This is me building a prototype for six hours straight. This is slave labor to my own project. This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like. And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world with brute-force assembly techniques. And this is exactly why I started studying how to program physical materials to build themselves.
Ovde možete videti mene kako pravim jedan prototip čitavih šest sati. Ovo je robovski rad za moj projekat. Ovako u stvari izgledaju "uradi sam" pokreti. A ovo je i analogija današnjem svetu građevinarstva i proizvodnje i njihovim tehnikama sklapanja zasnovanim na sirovoj snazi. I ovo je upravo i razlog što sam počeo da izučavam kako programirati fizičke materijale da sami sebe grade.
But there is another world. Today at the micro- and nanoscales, there's an unprecedented revolution happening. And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change shape, change properties and even compute outside of silicon-based matter. There's even a software called cadnano that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes like nano robots or drug delivery systems and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
Ali postoji i drugi svet. Danas se na mikro i nano razmerama dešava neviđena revolucija. Radi se o mogućnosti programiranja fizičkih i biloških materijala da menjaju oblik, menjaju svojstva i čak da proračunavaju izvan materije na bazi silicijuma. Postoji čak i softver po imenu "cadnano" uz pomoć kojeg možemo da dizajniramo trodimenzionalne oblike poput nanorobota ili sistema za dostavljanje lekova i da koristimo DNK koji omogućava ovim funkcionalnim strukturama da se same sastave.
But if we look at the human scale, there's massive problems that aren't being addressed by those nanoscale technologies. If we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption and excessive labor techniques. In infrastructure, let's just take one example. Take piping. In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves. We bury them in the ground. If anything changes -- if the environment changes, the ground moves, or demand changes -- we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
Ali ukoliko obratimo pažnju na nivo čoveka, postoje ogromni problemi koji ostaju zanemareni od strane tih nanotehnologija. Ako pogledamo na građevinarstvo i proizvodnju, naići ćemo na veliku neefikasnost, potrošnju energije i opsežne tehnike rada. U infrastrukturi, hajde da uzmemo samo jedan primer. Recimo vodovodni sistem. U vodovodnim cevima imamo cevi fiksnog kapaciteta sa fiksnim protokom, ako izuzmemo skupe pumpe i ventile. Zakopavamo ih u zemlju. Ako se bilo šta promeni - ako se životna sredina promeni, ako dođe do pomeranja tla, ili promene potrošnje - moramo da počnemo od nule, da ih izvadimo i zamenimo
So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds, that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials and the built environment. And I don't mean automated machines. I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans. But I mean programmable materials that build themselves. And that's called self-assembly, which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure through only local interaction.
Zato bih želeo da predložim da iskombinujemo ta dva sveta, možemo da iskombinujemo svet prilagodljivih nanomaterijala sa mogućnošću programiranja i izgrađeni deo okruženja. Pod tim ne mislim na automatizovane mašine. Ne mislim samo na inteligentne mašine koje mogu da zamene ljude. Mislim na materijale koji se mogu programirati i koji izgrađuju sami sebe. A to se zove samosklapanje, što je proces pri kome neuređeni delovi grade uređenu strukturu kroz isključivo lokalnu interakciju.
So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale? We need a few simple ingredients. The first ingredient is materials and geometry, and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source. And you can use passive energy -- so heat, shaking, pneumatics, gravity, magnetics. And then you need smartly designed interactions. And those interactions allow for error correction, and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state.
Šta nam je potrebno ukoliko želimo ovo da izvedemo na nivou čoveka? Potrebno nam je nekoliko jednostavnih sastojaka. Prvi sastojak su materijali i geometrija, a oni moraju biti tesno povezani sa izvorom energije. Možete koristiti pasivnu energiju - toplotu, potrese, pneumatiku, gravitaciju, magnetizam. Sledeće što trebate su pametno osmišljene interakcije. Te interakcije omogućavaju ispravljanje grešaka, i dozvoljavaju oblicima da prelaze iz jednog stanja u drugo.
So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built, from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and even four-dimensional systems. So in one-dimensional systems -- this is a project called the self-folding proteins. And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein -- in this case it's the crambin protein -- you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking, no environmental interactions -- and you break that down into a series of components. And then we embed elastic. And when I throw this up into the air and catch it, it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies. And this gives us a tangible model of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds and all of the intricacies of the geometry. So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model. And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems -- so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures.
