Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter, and I just want to start by thinking about the first time I can ever remember noticing laughter. This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six. And I came across my parents doing something unusual, where they were laughing. They were laughing very, very hard. They were lying on the floor laughing. They were screaming with laughter. I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in. I wanted to be part of that, and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter) Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at was a song which people used to sing, which was based around signs in toilets on trains telling you what you could and could not do in toilets on trains. And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course, we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor. (Laughter)
Dobrý deň, dnes vám budem prednášať o smiechu a chcela by som začať zamyslením sa nad tým, kedy som si po prvý raz všimla smiech. Bola som vtedy malé dievčatko, mohla som mať asi 6 rokov. A videla som, že moji rodičia robia niečo neobvyklé, a smiali sa pritom. Smiali sa naozaj, naozaj poriadne. Od smiechu sa váľali po zemi. So smiechom kričali. Nevedela som, na čom sa smejú, ale chcela som sa pridať. Chcela som byť toho súčasťou, a tak som si prisadla a spravila: „Hu-hú!“ (smiech) To, na čom sa smiali, bola náhodou pieseň, ktorú v tom čase ľudia spievali, bola založená z nápisov na vlakových toaletách, ktoré hovorili, čo smiete a čo nie, na toaletách vo vlaku. A o Angličanoch si musíte pamätať, že máme ohromne sofistikovaný zmysel pre humor. (smiech)
At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that. I just cared about the laughter, and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again. And it is a really weird thing to do. What I'm going to do now is just play some examples of real human beings laughing, and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be, and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound. It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech. So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.
V tom čase som však ničomu z toho nerozumela. Zaujímal ma len smiech, a vlastne ako neurovedkyňa som sa oň začala zaujímať opäť. A je to naozaj zvláštna činnosť. Chystám sa vám tu predviesť príklady ako sa skutoční ľudia smejú a chcem, aby ste sa zamysleli nad zvukom, ktorý ľudia robia, aký čudný môže byť, a nad faktom, aký primitívny je smiech ako zvuk. Je to skôr zvieracie volanie než reč. Tu máme nejaké ukážky smiechu. Prvý je dosť radostný.
(Audio: Laughing)
(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe. There's a point in there where I'm just, like, you've got to get some air in there, mate, because he just sounds like he's breathing out.
Tento ďalší muž musí nejako dýchať. V určitej chvíli si hovorím, chlape, musíš dostať nejaký vzduch aj dnu, pretože on znie akoby len vydychoval.
(Audio: Laughing)
(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
Toto nebolo upravené, takýto je.
(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)
(zvuk: ukážka smiechu) (smiech)
And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing. And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises. (Audio: Laughing) She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French. We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.
A na záver tu máme smejúcu sa ženu. Smiech nás môže doviesť ku zvláštnostiam, čo sa týka vydávania zvukov. (zvuk: ukážka smiechu) A hovorí: „Ó môj Bože, čo to je?“, po francúzsky. A my všetci tak trochu s ňou. Nemám tušenia.
Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at, which is the ribcage, and it doesn't seem terribly exciting, but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time. What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage, and don't stop doing it, is breathing. So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs, to bring air in and out of your lungs just by expanding and contracting your ribcage, and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest called a breath belt, and just look at that movement, you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing. You're all doing it. Don't stop. As soon as you start talking, you start using your breathing completely differently. So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this. In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage to squeeze the air out -- and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this. It's why we can talk at all.
Aby ste pochopili smiech, musíte sa pozrieť na časť tela, na ktorú sa psychológovia a neurovedci bežne veľmi nedívajú, je to hrudný kôš, a nezdá sa to veľmi vzrušujúce, ale vlastne používate hrudný kôš stále. To, čo práve teraz vaším hrudným košom robíte, a neprestávajte s tým, je dýchanie. Čiže používate vaše medzirebrové svaly, aby ste dostali vzdych do pľúc a von, len roztiahnutím a stiahnutím hrudného koša, a keby som vám dala pás okolo vašej hrude, nazývaný pás monitorovania dýchania, uvidíte ten pohyb, vidíte celkom miernu sínusoidu pohybu, to je dýchanie. Všetci to robíte. Neprestávajte. Hneď ako začnete rozprávať, začnete svoje dýchanie používať inak. Takže ja práve robím niečo, čo vyzerá viac ako tento graf. Pri rozprávaní používate veľmi jemné pohyby hrudníka, aby ste vytlačili vzduch von, a v podstate sme jediné živočíchy, ktoré toto dokážu. Vďaka tomu dokážeme hovoriť.
Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy, and that enemy is laughter, because what happens when you laugh is those same muscles start to contract very regularly, and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging, and that's just squeezing the air out of you. It literally is that basic a way of making a sound. You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect. You're just squeezing air out, and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound. And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms, and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening. I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
Rozprávanie a dýchanie majú úhlavného nepriateľa a tým nepriateľom je smiech, pretože, keď sa smejete, tie isté svaly sa začnú sťahovať veľmi pravidelne a váš graf dýchania má výraznú cik-cakovú podobu, jednoducho z vás vytláča vzduch. To je doslova základný spôsob vydávania zvukov. Ak by ste po niekom dupali, malo by to rovnaký účinok. Vytláčate von vzduch a každé z týchto stiahnutí „Ha!“, vydáva zvuk. A keď sťahy prebiehajú súbežne, môžete dostať záchvat, a vtedy sa začnú diať – (chrčanie) – takéto veci. V tomto som výborná. (smiech)
Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much, but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know about laughter is wrong. So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say humans are the only animals that laugh. Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh. In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals. It's been well-described and well-observed in primates, but you also see it in rats, and wherever you find it -- humans, primates, rats -- you find it associated with things like tickling. That's the same for humans. You find it associated with play, and all mammals play. And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions. So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this, has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own, and where you find most laughter is in social interactions like conversation. So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?" they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes. If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends. And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes. You are laughing to show people that you understand them, that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them. You're laughing to show that you like them. You might even love them. You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them, and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you. Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here, and the reason why we were laughing when we heard those funny laughs at the start, and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing, is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect. You can catch laughter from somebody else, and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them. So it's still modulated by this social context. You have to put humor to one side and think about the social meaning of laughter because that's where its origins lie.
Čo sa týka vedy o smiechu, nie je toho veľa, ale ukazuje sa, že zrejme všetko, čo o smiechu vieme, je nesprávne. Preto nie je neobvyklé, napríklad, počuť, že ľudia hovoria, že sú jedinými živočíchmi, ktoré sa smejú. Nietzsche si myslel, že ľudia sú jediné živočíchy, čo sa smejú. V skutočnosti nájdete smiech medzi cicavcami. Bol spozorovaný a dobre zaznamenaný u primátov, ale vidno ho tiež u potkanov, a kdekoľvek ho nájdete, u ľudí, primátov, potkanov, zistíte, že sa spája s vecami ako šteklenie. Rovnaké je to u ľudí. Zistíte, že sa spája s hrou, a všetky cicavce sa hrajú. A kdekoľvek ho nájdete, spája sa s interakciami. Robert Provine, ktorý na tejto téme veľa pracoval, uviedol, že je 30-krát pravdepodobnejšie, že sa budete smiať, ak ste s niekým iným, ako keď ste sami, a najviac smiechu sa vyskytne pri sociálnych interakciách, ako konverzácia. Takže keď sa ľudí opýtate: „Kedy sa smejete?“, povedia vám o komédiách, o humore a o vtipoch. Keď sa pozriete, kedy sa smejú, smejú sa so svojimi priateľmi. A keď sa smejeme s ľudmi, sotva sa smejeme na vtipoch. Smejete sa, aby ste ľuďom ukázali, že ich chápete, že s nimi súhlasíte, že ste súčasťou rovnakej skupiny ako oni. Aby ste im ukázali, že ich máte radi. Môžete ich aj milovať. Robíte to všetko súčasne s tým, ako s nimi hovoríte, a smiech za vás odvedie veľa emocionálnej práce. To, čo Robert Provine zdôraznil a môžete to tu vidieť, a dôvod, prečo sme sa smiali, keď sme počuli tie ukážky smiechu na začiatku, a preto som sa ja smiala, keď som zbadala smiať sa rodičov, je to, že je to správanie s ohromne nákazlivým účinkom. Môžete pochytiť smiech od niekoho iného, a je pravdepodobnejšie, že sa tak stane od človeka, ktorého poznáte. Čiže to stále podlieha sociálnemu prostrediu. Musíte dať humor bokom a rozmýšľať nad spoločenským významom smiechu, pretože v ňom spočíva jeho pôvod.
Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter, and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have. So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter, like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song, might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter, but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you, part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this. In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing. Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now. So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.
Veľmi ma zaujímajú rôzne typy smiechu, máme určité neurobiologické záznamy, o tom, ako ľudia vydávajú zvuky, ktoré uvádzajú, že by mohli byť dva druhy smiechu. Možno má neurobiológia bezmocného neúmyselného smiechu, ako keď moji rodičia ležali na podlahe kvôli smiešnej pesničke, odlišný základ ako ten slušnejší, spoločenský smiech, s ktorým sa stretnete, čo nie je hrozný smiech, ale je to správanie, ktoré niekto predvádza ako súčasť komunikácie k vám, ako súčasť interakcie s vami, si zvolia toto. Pri evolúcii sme si vyvinuli dva rôzne spôsoby vydávania zvukov. Neúmyselné vydávanie patrí k staršiemu systému ako sú úmyselné zvuky, ako napr. reč, ktorú teraz prevádzam. Preto si môžeme predstaviť, že smiech má vlastne dva odlišné základy.
So I've been looking at this in more detail. To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing, and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh, and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter. So imagine your friend told a joke, and you're laughing because you like your friend, but not really because the joke's all that. So I'm going to play you a couple of those. I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter, or if you think it's posed. So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?
Pozrela som sa na túto vec podrobnejšie. Aby sme tak mohli urobiť, museli sme nahrať smejúcich sa ľudí, a museli sme urobiť čokoľvek, čo dokáže ľudí rozosmiať, a chceli sme od tých istých ľudí, aby ukázali predstieraný smiech. Napríklad váš priateľ povie vtip, a vy sa smejete, pretože ho máte radi, ale vôbec nie kvôli vtipu. Pustím vám niekoľko takých ukážok. Chcem aby ste mi povedali, či si myslíte, že je smiech skutočný, alebo je hraný. Je teda toto smiech neúmyselný alebo skôr úmyselný?
(Audio: Laughing)
(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
What does that sound like to you? Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed. How about this one?
Ako vám tento zvuk znie? Publikum: Hraný. Sophie Scottová: Hraný? Hraný. A čo tento?
(Audio: Laughing)
(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
(Laughter)
(smiech)
I'm the best.
Som najlepšia.
(Laughter) (Applause)
(smiech) (potlesk)
Not really. No, that was helpless laughter, and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at, and I just started doing this.
Naozaj nie. Nie, to bol bezmocný smiech a jediné, čo museli urobiť, aby ho nahrali, bolo nahrať mňa, ako sledujem kamarátku ako počúva niečo smiešne a začala som sa takto smiať.
What you find is that people are good at telling the difference between real and posed laughter. They seem to be different things to us. Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees. Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled than if they're playing with each other, and we might be seeing something like that here, involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter. They're acoustically very different. The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch. When you start laughing hard, you start squeezing air out from your lungs under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily. For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing. Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds, all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy, or feels extremely easy to spot.
Zistíte, že ľudia dobre rozoznajú rozdiel medzi pravým a hraným smiechom. Zdajú sa nám ako odlišné veci. Je zaujímavé, že čosi podobné vidno i u šimpanzov. Šimpanzy sa smejú inak pri šteklení a inak, keď sa spolu hrajú a niečo podobné vidíme aj tu, neúmyselný smiech, smiech pre šteklení, sa odlišujú od spoločenského smiechu. Akusticky sú veľmi rozdielne. Skutočný smiech je dlhší. Stúpa vyššie. Keď sa začnete veľmi smiať, začnete vytláčať z pľúc vzduch, pod oveľa väčším tlakom ako by ste to dokázali urobiť úmyselne. Ja by som napríklad nevytiahla hlas tak vysoko pri speve. Začnete mať sťahy a vydávať čudné piskľavé zvuky, čo všetko znamená, že pravý smiech je extrémne ľahký a extrémne ľahko si ho všimnete.
