How much do you need to know about a person before you'd feel comfortable making a loan?
Koliko trebate znati o nekoj osobi prije nego odlučite odobriti joj kredit?
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars to the person sitting two rows behind you. What would you need to know about that person before you'd feel comfortable?
Recimo da želite posuditi 1000 dolara osobi koja sjedi dva reda iza vas. Što biste trebali znati o toj osobi prije nego što postanete sigurni u to?
My mom came to the US from India in her late thirties. She's a doctor in Brooklyn, and she often lets friends and neighbors come to see her for health services, whether they can pay right away or not. I remember running into her patients with her at the grocery store or on the sidewalk, and sometimes they would come and pay her right on the spot for previous appointments. She would thank them, and ask them about their families and their health. She gave them credit because she trusted them.
Moja mama je došla u Ameriku iz Indije u kasnim tridesetima. Ona je liječnica u Brooklynu, često dozvoljava prijateljima i susjedima da je posjete zbog zdravstvenih usluga, bez obzira mogu li to oni odmah platiti. Sjećam se da smo zajedno sretale njezine pacijente u trgovini ili na cesti i nekada bi došli i platili joj na licu mjesta za prethodne posjete. Zahvalila bi im i pitala ih kako su im obitelji i zdravlje. Dozvoljavala im je dug zato što im je vjerovala.
Most of us are like my mom. We would give credit to someone we know or that we live next to. But most of us are probably not going to lend to a stranger unless we know a little something about them.
Većina nas je poput moje majke. Dopustili bismo da nam duguje netko koga znamo, ili pored koga živimo. No, većina nas vjerojatno neće dati pozajmicu strancu, ukoliko ne zna barem nešto o njemu.
Banks, credit card companies and other financial institutions don't know us on a personal level, but they do have a way of trusting us, and that's through our credit scores. Our credit scores have been created through an aggregation and analysis of our public consumer credit data. And because of them, we have pretty much easy access to all of the goods and services that we need, from getting electricity to buying a home, or taking a risk and starting a business.
Banke, kartičarske kuće i druge financijske institucije ne poznaju nas osobno, ali imaju način da nam poklone povjerenje, a to je putem naše kreditne sposobnosti. Naša kreditna sposobnost se stvara kroz prikupljanje i analizu naših podataka o potrošnji. Zbog njih su nam prilično lako dostupna sva dobra i usluge koji su nam potrebni, od dobivanja struje do kupnje kuće, ili preuzimanje rizika i pokretanje posla.
But ... there are 2.5 billion people around the world that don't have a credit score. That's a third of the world's population. They don't have a score because there are no formal public records on them -- no bank accounts, no credit histories and no social security numbers. And because they don't have a score, they don't have access to the credit or financial products that can improve their lives. They are not trusted.
No... postoji 2,5 milijarde ljudi diljem svijeta koji nemaju kreditne bodove. To je trećina svjetske populacije. Nemaju bodove jer o njima ne postoje službeni javni podaci; nemaju bankovni račun, kreditnu povijest ni svoj OIB. I zato što nemaju bodove, nemaju pristup kreditu ili financijskim proizvodima koji im mogu poboljšati život. Njima se ne vjeruje.
So we wanted to find a way to build trust and to open up financial access for these 2.5 billion. So we created a mobile application that builds credit scores for them using mobile data. There are currently over one billion smartphones in emerging markets. And people are using them the same way that we do. They're texting their friends, they're looking up directions, they're browsing the Internet and they're even making financial transactions.
Tako smo poželjeli pronaći način izgraditi povjerenje i dati financijski pristup za ovih 2,5 milijarde ljudi. Stoga smo napravili mobilnu aplikaciju, koja za njih stvara kreditne bodove koristeći mobilne podatke. Trenutno postoji preko milijarde pametnih telefona u takvim zemljama. I ljudi ih koriste na isti način kao i mi. Šalju poruke prijateljima, traže upute za kretanje, pretražuju internet čak i vrše financijske transakcije.
Over time, this data is getting captured on our phones, and it provides a really rich picture of a person's life. Our customers give us access to this data and we capture it through our mobile application. It helps us understand the creditworthiness of people like Jenipher, a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya. Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades has been running a food stall in the central business district. She has three sons who she put through vocational school, and she's also the leader of her local chama, or savings group.
