ዛሬ ላወራላቹ የምፈልገው ስለ አንድ የ ዓለም አቀፍ ፍልሚያ ሆኖ ዜና ላይ አልፎ አልፎ የሚቀርበ ብቻ ነው:: ነገር ግን በጣም ትልቅ አስፈላጊነት የ ያዘ ቁም ነገር ነው:: እንግዲህ እዚህ ያላቹ ሁሉ የ ዓለም መንገደኛ ናቹ:: ምንም ቢሆን ይህ Ted Global ነው:: ግን ልወስዳቹ የምፈልገው ቦታዎች እስከ ዛሬ ያልሄዳቹባቸው ናቸው::
The global challenge that I want to talk to you about today rarely makes the front pages. It, however, is enormous in both scale and importance. Look, you all are very well traveled; this is TEDGlobal after all. But I do hope to take you to some places you've never been to before.
እስቲ በቻይና እንጀምር:: ይህ ፎቶ የዛሬ ሁለት ሣምንት የተነሳ ነው:: እንደውም ለምልክት ባለቤቴ ላይ ያለው ትንሹ ልጅ ከ ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ቤት በቅችቡ ተመርቋል:: ...ሳቅታ... ይሄ ትያናመን Square ነው:: ብዙዎቻቹ ታቁታላቹ:: እውነተኛው ቻይና አይደለም:: እውነተኛው ቻይና ልውሰዳቹ:: ይሀ ዳብያን ተራራ ውስጥ ነው:: ሁቤይ ክፍለ ሀገር ምዓከላዊ ቻይና ውስጥ:: ዳይማንጁ (Dai Manju) 13 ዓመትዋ ነው ይሄ ታሪኩ ሲጀምር:: ምትኖረው ከቤተሰቦቿ: ከሁለቱ ወንድሞቿ ና ከአክስቷ ጋር ነው:: መብራት የሌለው ጎጆ ቤት አላቸው:: ውኃም የለውም የ እጅ ሰዓት የለም ቢስክሌትም የለም ይሄንን ታላቅ ሞገስ የሚካፈሉት ከ አንድ ጠብደል ያለ አሳማ ጋር ነው ዳይማንጁ ስድስተኛ ክፍል ነበረች ቤተሰቦቿ "ከትምሕርት ቤት ልናስወጣሽ ነው: ምክንያቱም የትምሕርት ቤቱ 13 ዶላር ዋጋ በጣም በዝቶብናል" ሲልዋት "እድሜ ልክሽን የሩዝ ሜዳ ውስጥ ነው ምታሳልፊው ያኑሉ ገንዘብ አንቺ ላይ ለምን እንጨርሰዋለን?" ይሄ ነው ክፍለ ሀገር ያሉት ሴቶች የሚከናወንባቸው::
So, let's start off in China. This photo was taken two weeks ago. Actually, one indication is that little boy on my husband's shoulders has just graduated from high school. (Laughter) But this is Tiananmen Square. Many of you have been there. It's not the real China. Let me take you to the real China. This is in the Dabian Mountains in the remote part of Hubei province in central China. Dai Manju is 13 years old at the time the story starts. She lives with her parents, her two brothers and her great-aunt. They have a hut that has no electricity, no running water, no wristwatch, no bicycle. And they share this great splendor with a very large pig. Dai Manju was in sixth grade when her parents said, "We're going to pull you out of school because the 13-dollar school fees are too much for us. You're going to be spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies. Why would we waste this money on you?" This is what happens to girls in remote areas.
ዳይማንጁ ግን የክፍሏ አንደኛ ተማሪ ነበረች:: ወደ ትምሕርት ቤት የሁለት ሰዓት ከባድ መንገዷን መ ጓዝ ቀጥላ የምትችለውን ሁሉ እውቀት እየ ቀሰመች ከበሩ ወጣ ሲል መያዝ ቀጠለች:: ይሄንን New York Times ላይ ጻፍናው:: ከዛ መዓት እርዳታ ደረሰን ባብዛኛው የ13 ዶላር ቼኮች ነበሩ ምክንያቱም የ New York Times አንባቢዎች በጣም ቸር ናቸው ጥቂት እርዳታ ለመላክ ...ሳቅታ... ከዛ ግን ገንዘብ ደረሰን 10 000 ዶላር ላከልን አንድ ጥሩ ስው:: ገንዘቡን ለ ዚህ ሰውዬ ሰጠነው:: የትምሕርትቤቱ ሃላፊ:: ተደሰተ:: "ትምሕርትቤቱን ማደስ እችላለው" ብሎ አሰበ:: "ለ ሴቶች የመመርያ ገንዘብ መስጠት እችላለው::" በደምብ ካጠኑና ትምሕርት ቤት መሄድ ከቀጠሉ ማለት ነው:: ስለዚህ ዳይማንጁ እንዲህ እያለች የ አንደኛ ደረጃ ትምህርቷን አጠቃለለች:: ወደ ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ቤት ቀጠለች:: አካውንቲንግ (accounting) ለመማር አነስተኛ ኮሌጅ ሄደች:: ስራ ፍለጋ ደቡብ ያለው ጓንዶንግ ክፍለ ሀገር ሄደች:: ስራ ስታገኝ ለ ክፍል ባልደረቦችዋ ና ለጓደኞችዋ ስራ መፈለግ ጀመረች:: ገንዘብ ለቤተሰቦቿ ትልክ ጀመር:: አዲስ ቤት ገነቡ አሁን ግን ውኃ ያለው መብራት: ቢስክሌት አሳማ ግን የለም::
Turns out that Dai Manju was the best pupil in her grade. She still made the two-hour trek to the schoolhouse and tried to catch every little bit of information that seeped out of the doors. We wrote about her in The New York Times. We got a flood of donations -- mostly 13-dollar checks because New York Times readers are very generous in tiny amounts (Laughter) but then, we got a money transfer for $10,000 -- really nice guy. We turned the money over to that man there, the principal of the school. He was delighted. He thought, "Oh, I can renovate the school. I can give scholarships to all the girls, you know, if they work hard and stay in school. So Dai Manju basically finished out middle school. She went to high school. She went to vocational school for accounting. She scouted for jobs down in Guangdong province in the south. She found a job, she scouted for jobs for her classmates and her friends. She sent money back to her family. They built a new house, this time with running water, electricity, a bicycle, no pig.