In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake. Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue. We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations, and it seems to be its own thing. So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter, that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily. So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.
Naopak, hraný smiech sa nám môže zdať trochu falošný. V skutočnosti nie je, má dôležitú spoločenskú rolu. Často ho využívame, volíme si smiech v mnohých situáciách, a zdá sa nezávislý. Mohli ste si všimnúť hovorenie nosom pri hranom smiechu, taký „ha ha ha ha ha“ zvuk, ktorý nevydáte, nedá sa to, ak sa smejete úmyselne. Takže sa zdá, že sú to naozaj dve odlišné veci.
We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond when you hear laughter. And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment. We just played people real and posed laughs. We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter. We put other sounds in there to distract them, and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds. We don't tell them to do anything. Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter, the brains are responding completely differently, significantly differently. What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex, are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs, and what seems to be the case, when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily, you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context. It's very unambiguous, and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing of these novel sounds. In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way, what you see are these regions in pink, which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing, thinking about what somebody else is thinking. And I think what that means is, even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring and not very interesting, when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha," you're trying to work out why they're laughing. Laughter is always meaningful. You are always trying to understand it in context, even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time, it has not necessarily anything to do with you, you still want to know why those people are laughing.
Nasnímali sme mozog, aby sme videli ako odpovedá, keď počujete smiech. Je to veľmi nudný experiment. Púšťali sme ľuďom smiech pravý a hraný. Nepovedali sme im, že ide o výskum smiechu. Pridali sme ďalšie zvuky, aby sme ich zmiatli a oni len ležali a počúvali zvuky. Nekázali sme im nič robiť. Napriek tomu, keď počujete pravý smiech, a keď počujete hraný, mozog odpovedá odlišným spôsobom, výrazne odlišným. Modrou vyznačené oblasti, nachádzajúce sa v sluchovej kôre, sú oblasti mozgu, ktoré odpovedajú viac na pravý smiech a zdá sa, že to je aj dôvod, keď počujete niekoho smiať sa neúmyselne, počujete zvuky, ktoré nikdy nepočuť v inom kontexte. Je to jednoznačné a zdá sa, že je to spojené s lepším sluchovým spracovaním týchto nových zvukov. Naopak, keď počujete niekoho hraný smiech, uvidíte tieto oblasti vyznačené ružovou, ktoré zobrazujú oblasti mozgu spojené s uvažovaním, myslením na to, čo si myslí niekto iný. A podľa mňa to znamená, že aj keď vám skenujú mozog, čo je nudné a nie veľmi zaujímavé, keď počujete niekoho robiť „A ha ha ha ha ha“, snažíte sa zistiť, na čom sa smeje. Smiech má vždy zmysel. Vždy sa mu snažíte porozumieť v kontexte, aj keď, čo sa týka vás v danom momente s vami nemá nič spoločné, stále chcete vedieť, prečo sa tí ľudia smejú.
Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter across the age range. So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society, and here we just asked people two questions. First of all, they heard some laughs, and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound? The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue. What you see is there is a rapid onset. As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter. So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference. By the time you are older, you get better, but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset until you are in your late 30s and early 40s. You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty. You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured at the end of your teens. You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.
My sme teraz mali príležitosť pozrieť sa, ako ľudia počujú pravý a hraný smiech s ohľadom na vek. Spolu s Kráľovskou spoločnosťou sme urobili online experiment, v ktorom sme sa pýtali ľudí len dve otázky. Najprv si vypočuli ukážky smiechu a museli povedať, či znejú ako smiech hraný alebo pravý. Pravý smiech je znázornený červenou a hraný modrou. Vidíte, že je tam prudký vzostup. Ako starnete, stále sa zlepšujete v pozorovaní pravého smiechu. Čiže šesťroční možno skutočne nepočujú rozdiel. Ale ako časom starnete, zlepšujete sa, no je zaujímavé, že najlepší výkon v tejto oblasti dosiahnete až koncom 30-tich a začiatkom 40-tich rokov. Smiech nechápete úplne v čase, keď ste v puberte. Smiech nechápete úplne v čase, keď sa končí vývoj mozgu, na konci vášho dospievania. O smiechu sa učíte počas vášho celého života mladého dospelého.