Sada ću da vam pokažem nekoliko projekata koje smo izgradili, od jednodimenzionalnih, dvodimenzionalnih, trodimenzionalnih, pa čak i četvorodimenzionalnih sistema. U jednodimenzionalnim sistemima - ovo je projekat pod nazivom samosavijajući proteini. Ideja je da uzmete trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina - u ovom slučaju to je protein po imenu krambin - uzmete mu kičmu - znači nema međusobnog vezivanja, nema sredinskih uticaja - i razbijete ga na seriju komponenti. I tada umećemo lastiš. Kada ga bacim u vazduh i uhvatim, on ima punu trodimenzionalnu strukturu tog proteina, sve do najmanje pojedinosti. Ovo nam pruža opipljiv model trodimenzionalnog proteina i načina na koji se savija i svih pojedinosti njegove geometrije. Dakle ovo možemo da proučavamo kao fizički, intuitivni model. Ovo takođe prenosimo i u dvodimenzionalne sisteme - dakle ravni listovi koji mogu sami da se saviju u trodimenzionalne strukture.
In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal with Autodesk and Arthur Olson where we looked at autonomous parts -- so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own. And we built 500 of these glass beakers. They had different molecular structures inside and different colors that could be mixed and matched. And we gave them away to all the TEDsters. And so these became intuitive models to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale. This is the polio virus. You shake it hard and it breaks apart. And then you shake it randomly and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own. And this is demonstrating that through random energy, we can build non-random shapes.
U tri dimenzije, prošle godine smo radili projekat na TEDGlobal-u sa Autodeskom i Arturom Olsonom gde smo posmatrali nezavisne delove - znači individualne delove koji nisu bili prethodno povezani i koji mogu sami da se sastave. Napravili smo 500 ovakvih staklenih pehara. Unutra su bile različite molekularne strukture i različite boje koje su mogle da se mešaju i uparuju. I podelili smo ih svim TEDsterima. Tako su oni postali intuitivni modeli za razumevanje kako molekularno samosklapanje funkcioniše na ljudskom nivou. Ovo je poliovirus. Snažno ga protresete i on se raspadne. Zatim ga tresete nasumično i on počinje da ispravlja greške i samostalno gradi svoju strukturu. Ovo pokazuje da pomoću varirajuće energije, možemo kreirati pravilne oblike.
We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale. Last year at TED Long Beach, we built an installation that builds installations. The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects? So we built a large rotating chamber, and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower, adding energy to the system and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works and how we could use this as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products.
Čak smo pokazali i da je ovo moguće izvesti i u mnogo većoj razmeri. Prošle godine na TED-u u Long Biču, napravili smo instalaciju koja pravi instalacije. Pitali smo se da li se predmeti u razmerima nameštaja mogu sami sastaviti. Pa smo napravili veliku rotirajuću komoru, a ljudi su mogli da se popnu i da je zavrte brže ili sporije, i da tako dodaju energiju sistemu i da steknu intuitivno razumevanje kako samosklapanje funkcioniše i kako bismo ovo mogli da iskoristimo kao tehniku za izgradnju na makro nivou ili u proizvodnji.
So remember, I said 4D. So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project, which is a collaboration with Stratasys, and it's called 4D printing. The idea behind 4D printing is that you take multi-material 3D printing -- so you can deposit multiple materials -- and you add a new capability, which is transformation, that right off the bed, the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own. And this is like robotics without wires or motors. So you completely print this part, and it can transform into something else.
Da vas podsetim, rekao sam 4D. Danas po prvi put, predstavljamo jedan nov projekat, koji je nastao u saradnji sa Stratasys, i zove se 4D štampanje. Princip na kome se zasniva 4D štampanje je da uzmete 3D štampanje različitih materijala - da biste deponovali raznovrsne materijale - i pridodate novu sposobnost, što je transformacija, tako da pravo sa štamparske ploče ti delovi mogu sami da se transformišu direktno iz jednog oblika u drugi. Ovo je kao robotika ali bez kablova i motora. Tako da potpuno odštampate taj deo, a on može da se pretvori u nešto drugo.
