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school. Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York, if seen with a mobile phone in a hand. Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
Stvar je u tome da miješanje privatnog i poslovnog dijela života nije vrlo uspješno u svim ustanovama. Uvijek me iznenadi što sociolozi američke vojske raspravljaju o npr. utjecaju svakodnevnih razgovora s obitelji na vojnike u Iraku. Ali mnoge institucije zabranjuju taj pristup. Svakodnevno, svaki dan, čitam u novinama vijesti od kojih se naježim, kao npr. 15 dolara kazne djeci u Texasu svaki puta kada izvade mobitel u školi. Automatski otkaz vozačima autobusa u New Yorku ako su viđeni sa mobitelom u ruci. Tvrtke blokiraju pristup dopisivanju preko interneta ili Facebooku.
Behind issues of security and safety, which have always been the arguments for social control, in fact what is going on is that these institutions are trying to decide who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention, to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated. And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense, this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
Iza problema sigurnosti, koja je uvijek bila argument za društvenu kontrolu, zapravo ono što se događa je da te tvrtke pokušavaju odrediti tko ima pravo na samoopredjeljenje, odlučuju tko bi trebao, a tko ne, biti izoliran. I zapravo pokušavaju zaustaviti, u nekom smislu, taj pokret za veću mogućnost privatnosti.