If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like in terms of being real or posed, but we say, how much does this laughter make you want to laugh, how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile. And here, the younger you are, the more you want to join in when you hear laughter. Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on. You really can see this. Now everybody, young and old, finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs, but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you. Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older, or it may mean that as you understand laughter better, and you are getting better at doing that, you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh. You need the social stuff there.
Ak by sme zmenili otázku: a teraz nám povedzte, nie ako zvuk znie ohľadom pravosti a predstierania, ale ako veľmi vás tento smiech chce prinútiť smiať, aký nákazlivý sa vám zdá, vidíme iné výsledky. Teraz, čím ste mladší, tým viac sa chcete pripojiť, keď počujete smiech. Spomeňte si, ako som ja smiala s rodičmi, aj keď som netušila, čo sa deje. Tam si to môžete všimnúť. Teda každý, mladý či starý, považuje pravý smiech za nákazlivejší ako smiech hraný, ale ako starnete, všetko sa vám zdá menej nákazlivé. Nuž, buď sa všetci vekom stávame mrzutejšími, alebo to môže znamenať, že keď lepšie chápete smiech, a zlepšujete sa v tom, potrebujete viac ako počuť smiech iných, aby ste sa smiali. Potrebujete spoločenský základ.
So we've got a very interesting behavior about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect, but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter than it's an important social emotion we should look at, because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced in terms of how we use laughter. There's a really lovely set of studies coming out from Robert Levenson's lab in California, where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples. He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab, and he gives them stressful conversations to have while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed. So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband, "Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you." And what you see is immediately -- just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner -- you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts. You can see physically, people become more stressed. What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress with laughter, positive emotions like laughter, not only immediately become less stressed, they can see them physically feeling better, they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together, they are also the couples that report high levels of satisfaction in their relationship and they stay together for longer. So in fact, when you look at close relationships, laughter is a phenomenally useful index of how people are regulating their emotions together. We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other, we're making ourselves feel better together.
Máme teda veľmi zaujímavé správanie, o ktorom máme veľa nesprávnych predpokladov, ale ja už vlastne vidím v smiechu viac, je to dôležitá spoločenská emócia, ktorú si treba všímať, pretože sa ukazuje, že ľudia sa mimoriadne odlišujú, čo sa týka používania smiechu. Vychádza výborná zbierka výskumov z laboratória Roberta Levensona v Kalifornii, kde pracuje na dlhodobej štúdii s pármi. Privedie do laboratória zosobášené páry, mužov a ženy, a nariadi im stresujúci rozhovor, zatiaľ čo ich pripojí k polygrafu, aby videl, kedy začínajú byť v strese. Takže tam máte tých dvoch a on povie manželovi: „Povedzte mi o niečom, čo vaša žena robí a vás to irituje.“ A to vidíte okamžite, len si to rýchlo prebehnite v mysli, vy a váš partner, viete si predstaviť, že každý je trochu v strese už od začiatku. Fyzicky môžete vidieť ako ľudia viac podliehajú stresu. On zistil, že páry, ktoré zvládajú pocit stresu so smiechom, s pozitívnymi emóciami ako je smiech, nielenže okamžite sú menej v strese, fyzicky sa cítia lepšie, spoločne túto nepríjemnú situáciu lepšie zvládajú, sú takisto páry, ktoré označujú svoje vzťahy za vysoko uspokojivé a dlhšie spolu vydržia. V podstate, keď sa pozriete na blízke vzťahy, smiech je mimoriadne užitočný ukazovateľ, ako ľudia spolu ovládajú svoje emócie. Nielenže ho na seba navzájom vysielame, aby sme ukázali, že sa máme radi, ale spoločne sa takto aj cítime lepšie.
Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships. I think this is probably going to be a characteristic of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends, which explains my next clip, which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany on making a video to promote their heavy metal band, and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious, and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter when things go wrong and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.
Nemyslím si, že toto sa obmedzuje len na romantické vzťahy. Myslím si, že je to charakteristické pre blízke emocionálne vzťahy, také, ako môžete mať s priateľmi, ako vysvetľuje moje ďalšie video, ktoré dali na YouTube istí mladí muži z bývalého Východného Nemecka, o tom, ako robili video, aby spropagovali svoju heavymetalovú kapelu, je to extrémne „mačovské“, atmosféra je veľmi vážna a chcem, aby ste si všimli, čo sa stane, čo sa týka smiechu, keď veci nevyjdú, ako rýchlo sa to stane a ako to zmení atmosféru.