ደንበኛ ምሳሌ ነው ያየነው የሴቶች ትምሕርት ላይ እንዲህ አይነት መዋለ ንዋይ ማየት ብርቅ ነገር ነው:: ዓመት ካመት ዳይማንጁን ስንከተላት ያየነው እንዴት አርጋ ከ መጥፎ ዑደት ወደ በጎ ዑደት እንደተሸጋገረች ነው:: የራሷን ሁኔታ ብቻ ሳይሆን የ ቤቷን: የቤተሰቦቿን: የመንደሯን ሁኔታ ነው የቀየረችው:: መንደሯ በጣም ተሻሻለ:: ብ እርግጥ ቻይና ባጠቃላይ እየተሻሻለ ነበር በዛን ግዜ ነገር ግን መንገድ ገንብተው ከሞላው ቻይና ጋር መገናኘት ቻሉ::
What we saw was a natural experiment. It is rare to get an exogenous investment in girls' education. And over the years, as we followed Dai Manju, we were able to see that she was able to move out of a vicious cycle and into a virtuous cycle. She not only changed her own dynamic, she changed her household, she changed her family, her village. The village became a real standout. Of course, most of China was flourishing at the time, but they were able to get a road built to link them up to the rest of China.
ከዚህ ተነስቼ ነው ከሁለቱ ዋነ መሰረታዊ መመሪያ (ለ Half the Sky) ወደ አንደኛው የምሄደው :: እሱም የዚህ ምዕተ ዓመት ዋናው ግብረ ገብ ፍልሚያ የጾታ እኩልነት አለመኖሩ ነው:: በ 19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ባርነት ነበር:: በ 20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የጭቆና መንግስት (totalitarianism) ነበር:: የዘመናችን መንስኤ በ ጾታቸው ምክንያት ዓለማችን ላይ ብዙ ሰዎች ከባድ ሕይወት መኖራቸው ነው:: አንዳንዶቻቹ ይሄኔ በሃሳባቹ "በስመ አብ ግነት! አበዛችው" እያላቹ ነው:: እስቲ ጥያቄ ልጠይቃቹ ስንቶቻቹ ናቹህ ዓለማችን ላይ ወንድ ከ ሴት በላይ አለ የምትሉ? እስቲ ይታይ:: ስንቶቻቹ ናቹህ ዓለም ላይ በብዛት ወንድ ይበልጣል የምትሉት? እጆቻቹን ከፍ አርጉ እባካቹን:: ጥቂት ሰው::እሺ: ስንቶቻቹ ናቹህ ዓለም ላይ በብዛት ሴት ይበልጣል የምትሉት? ባብዛኛዎቻቹ:: አሁን እጃቹን ያነሳቹ ሰዎች ተሳስታቿል:: በ እርግጥ ትክክል ነው አውሮፓ ና ሌሎች የምዕራብ ዓለም አገሮች ሴቱም ወንዱም ለምግብ ና ለ ጤና እኩልነት ያገኛል ስለዚህ በብዛት ሴት ይበልጣል:: ሴቶች ብዙ ዓመት እንኖራለን:: ነገር ግን ባብዛኛው ሌሎች ሀገር ውስጥ እንደዚህ አይደለም:: እንደውም ሥነ ሕዝብ አጥኚዎች የሚያሳዩት ከ 60 ምልዮን እስከ 100 ምልዮን ሴቶች መጥፋታቸውን ነው በዚህ ሥነ ሕዝብ አቆጣጠር::
And that brings me to my first major of two tenets of "Half the Sky." And that is that the central moral challenge of this century is gender inequity. In the 19th century, it was slavery. In the 20th century, it was totalitarianism. The cause of our time is the brutality that so many people face around the world because of their gender. So some of you may be thinking, "Gosh, that's hyperbole. She's exaggerating." Well, let me ask you this question. How many of you think there are more males or more females in the world? Let me take a poll. How many of you think there are more males in the world? Hands up, please. How many of you think -- a few -- how many of you there are more females in the world? Okay, most of you. Well, you know this latter group, you're wrong. There are, true enough, in Europe and the West, when women and men have equal access to food and health care, there are more women, we live longer. But in most of the rest of the world, that's not the case. In fact, demographers have shown that there are anywhere between 60 million and 100 million missing females in the current population.