We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg. And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior and try to optimize which parts are folding when. But most importantly, we can use this same software for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems and human scale self-assembly systems. These are parts being printed with multi-material properties. Here's the first demonstration. A single strand dipped in water that completely self-folds on its own into the letters M I T. I'm biased. This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own. So no human interaction. And we think this is the first time that a program and transformation has been embedded directly into the materials themselves. And it also might just be the manufacturing technique that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future.
Sa Autodeskom smo radili i na softveru koji oni trenutno razvijaju pod nazivom Project Cyborg. Ovo nam dozvoljava da simuliramo samosklapanje i da pokušamo da podesimo kada će se koji delovi savijati. Ali najznačajnije je što možemo koristiti ovaj isti softver za kreiranje samosklapajućih sistema na nano nivou kao i onih na nivou čoveka. Ovo je štampanje delova sa multimaterijalnim svojstvima. Ovo je prva demonstracija. Jedna nit potopljena u vodu koja se savija u potpunosti sama od sebe u slova M I T. Pristrasan sam. Ovo je drugi deo, jedna nit, potopljena u veći sud koja se samosavija u kocku, trodimenzionalnu strukturu, sama od sebe. Dakle bez ljudske interakcije. Smatramo da je ovo prvi put da su jedan program i transformacija umetnuti direktno u same materijale. A ovo može biti i samo jedna tehnika proizvodnje koja nam omogućava da u budućnosti proizvedemo prilagodljiviju infrastrukturu.
So I know you're probably thinking, okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment? So I've started a lab at MIT, and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab. And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials for the built environment. And we think there's a few key sectors that have fairly near-term applications. One of those is in extreme environments. These are scenarios where it's difficult to build, our current construction techniques don't work, it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts. And space is a great example of that. We're trying to design new scenarios for space that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures that can go from highly functional systems from one to another.
Znam da sad verovatno mislite okej, to je kul, ali kako da bilo šta od ovoga iskoristimo u izgradnji? Otvorio sam laboratoriju na MIT-ju koja se zove Laboratorija za samosklapanje. Posvetili smo se razvijanju materijala sa mogućnošću programiranja za izgradnju okruženja. Smatramo da postoji nekoliko ključnih sektora u kojima postoji mogućnost prilično skore primene. Jedan od njih su ekstremna okruženja. Ovo su scenarija kada je gradnja otežana, naše trenutne građevinske tehnike ne funkcionišu, kada je nešto preveliko, preopasno, preskupo ili se sastoji iz previše delova. Prostor je odličan primer za to. Pokušavamo da dizajniramo nove scenarije za prostor čije strukture bi imale mogućnost potpune rekonfiguracije i samosklapanja koje bi mogle da prelaze iz visoko funkcionalnih sistema iz jednog u drugi.
Let's go back to infrastructure. In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec. And we're developing a new paradigm for piping. Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract to change capacity or change flow rate, or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves. So this isn't expensive pumps or valves. This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own.
Hajde da se vratimo na infrastrukturu. U oblasti infrastrukture, sarađujemo sa kompanijom iz Bostona po imenu "Geosyntec". Razvijamo novu paradigmu za cevi. Zamislite kad bi vodovodne cevi mogle da se šire ili skupljaju i tako menjaju svoj kapacitet ili protok, ili čak da se kreću u talasastim pokretma poput peristaltike da bi same pokretale vodu. Dakle ovde se ne radi o skupim cevima i ventilima. Ovo je cev koja se samostalno i u potpunosti može programirati i adaptirati.
So I want to remind you today of the harsh realities of assembly in our world. These are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways. So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world, how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale, so that we can go from a world like this to a world that's more like this.
Zato danas želim da vas podsetim na okrutnu stvarnost sklapanja u našem svetu. Postoje složene stvari sastavljene od složenih delova koji se uklapaju na složene načine. Pozivam vas, bez obzira iz koje ste industrije da nam se pridružite u reinvenciji i reimaginaciji sveta, kako se stvari sastavljaju od nanosrazmera do nivoa čoveka, da bismo mogli da pređemo iz ovakvog sveta u svet koji je više poput ovoga.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)