S vremenom se ovi podaci pohranjuju na našim telefonima, što daje zaista bogatu sliku o životu neke osobe. Naši klijenti nam daju pristup ovim podacima, a mi ih prepoznajemo pomoću naše mobilne aplikacije. To nam pomaže razumjeti kreditnu sposobnost ljudi kao što je Jenipher, vlasnice male tvrtke u Nairobiju u Keniji. Jenipher ima 65 godina i desetljećima drži pult s hranom u središnjem poslovnom dijelu grada. Ima trojicu sinova koje je upisala u strukovne škole, a također vodi i lokalnu "chamu", vrstu štedne zadruge.
Jenipher's food stall does well. She makes just enough every day to cover her expenses. But she's not financially secure. Any emergency could force her into debt. And she has no discretionary income to improve her family's way of living, for emergencies, or for investing into growing her business. If Jenipher wants credit, her options are limited. She could get a microloan, but she'd have to form a group that could help vouch for her credibility. And even then, the loan sizes would be way too small to really have an impact on her business, averaging around 150 dollars. Loan sharks are always an option, but with interest rates that are well above 300 percent, they're financially risky. And because Jenipher doesn't have collateral or a credit history, she can't walk into a bank and ask for a business loan.
Jenipherin posao prodaje hrane ide dobro. Zarađuje dovoljno da svakodnevno pokrije svoje troškove. Ona, međutim, nije financijski osigurana. Bilo koji hitni slučaj mogao bi je primorati da se zaduži, a nema raspoloživi dio prihoda kojim bi poboljšala način života svoje obitelji, za hitne slučajeve ili za ulaganje u razvoj svog posla. Ako Jenipher želi kredit, njene opcije su ograničene. Mogla bi podići minikredit, ali bi morala formirati grupu za pomoć pri dokazivanju kreditne sposobnosti. Čak i tada, visina kredita bila bi premala da bi zaista utjecala na njezin posao, u prosjeku oko 150 dolara. Kamatari su uvijek opcija, ali uz kamate koje idu znatno iznad 300 posto, financijski su rizični. Budući Jenipher nema kolateral ili kreditnu povijest, ne može doći u banku i zatražiti poslovni kredit.
But one day, Jenipher's son convinced her to download our application and apply for a loan. Jenipher answered a few questions on her phone and she gave us access to a few key data points on her device.
No, jednoga dana Jenipherin sin uvjerio ju je da preuzme našu aplikaciju i prijavi se za kredit. Jenipher je odgovorila na par pitanja na svom telefonu i omogućila nam pristup nekim ključnim podacima na njenom uređaju.
And here's what we saw. So, bad news first. Jenipher had a low savings balance and no previous loan history. These are factors that would have thrown up a red flag to a traditional bank. But there were other points in her history that showed us a much richer picture of her potential. So for one, we saw that she made regular phone calls to her family in Uganda. Well, it turns out that the data shows a four percent increase in repayment among people who consistently communicate with a few close contacts. We could also see that though she traveled around a lot throughout the day, she actually had pretty regular travel patterns, and she was either at home or at her food stall. And the data shows a six percent increase in repayment among customers who are consistent with where they spend most of their time.
Evo što smo vidjeli. Prvo loše vijesti. Jenipher je imala nisku razinu štednje i nije imala prethodnu kreditnu povijest. Ovo su čimbenici koji bi bili znak za uzbunu u tradicionalnoj banci. Međutim, bilo je drugih mjesta u njenoj povijesti koja su pokazala mnogo bogatiju sliku njenog potencijala. Kao prvo, vidjeli smo da je redovno zvala svoju obitelj u Ugandi. Ispostavilo se da podaci pokazuju povećanje od 4 posto u vraćanju duga među ljudima koji redovito komuniciraju s par bliskih kontakata. Vidjeli smo i da, iako je puno putovala tijekom dana, zapravo je imala prilično uobičajene obrasce putovanja i bila je ili kod kuće, ili za svojim pultom s hranom. Podaci pokazuju porast od šest posto u otplati duga među klijentima koji su dosljedni u tome gdje provode većinu svog vremena.