ለዚህ ታድያ ብዙ ምክንያቶች አሉ:: ለምሳሌ ባለፈው 50 ዓመት በመድልኦ ምክንያት የሞቱ ሴቶች ከ በ 20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን በጦርነት ከሞቱ ሰዎች ሁሉ ይበልጡ ነበር:: አንዳንዴ በ ሶኖግራም (sonogram) ምክንያት ነው:: በ ጽንስ ማስወረድ ምክንያት ሴቶች ጭራሽ አይወለዱም በቂ ሀብት ሳይኖር:: ይች ልጅ ለምሳሌ ኢትዮጵያ የሚገኝ አመጋቢ ማዕከል ውስጥ ናት:: ማዕከሉ ውስጥ መዓት እንደሷ አይነት ሴቶች ነበሩ:: የሚገርመው ግን: ቤተሰቧ ውስጥ ያሉት ወንድሞቿ በታም በጥሩ ሁኔታ ነበር ያሉት:: ህንድ ሀገር: ልጆች ሕፃን እያሉ (ከ 0 እስክ 1ዓመት) ወንዱም ሴቱም ብእኩልነት ነው የምያድጉት ምክንያቱም በ ጡት ነው የሚመገቡት ጡት ደግሞ ለ ወንድ ልጅ አያዳላም:: ከ 1 እስከ 5 ዓመት ባለው ግዜ ውስጥ ሴቶች ከ ውንዶች በ 50% በላይ ነው የሚሞቱት:ጠቅላላ ህንድ ውስጥ::
And, you know, it happens for several reasons. For instance, in the last half-century, more girls were discriminated to death than all the people killed on all the battlefields in the 20th century. Sometimes it's also because of the sonogram. Girls get aborted before they're even born when there are scarce resources. This girl here, for instance, is in a feeding center in Ethiopia. The entire center was filled with girls like her. What's remarkable is that her brothers, in the same family, were totally fine. In India, in the first year of life, from zero to one, boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they depend upon the breast, and the breast shows no son preference. From one to five, girls die at a 50 percent higher mortality rate than boys, in all of India.
የ "Half the Sky" ሁለተኛው መሰረታዊ መመሪያ (የ ገብነትን እውነት ና ሐሰት ሳናይ : ግን በ ተግባራዊ ደረጃ ብቻ ስናየው) ምናስበው ምንድን ነው? ድኽነትን ና ሽብርተኝነትን ለመከላከል አንዱ መንገድ ሴቶችን ማስተማር ና የ ሥራ ባለሙያ ማራግ ናው:: ድኽነትን ብናይ ለምሳሌ: ድኽነት የሚኖረው በ ነዚህ 3 ምክንያቶች ነው: 1ኛ: ከመጠን በላይ የ ሕዝብ ብዛት የ ድኽነት አንድ ዋናው ችግር ነው:: ውንድን ስታስተምሩ ቤተሰቦቹ የሚወልዱት ልጆች በቁጥር ይቀንሳሉ በትንሹ ብቻ ነው ግን:: ሴትን ስታስተምሩ ግን የምትወልደው ልጆች በቁጥር በጣም ይቀንሳሉ 2ኛው ምክንያት ከ ገንዘብ ማውጣት ጋር የተያያዘ ነገር ነው:: የድኽነት ዋና ሚስጥር ነው: ማለትም ድሀ ሰዎች ትንሽ ገቢ ብቻ ሳይሆን የሚያገኙት ያንን ገቢ በብልህ መንገድ አይጠቀሙበትም:: ያ ገንዘብ ታድያ በሚያሳዝን ሁኔታ በወንድ ነው የሚፈጀው:: ዓውደ ጥናት እንደሚያሳየው 2 ዶላር በቀን ውይም ከዛ በታች የሚያገኙ ሰዎችን ብናይ (ይሄ አንድ የ ድኽነት ማሳያ ነው) የገቢያቸው 2%ኡ ለ ትምህርት ይውላል:: 20%ኡ ወደ አስካሪ መጠጦች: ትንባሆ: ስኳራማ መጠጦች ዝሙት አዳሪነት ና ድግስ ላይ ይውላል:: 4% ብቻ ከዚህ ላይ ቢወሰድና ወደ ትምህርት ቢላክ የተለየ ውጤት ይኖራቿል::
The second tenet of "Half the Sky" is that, let's put aside the morality of all the right and wrong of it all, and just on a purely practical level, we think that one of the best ways to fight poverty and to fight terrorism is to educate girls and to bring women into the formal labor force. Poverty, for instance. There are three reasons why this is the case. For one, overpopulation is one of the persistent causes of poverty. And you know, when you educate a boy, his family tends to have fewer kids, but only slightly. When you educate a girl, she tends to have significantly fewer kids. The second reason is it has to do with spending. It's kind of like the dirty, little secret of poverty, which is that, not only do poor people take in very little income, but also, the income that they take in, they don't spend it very wisely, and unfortunately, most of that spending is done by men. So research has shown, if you look at people who live under two dollars a day -- one metric of poverty -- two percent of that take-home pay goes to this basket here, in education. 20 percent goes to a basket that is a combination of alcohol, tobacco, sugary drinks -- and prostitution and festivals. If you just take four percentage points and put it into this basket, you would have a transformative effect.