He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on, got a towel. Ice. What might possibly happen? Video starts. Serious mood. And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard. He's not laughing yet. (Laughter) He's starting to go now. And now they're all off. (Laughter) They're on the floor. (Laughter)
Je mu zima. Ide sa zmáčať. Má na sebe plavky, má uterák. Ľad. Čo by sa tak mohlo stať? Začína video. Vážna nálada. A jeho priatelia sa už smejú. Smejú sa naozaj riadne. On sa ešte nesmeje. (smiech) Teraz sa začína smiať. A teraz sú už všetci hotoví. (smiech) Váľajú sa po zemi. (smiech)
The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice, but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere, his friends start laughing. And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going, "No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken," we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful. Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing, and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now," that also wouldn't be funny. The fact that the laughter works, it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation, into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there, and I think that's a really interesting use, and it's actually happening all the time.
Veľmi sa mi na tom páči, aké je to celé strašne vážne, pokým naskočí na ľad, a akonáhle ho neprerazí ale nie je tam všade krv a netrčia kosti, jeho priatelia sa začnú smiať. A predstavte si, že by to zahral a povedal: „Nie vážne, Heinrich, myslím, že som si zlomil nohu.“ To by nás nebavilo pozerať. Bolo by to stresujúce. Alebo keby tam pobiehal s viditeľne zlomenou nohou a smiechom a jeho kamoši by vraveli: „Heinrich, musíme ísť do nemocnice“, to by tiež nebolo vtipné. Skutočnosť, že smiech funguje, dostal ho z bolestivej, trápnej, náročnej situácie do situácie smiešnej, do tej, na ktorej sa vlastne bavíme, je práve to jeho zaujímavé využitie, a práve to sa deje po celý čas. Napríklad si pamätám, že čosi podobné sa stalo
For example, I can remember something like this happening at my father's funeral. We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants. We're not Canadian. (Laughter) (Applause) These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult, my mum was not in a good place, and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom, and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this, and what I realized I was doing was I was coming up with something from somewhere I could use to make her laugh together with me. It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this. We can laugh together. We're going to get through this. We're going to be okay.
na pohrebe môjho otca. Neskákali sme tam na ľad v spodnej bielizni. Nie sme Kanaďania. (smiech) (potlesk) Tieto udalosti sú vždy náročné. S jedným príbuzným bolo ťažko, mojej mame nebolo dobre a pamätám si, že tesne predtým, ako to celé začalo, som rozprávala o tom, ako sa niečo stalo v sitkome zo 70. rokov, a vtedy som si pomyslela, neviem prečo toto robím, a uvedomila som si, že som hľadala niekde niečo, čo by som mohla použiť, aby sme sa spolu zasmiali. Je to základná reakcia, nájsť dôvod, pre ktorý to môžeme urobiť. Môžeme sa spolu zasmiať. Dostaneme sa cez to. Budeme v poriadku.
And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time. You do it so often, you don't even notice it. Everybody underestimates how often they laugh, and you're doing something, when you laugh with people, that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds, and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better. It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.
A v podstate, všetci to tak robíme po celý čas. Robíte to tak často, že si to ani nevšímate. Každý podceňuje, ako často sa smeje, a keď sa s ľuďmi smejete, robíte niečo, čo vám umožňuje prístup k dávnemu evolučnému systému, ktorý sa u cicavcov vyvinul, aby si vytvorili a udržali sociálne väzby, a zjavne aj na ovládanie emócií, aby sme sa cítili lepšie. Nie je to špecifické len pre ľudí, je to skutočne dávne správanie, ktoré nám naozaj pomáha ovládať, ako sa cítime, a cítiť sa lepšie.
In other words, when it comes to laughter, you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)
Inými slovami, keď dôjde na smiech, ty a ja, bejby, nie sme nič iné ako cicavce. (smiech)
Thank you.
Ďakujem.
Thank you. (Applause)
Ďakujem. (potlesk)