We could also see that she communicated a lot with many different people throughout the day and that she had a strong support network. Our data shows that people who communicate with more than 58 different contacts tend to be more likely to be good borrowers. In Jenipher's case, she communicated with 89 different individuals, which showed a nine percent increase in her repayment.
Mogli smo vidjeti i da je puno komunicirala s mnogo različitih ljudi tijekom dana i da je imala snažnu mrežu potpore. Naši podaci pokazuju kako je kod ljudi koji komuniciraju s više od 58 različitih kontakata, obično veća vjerojatnost da će biti bolji u vraćanju duga. U Jenipherinom slučaju, ona je komunicirala s 89 različitih pojedinaca, što je ukazivalo na devetopostotni porast u vraćanju njenog duga.
These are just some of the thousands of different data points that we look at to understand a person's creditworthiness. And after analyzing all of these different data points, we took the first risk and gave Jenipher a loan. This is data that would not be found on a paper trail or in any formal financial record. But it proves trust. By looking beyond income, we can see that people in emerging markets that may seem risky and unpredictable on the surface are actually willing and have the capacity to repay.
Ovo su samo neki od tisuća različitih podataka koje proučavamo kako bismo shvatili kreditnu sposobnost neke osobe. I nakon analize svih ovih različitih podataka, preuzeli smo prvi rizik i dali Jenipher kredit. Ovo su podaci koji se ne mogu pronaći u papirnatom obliku, niti u bilo kojem službenom financijskom zapisu, ali dokazuju povjerenje. Gledajući ne samo prihode, vidimo da su ljudi na tržištima u razvoju, koji mogu djelovati riskantno i naizgled nepredvidivo, zapravo voljni vratiti dug i imaju kapacitet za to.
Our credit scores have helped us deliver over 200,000 loans in Kenya in just the past year. And our repayment rates are above 90 percent -- which, by the way, is in line with traditional bank repayment rates.
Naši kreditni bodovi su nam pomogli da odobrimo preko 200 000 kredita u Keniji samo u prošloj godini. A stope vraćanja duga su nam preko 90 posto, što je, usput, sukladno stopama otplate duga u tradicionalnim bankama.
With something as simple as a credit score, we're giving people the power to build their own futures. Our customers have used their loans for family expenses, emergencies, travel and for investing back into growing their businesses. They're now building better economies and communities where more people can succeed.
Pomoću nečeg toliko jednostavnog kao što su kreditni bodovi, ljudima pružamo moć da izgrade vlastitu budućnost. Naši klijenti su koristili kredite za obiteljske troškove, hitne slučajeve, putovanja i za ulaganje u razvoj svog poslovanja. Oni sada izgrađuju bolju ekonomiju i zajednice u kojima više ljudi može uspjeti.
Over the past two years of using our product, Jenipher has increased her savings by 60 percent. She's also started two additional food stalls and is now making plans for her own restaurant. She's applying for a small-business loan from a commercial bank, because she now has the credit history to prove she deserves it.
Tijekom protekle dvije godine korištenja našeg proizvoda, Jenipher je uvećala svoju štednju za 60 posto. Postavila je i još dva dodatna mjesta za prodaju hrane, a sada ima u planu pokrenuti i vlastiti restoran. Prijavljuje se za mali poduzetnički kredit u komercijalnoj banci, jer sada ima kreditnu povijest kojom dokazuje da to zaslužuje.
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week, and she told me how excited she was to get started. She said, "Only my son believed I could do this. I didn't think this was for me." She's lived her whole life believing that there was a part of the world that was closed off to her.
Srela sam Jenipher u Nairobiju prošli tjedan i ispričala mi je koliko je uzbuđena zbog tog početka. Rekla je, "Samo je moj sin vjerovao da ja to mogu. Nisam mislila da je ovo za mene." Živjela je cijeli svoj život u uvjerenju da postoji dio svijeta koji za nju nije dostupan.
Our job now is to open the world to Jenipher and the billions like her that deserve to be trusted.
Na nama je da otvorimo svijet za Jenipher i milijarde ljudi poput nje koji zaslužuju povjerenje.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)