የመጨረሻው ምክንያት ሴቶች ጦስ ሳይሆኑ መፍትሄ መሆናቸውን የሚያስረዳ ነው:: የጎደለውን ሀብት መጠቀም አለባቹ:: እንደ ዳይማንጁን አይነት ሀብት አለመጠቀም ብክነት ነው:: እንደውም ቢል ጌትስ (Bill Gates) በደንብ ብሎታል ሳዑዲ አረቢያ እያለ ንግግር እያረገ ነበር ልክ ለንደ እናንተ ያለ ሕዝብ:: ነገር ገን አንድ ግንብ ነበር ሰዎቹን የሚለይ:: በዚህ በኩል: ሰፋ ያለው ቦታ ላይ:ወንዶች ነበሩ ክዛ ግንቡ: በዚህ በኩል ደሞ ሴቶች ነበሩ:: በዚህ በኩል ተቀመጦ የነበረ አንድ ሰውዬ ትነሳና እንዲህ አለ: "ሚስተር ጌትስ: ሳዑዲ አረቢያ ውስጥ ዓላማችን በ ሥነ መላ ከ አንደኞቹ ሀገሮች መሀል መሁን እንፈልጋለን:: ዓላማችን ሚፈጸም ይመስሎታል?" ቢል ጌትስ (Bill Gates) ሕዝቡን ትክ ብሎ አየና እንዲህ ብሎ መለሰ: "ሙሉ ለሙሉ ያሀገራቹን ግማሽ ሀብት ካልተጠቀማቹ በምንም ዓይነት መንገድ አንደኞቹ ሀገሮች መሀል አትደርሱም::" ይኸውላቹ እንግዲህ አረባዊው ቢል (Bill)::
The last reason has to do with women being part of the solution, not the problem. You need to use scarce resources. It's a waste of resources if you don't use someone like Dai Manju. Bill Gates put it very well when he was traveling through Saudi Arabia. He was speaking to an audience much like yourselves. However, two-thirds of the way there was a barrier. On this side was men, and then the barrier, and this side was women. And someone from this side of the room got up and said, "Mr. Gates, we have here as our goal in Saudi Arabia to be one of the top 10 countries when it comes to technology. Do you think we'll make it?" So Bill Gates, as he was staring out at the audience, he said, "If you're not fully utilizing half the resources in your country, there is no way you will get anywhere near the top 10." So here is Bill of Arabia.
...ሳቅታ...
(Laughter)
እስቲ አንዳንድ የተወሰኑ ፍልሚያዎች ምን ሊመስሉ ይችላሉ? ሲጀመር አንዱ ችግር የ ወሲብ ንግድ ይመስለኛል:: ለዚህም ሁለት ነገር መናገር እፈልጋለው:: በባርነት ግዜ: 1780 ዓመተ ምሕረት ውስጥ: ወደ 80 ሺህ ባርያዎች ነበሩ ከ አፍሪካ ወደ አዲሱ ዓለም የተጓዙት:: አሁን ዘመናዊው ባርነት: State Department በሚያሳየው ቁጥር ወደ 800 ሺህ ሰዎች ናችቸው (10 እጅ እጥፍ) ከሀገር ሀገር የሚነገዱት:: ይሄ ደግሞ ሀገር ውስጥ የሚነገዱት ሳይቆጠሩ ነው እሱ ራሱ በጣም ሰፉ ህዝብ ነው:: ሌላ ነግር ላይ ደግሞ ብታተኩሩ ውይም ሌላ ልዩነት ብታዩ ብዛን ግዜ የ አንድ ባርያ ዋጋ በዘንድሮ ገንዘብ ወደ 40 ሺህ ዶላር ነበር:: ዛሬ ለወሲብ ምትሸጥ ሴት አንድ 2 መቶ ዶላር ነው ምታወጣው ማለትም በቀላሉ መጣል ትችላለች:: ነገር ግን በጎ ለውጥ እየታየ ነው እንደ ካምቦዲአና እንደ ታይላንድ ሀገር ውስጥ ለምሳሌ:: ሴቶች የሚ ገዙና የሚሸጡበት አሊያም የሚሞቱበት ዓለም ውስጥ መኖር የለብንም::
So what would some of the specific challenges look like? I would say, on the top of the agenda is sex trafficking. And I'll just say two things about this. The slavery at the peak of the slave trade in the 1780s: there were about 80,000 slaves transported from Africa to the New World. Now, modern slavery: according to State Department rough statistics, there are about 800,000 -- 10 times the number -- that are trafficked across international borders. And that does not even include those that are trafficked within country borders, which is a substantial portion. And if you look at another factor, another contrast, a slave back then is worth about $40,000 in today's money. Today, you can buy a girl trafficked for a few hundred dollars, which means she's actually more disposable. But you know, there is progress being made in places like Cambodia and Thailand. We don't have to expect a world where girls are bought and sold or killed.
ሁለተኛው ችግር የወሊድና የ እርግዝና ሞት ነው:: እንደምታውቁት እኛ ዓለም አካባቢ የልጅ መወለድ እጅግ አስደሳች ሁነት ነው:: ናይጀር ውስጥ: ከ7 የሚውልዱ ሴቶች አንዷ ትሞታለች:: ዓለም ውስጥ ባጠቃላይ በየደቂቃው ተኩል 1 የምትወልድ ሴት ትሞታለች:: የ ሥነ መላ መፍትሄ አተን አይደለም ግን እነዚህ ሴቶች 3 ዕክል ያጋጥማቿል: ድኻ ናቸው: ባላገር ነው የሚኖሩት: እና ጾታቸው ሴት ነው:: አንድ ሴት ስትሞት: 20 ይተርፋሉ:: ነገር ግን ቁስል ይኖራቿል:: ዋናው አውዳሚው ቁስል ፌስቱላ ነው:: ምጥ ላይ የሚከሠት ቁስል ሆኖ ሽንትና ሰገራን መቆጣጠር የማያስችል በሽታ ነው::
The second item on the agenda is maternal mortality. You know, childbirth in this part of the world is a wonderful event. In Niger, one in seven women can expect to die during childbirth. Around the world, one woman dies every minute and a half from childbirth. You know, it's not as though we don't have the technological solution, but these women have three strikes against them: they are poor, they are rural and they are female. You know, for every woman who does die, there are 20 who survive but end up with an injury. And the most devastating injury is obstetric fistula. It's a tearing during obstructed labor that leaves a woman incontinent.
ስለ ማሃቡባ ልንገራቹ:: ኢትዮጵያ ነው መትኖራው:: ያለፍላጎቷ በ 13 ዓመቷ አገባች:: አረገዘች: ጫካ ሮጣ ወለደች: ሰውነቷ ግን ገና ያልበሰለ ስለነበረ: ከባድና የቆሰለ ወሊድ ደረሰባት:: ሕፃኑ ሞተ: እርሷ ደግመ ፌስቱላ ያዛት:: ማለትም ሽንቷንና ሰገራዋን መቆጣጠር አትችልም ነበር:: ማለትም ትገማ ነበር:: የመንደሯ ሰዎች ተረግማልች ብለው ምን እንደሚያረጓት ግራ ሲገባቸው መንደሩ መውጫ ላይ ያለ ጎጆ ቤት ውስጥ አስገቧት:: ሲመሽ ጅብ እንዲያገኛት በሩን ገነጠሉት:: ያን ምሽት አንድ ዱላ ነበር ጎጆ ቤቱ ውስጥ:: በዛ ዱላ ጅቦቹን ተከላከለች:: በሚቀጥለው ቀን የ ውጭ ሀገር ምስዮናዊ ያለበት መንደር መሄድ አሰበች ምክንያቱም እንደሚያድኗት ታቅ ነበር:: ነርቮቿ (nerves) ተጎድተው ስለነበር ለ 48 ኪ/ሜ እየተንፏቀቀች ልትሞት ስትል ደረሰች:: የውጭ አገር ምስዮናዊው በሩን ከፈተላት:: ምን እንደ ደረሰባት ወድያው ተረዳ አዲስ አበባ ያለ የፌስቱላ ሆስፒታል ወሰዳትና 350 ዶላር የሚፈጅ ቀዶ ጥገና አዳናት:: እዛ የነበሩት ሐኪሞችና አስታማሚዎቹ (nurses) ጥንካሬዋን ባቻ ሳይሆን ብልህነቷን አየተው አስታማሚ (nurse) አደረጓት:: ስለዚህ ማሃቡባ አሁን በ መቶዎች ና በሺህዎች የሚቆጠር የሴቶችን ሕይወት እያዳነች ነው:: ማሃቡባ ጦስ ሳይሆኑ መፍትሄ ነው ያመጣችው:: ከ መጥፎ ዑደት ወደ በጎ ዑደት ተሸጋገረች::
Let me tell you about Mahabuba. She lives in Ethiopia. She was married against her will at age 13. She got pregnant, ran to the bush to have the baby, but you know, her body was very immature, and she ended up having obstructed labor. The baby died, and she ended up with a fistula. So that meant she was incontinent; she couldn't control her wastes. In a word, she stank. The villagers thought she was cursed; they didn't know what to do with her. So finally, they put her at the edge of the village in a hut. They ripped off the door so that the hyenas would get her at night. That night, there was a stick in the hut. She fought off the hyenas with that stick. And the next morning, she knew if she could get to a nearby village where there was a foreign missionary, she would be saved. Because she had some damage to her nerves, she crawled all the way -- 30 miles -- to that doorstep, half dead. The foreign missionary opened the door, knew exactly what had happened, took her to a nearby fistula hospital in Addis Ababa, and she was repaired with a 350-dollar operation. The doctors and nurses there noticed that she was not only a survivor, she was really clever, and they made her a nurse. So now, Mahabuba, she is saving the lives of hundreds, thousands, of women. She has become part of the solution, not the problem. She's moved out of a vicious cycle and into a virtuous cycle.
እስካሁን ድረስ ስለ ፍልምያ ነው ያወራሁት እስቲ አሁን ወደ የተወሰኑ መፍትሄዎች ልሸጋገርል:: ታዋቂ መፍትሄዎች አሉ:: በፊት እንዳልኩት አንዱ ትምህርት ነው:: የ ሀብት ዕድልም አስፈላጊ ነው:: በእርግጥ ሴትን ስታስተምሩ ቆይታ ነው ምትዳረው ቆይታ ነው ምትወልደው:: የምትወልደውም ጥቂት ልጆች ነው:: እነሱም ልጆች: በብልሃት ታስተምራለች:: የ ሀብት ዕድል ሲኖር ጥሩ ለውጥ ሊገኝ ይችላል::
I've talked about some of the challenges, let me talk about some of the solutions, and there are predictable solutions. I've hinted at them: education and also economic opportunity. So of course, when you educate a girl, she tends to get married later on in life, she tends to have kids later on in life, she tends to have fewer kids, and those kids that she does have, she educates them in a more enlightened fashion. With economic opportunity, it can be transformative.
ስለ ሳይማ (Saima) ልንገራቹ:: ፓኪስታን ውስጥ: ላሆር ከተማ ወጣ ያለ ትንሽ መንደር ውስጥ ነው ምትኖረው:: በዛን ግዜ የሚያሳዝን ኑሮ ነበራት:: በባለቤቷ በየቀኑ ትደበደብ ነበር:: በባለቤቷ ስራ አልነበረውም:: ቁማርተኛ ነገር ነበር ስለዚህ ደና ስራ አልነበረውም:: ስለዚህ ንዴቱን እርሷ ላይ ነበር የሚወጣው:: ሁለተኛ ሴት ልጅ ስትወልድ ግዜ የ ባልዋ እናት ለልጇ እንዲህ ብላ አለችው: "ሁለተኛ ሚስት ብታገባ ይሻልሃል: ሳይማ ውንድ ልጅ አትወልድልህም::" ይሄ ታድየ ገና ሁለተኛዋንት ሴት ልጅ ስትወልድ ነው:: በዛን ግዜ የ ትንሽ ገነዘብ አበዳሪ ንግድ ነበር:: 65 ዶላር አበደሯት:: ሳይማ ያንን ገንዘብ ወሰደችና የጥልፍ ንግድ ጀመረች:: ጥልፏ በጣም ተወደደ:: ቶሎ ቶሎ ተሸጠ:: ገዢዎቿ ደግሞ ደግሞ ጥልፏን ፈለጉ:: ስራው ሲበዛባት መንደሯ ውስጥ ያሉትን ሴቶች መቅጠር ጀመረች:: ከጥቂት ግዜ በኋላ 30 ሴቶች አብረዋት መሥራት ጀመሩ ለዚሁ ጥልፍ ንግድ:: ከዛ: የተጠለፉትን ጨርቆች ማጓጓዝ ሲኖርባት: የሚረዳት ሰው አስፈለጋት ከ መንደሯ ወደ ገበያ ቦታ የሚወስድላት:: ስለዚህ ባለቤቷን ቀጠረችው:: አሁን አብረው መሥራት ጀመሩ:: እርሱ ያጓጉዝና ያከፋፍላል: እርሷ ደግሞ ጥልፉን ታመርታለች:: አሁን ደግሞ 3ኛ ሴት ወለዱ:: ሦስቱም ትምህርት ላይ ናቸው መክንያቱም ሳይማ ምን አስፈላጊ እንደሆነ በደንብ ታውቃለች::
Let me tell you about Saima. She lives in a small village outside Lahore, Pakistan. And at the time, she was miserable. She was beaten every single day by her husband, who was unemployed. He was kind of a gambler type -- and unemployable, therefore -- and took his frustrations out on her. Well, when she had her second daughter, her mother in-law told her son, "I think you'd better get a second wife. Saima's not going to produce you a son." This is when she had her second daughter. At the time, there was a microlending group in the village that gave her a 65-dollar loan. Saima took that money, and she started an embroidery business. The merchants liked her embroidery; it sold very well, and they kept asking for more. And when she couldn't produce enough, she hired other women in the village. Pretty soon she had 30 women in the village working for her embroidery business. And then, when she had to transport all of the embroidery goods from the village to the marketplace, she needed someone to help her do the transport, so she hired her husband. So now they're in it together. He does the transportation and distribution, and she does the production and sourcing. And now they have a third daughter, and the daughters, all of them, are being tutored in education because Saima knows what's really important.
ይሄ ነው እንገዲህ የመጨረሻው ነጥቤ ላይ የሚወስደኝ: እሱም ትምህርት ነው:: ሌሪ ሳመርስ (Larry Summers) የ ዓለም ባንክ ዋና የምጣኔ ሀብት ባለሞያ እያለ: እንዲህ ብሎ ተናገረ: "ለ ሦስተኛው ዓለም የ መዋለ ንዋይ ከፍተኛው ገቢ ሚመጣው ከ ሴቶች ትምህርት ነው":: ስለ ቤአትሪስ ቢራ (Beatrice Biira) ልንገራቹ:: ኡጋንዳ ነበር ምትኖረው: ኮንጎ ድንበር አጠገብ:: እሷም ልክ እንደ ዳይማንጁ ትምህርት ቤት አትሄድም ነበረ:: እንደውም ብሕይወቷ ሄዳም አታቅ:: አንድም ቀን:: ቤተሰቦቿም "እርሷ ላይ ገንዘባችንን ለምን እንጨርሳለን? እድሜ ልኳን ውሃ ስታጓጉዝ ነው ምታሳልፈው::" እንገዲህ በዛን ግዜ: ኒያንቲክ ኮምዩኒቲ ቸርች ግሩፕ የሚባል ነበረ ኮነክቲከት (Connecticut) ውስጥ:: ይሄ ድርጅት እርዳታ ሰጠ ለ አርካንሳስ (Arkansas) ለሚገኘው ሔይፈር ኢንተርናሽናል (Heifer International) ለተባለ ማኅበር:: ሔይፈር (Heifer) ሁለት ፍየል ወደ አፍሪካ ላከ:: ባጋጣሚ አንደኛዋ ፍየል እነ ቤአትሪስ ቤት ተላከች:: ፍየሏም መንታ ወለደች:: መንታዎቹ ወተት መስጠት ጀመሩ:: ወተቱም ተሸጠ:: ገንዘብ ተባዛ: ተጠራቀመ:: ከትንሽ ግዜ በኋላ ቤተሰቦቿ እንዲህ አሉ: "አሁን በቂ ገንዘብ አለን:: ቤአትሪስን ትምህርት ቤት እንላካት::" ስለዚህ በ 9 ዓመቷ ቤአትሪስ 1ኛ ክፍል ገባች (ምንም ቢሆን እስካሁን ትምህርት ቤት ደርሳም አታቅም ነብር) ሌሎቹ ተማሪዎች 6 ዓመታቸው ነበር:: ሁኖም ቀረ ደስተኛ ነበረች ትምህርት ቤት በመግባቷ:: በፍጥነት የክፍሏ አንደኛ ተማሪ ሆነች በዛው ጉብዝና: አንደኛ ሆና የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ትምህርት ጨረሰች:: እንደዛውም የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ጨረሰች:: ብሔራዊ ፈተና ላይ መርጥ ውጤት አመጣች:: ከመንደሯ የ መጀመሪያ ሰው ናት ወደ አሜሪካን ሀገር (USA) በ ትምህርት ሊቅነት (scholarship) የመጣች የዛሬ ሁለት ዓመት ከ ኮነክቲከት ኮሌጅ ተመረቀች:: የምርቃትቷ ዕለት እንዲህ አለች: "በጣም ዕድለኛ ነኝ ዕድሜ ለ አንዲት ፍየል::" ...ሳቅታ... ያቺ ፍየል 120 ዶላር ነበረች::
Which brings me to the final element, which is education. Larry Summers, when he was chief economist at the World Bank, once said that, "It may well be that the highest return on investment in the developing world is in girls' education." Let me tell you about Beatrice Biira. Beatrice was living in Uganda near the Congo border, and like Dai Manju, she didn't go to school. Actually, she had never been to school, not to a lick, one day. Her parents, again, said, "Why should we spend the money on her? She's going to spend most of her life lugging water back and forth." Well, it just so happens, at that time, there was a group in Connecticut called the Niantic Community Church Group in Connecticut. They made a donation to an organization based in Arkansas called Heifer International. Heifer sent two goats to Africa. One of them ended up with Beatrice's parents, and that goat had twins. The twins started producing milk. They sold the milk for cash. The cash started accumulating, and pretty soon the parents said, "You know, we've got enough money. Let's send Beatrice to school." So at nine years of age, Beatrice started in first grade -- after all, she'd never been to a lick of school -- with a six year-old. No matter, she was just delighted to be in school. She rocketed to the top of her class. She stayed at the top of her class through elementary school, middle school, and then in high school, she scored brilliantly on the national examinations so that she became the first person in her village, ever, to come to the United States on scholarship. Two years ago, she graduated from Connecticut College. On the day of her graduation, she said, "I am the luckiest girl alive because of a goat." (Laughter) And that goat was $120.
አያቹ አይደል እንዴት አይነት ለውጥ ሊኖር እንደሚችል ከትንሽ ነገር ተነስተን:: ነገር ግን እውነቱን ላውጣው እስቲ:: የ U.S. aid እርዳታ ቀላል አይደለም:: ብዙ መጽሐፎች አሉ U.S. aidን የሚተቹ:: የ ቢል ኢስተርሊ (Bill Easterly) መጽሐፍ አለ ለምሳሌ:: "Dead Aid" ማለትም "የሞተ እርዳታ" የሚባል መጽሐፍ አለ:: ትችቱ በመጠኑ ትክክል ነው:: ቀላል አይደለም:: እንደምታቁትና እንደሚነገረን ከሚሰሩት የውሃ ጉድጓድ ግማሾቹ ከ አንድ ዓመት በኋላ ይበላሻሉ:: ዚምባብዌ እያለው ከመንደሩ መሪ ጋር ሀገሩን እየጎበኘን እያለ (መሪው ገንዘብ መሰብሰብ ፈልጎ ነበር ለትምህርት ቤት) የሆነ ግንባታ ነበር ከ ትንሽ ሜትር በኋላ:: እንዲህ ብዬ ጠየኩኝ "ያ ምንድን ነው?" መሪው አጉተመተመ:: ያልተሳካ የ መስኖ ዓላማ ነበር:: ከትንሽ መንገድ በኋላ ያልተሳካ የ ዶሮ ማረቢያ ቤት ነበር:: አንድ ዓመት ላይ ዶሮዎቹ ሁሉ ሲሞቱ:ሌላም ዶሮ ገብቶበትም አያቅ:: እውነት ነው ይሄ ሁሉ::ነገር ግን መጥፎውን ከ ጥሩዉ ጋር መጣል የለብንም:: ማሻሻል ይቻላል:: ከ ስሕተት መማርና እየቀጠሉ ማሻሻል አለ::
So you see how transformative little bits of help can be. But I want to give you a reality check. Look: U.S. aid, helping people is not easy, and there have been books that have criticized U.S. aid. There's Bill Easterly's book. There's a book called "Dead Aid." You know, the criticism is fair; it isn't easy. You know, people say how half of all water well projects, a year later, are failed. When I was in Zimbabwe, we were touring a place with the village chief -- he wanted to raise money for a secondary school -- and there was some construction a few yards away, and I said, "What's that?" He sort of mumbled. Turns out that it's a failed irrigation project. A few yards away was a failed chicken coop. One year, all the chickens died, and no one wanted to put the chickens in there. It's true, but we think that you don't through the baby out with the bathwater; you actually improve. You learn from your mistakes, and you continuously improve.
እንደሚመስለን ሰው ሁሉ ለውጥ ማምጣት ይችላል:: እንደውም ለውጥ ማምጣት የገባዋል ምክንያቱም አብረን በጎ እንቅስቃሴ መፍጠር እንችላለን:: የወንድም የሴትም እንቅስቃሴ ደግሞ ያስፈልጋል ማኅበራዊ ለውጥ እንዲገኝ:: ይሄ ለውጥ የ ዓለምን ትልቅ ፍልሚያ ለመቆጣጠር ይችላል:: ስለዚህ ይሄንን ልጠይቃቹ እስቲ: ለናንተ ምን ጥቅም አለው ይሄ? ይሄኔ በልባቹ 'እኔ ምን ቸገረኝ?' እያላቹ ነው:: እነዚህን ሁለት ነጥቦችን ተናግሬ ልተዋቹ:: 1ኛ: ዓውደ ጥናት እንደሚያሳየው ዋና አስፈላጊ መሰረታዊ ሀብት ካለን በኋላ (እዚህ ያለነው አብዛኞቻችን : እንደውም ሁላችንም እንዳለን) ጥናት እነደሚያሳየው ጥቂት ነገሮች ናቸው ከምር ደስታችንን የሚጨምሩት:: አንዱ ራሳችንን አለፈን ሌላን መርዳት ነው::
We also think that individuals can make a difference, and they should, because individuals, together, we can all help create a movement. And a movement of men and women is what's needed to bring about social change, change that will address this great moral challenge. So then, I ask, what's in it for you? You're probably asking that. Why should you care? I will just leave you with two things. One is that research shows that once you have all of your material needs taken care of -- which most of us, all of us, here in this room do -- research shows that there are very few things in life that can actually elevate your level of happiness. One of those things is contributing to a cause larger than yourself.
2ኛ: አሁን በምነግራቹ አጭር ታሪክ የሚቋጭ ነው:: ታሪኩም ስለአንዲት የ ዳርፉር እርዳታ ሰራተኛ ነው:: እግንዲህ ይች ሴት ዳርፉት ብዙ ግዜ የሰራች ማንም ሰው ማየት የሌለበትን ነገር ሁሉ አይታ ኖረች እዛ በተቀመጠችበት ግዜ:: ጠንካራ ነበረች: ታማኝ ነበረች:: አንድም ቀን ሳትደክም: ሳታማርር አሜሪካን ሀገር (USA) ተመለሰች:: የ ገና ረፍቷ ላይ ነበረች:: አያቷ ጓሮ ተቅምጣ ያየችው ነገር ለቅሶ በ ለቅሶ አረጋት:: ያየችው ምን መሰላቹ? የ ወፍ መመገቢያ ሠሌዳ:: ያኔ ምን ዓይነት ዕድል እንዳላት ተረዳች እንደዚህ ዓይነት ሀገር ውስጥ በመወለዷ:: ደኅንነት እንደ ቀላል ነገር የምናይ: ራሳችንን ማብላት: ማልበስ: ማኖር የምንችልበት ብቻ ሳይሆን: ክረምት ላይ እንዳይርባቸው ወፎችን የመንከባከብ:: በዛ ታላቅ ሀብት ታድያ ትልቅ ኀላፊነት እንዳለ ተረዳች:: ስለዚህ ልክ እንደ እርሷ: እናንተም: እኔም ሁላችንም: የ ሕይወትን ሽልማት አሸንፈናል:: አሁን ታድያ የቀረን አንድ ጥያቄ ነው: ያንን ኀላፊነት እንዴት አርገን ነው ምንከፍለው?
And the second thing, it's an anecdote that I'll leave you with. And that is the story of an aid worker in Darfur. Here was a woman who had worked in Darfur, seeing things that no human being should see. Throughout her time there, she was strong, she was steadfast. She never broke down. And then she came back to the United States and was on break, Christmas break. She was in her grandmother's backyard, and she saw something that made her break down in tears. What that was was a bird feeder. And she realized that she had the great fortune to be born in a country where we take security for granted, where we not only can feed, clothe and house ourselves, but also provide for wild birds so they don't go hungry in the winter. And she realized that with that great fortune comes great responsibility. And so, like her, you, me, we have all won the lottery of life. And so the question becomes: how do we discharge that responsibility?
ስለዚህ ጉዳዩ ይኸውና እንቅስቃሴውን ተከተሉ:: ተደሰቱ:: እናም ዓለምን አድኗት::
So, here's the cause. Join the movement. Feel happier and help save the world.
በጣም አመሰግናለው::
Thank you very much.
... ጭብጨባ...
(Applause)