For the last 20 years I've been designing puzzles. And I'm here today to give you a little tour, starting from the very first puzzle I designed, through what I'm doing now. I've designed puzzles for books, printed things. I'm the puzzle columnist for Discover Magazine. I've been doing that for about 10 years. I have a monthly puzzle calendar. I do toys. The bulk of my work is in computer games. I did puzzles for "Bejeweled." (Applause) I didn't invent "Bejeweled." I can't take credit for that.
Poslednjih 20 godina dizajniram zagonetke. I danas sam ovde da vas malo provedem, od prve zagonetke koju sam dizajnirao, do onoga što radim sada. Dizajnirao sam zagonetke za knjige, štampane stvari. Ja pišem zagonetke za časopis Diskaver. To radim već oko 10 godina. Imam mesečni kalendar zagonetki. Pravim igračke. Najviše radim na kompjuterskim igricama. Radio sam zagonetke za igricu „Bidžuld”. (Aplauz) Nisam izmislio „Bidžuld”. Ne mogu da preuzmem zasluge za to.
So, very first puzzle, sixth grade, my teacher said, "Oh, let's see, that guy, he likes to make stuff. I'll have him cut out letters out of construction paper for the board." I thought this was a great assignment. And so here is what I came up with. I start fiddling with it. I came up with this letter. This is a letter of the alphabet that's been folded just once. The question is, which letter is it if I unfold it? One hint: It's not "L." (Laughter) It could be an "L," of course. So, what else could it be? Yeah, a lot of you got it. Oh yeah. So, clever thing.
Dakle, prva zagonetka, šesti razred, moja nastavnica je rekla: „Da vidimo, onaj dečko voli da pravi stvari. On neka iseca slova od kolaž papira za tablu.” Mislio sam da je ovo sjajan zadatak. I evo šta sam smislio. Počeo sam da se zabavljam sa tim. Smislio sam ovo slovo. Ovo je slovo abecede koje je samo jednom presavijeno. Pitanje je, koje je to slovo kada ga odvijem? Mala pomoć: Nije „L“. (Smeh) Moglo bi da bude „L“, naravno. Dakle, šta drugo bi moglo da bude? Da, dosta vas je pogodilo odgovor. O da. Dakle, zgodna stvar.
Now, that was my first puzzle. I got hooked. I created something new, I was very excited because, you know, I'd made crossword puzzles, but that's sort of like filling in somebody else's matrix. This was something really original. I got hooked. I read Martin Gardner's columns in Scientific American. Went on, and eventually decided to devote myself, full time, to that.
To je bila moja prva zagonetka. Navukao sam se. Napravio sam nešto novo, bio sam veoma uzbuđen jer, znate, pravio sam ukrštenice, ali to je kao popunjavanje tuđe matrice. Ovo je bilo originalno. Navukao sam se. Čitao sam kolumne Martina Gardnera u „Sajentifik Amerikan”. Nastavio sam i na kraju odlučio da posvetim puno radno vreme tome.
Now, I should pause and say, what do I mean by puzzle? A puzzle is a problem that is fun to solve and has a right answer. "Fun to solve," as opposed to everyday problems, which, frankly, are not very well-designed puzzles. You know, they might have a solution. It might take a long time. Nobody wrote down the rules clearly. Who designed this? It's like, you know, life is not a very well-written story so we have to hire writers to make movies.
Da li da pauziram i objasnim na šta podrazumevam pod zagonetkama? Zagonetka je problem koji je zabavan za rešavanje i ima tačan odgovor. „Zabavan za rešavanje“ za razliku od svakodnevnih problema, koji, iskreno, nisu dobro dizajnirane zagonetke. Znate, možda imaju rešenje. Možda je potrebno dosta vremena. Niko nije zapisao pravila. Ko je ovo dizajnirao? Znate, život nije pažljivo napisana priča pa mi moramo da unajmimo scenariste da naprave filmove.
Well, I take everyday problems, and I make puzzles out of them. And "right answer," of course there might be more than one right answer; many puzzles have more than one. But as opposed to a couple other forms of play, toys and games -- by toy I mean, something you play with that doesn't have a particular goal. You can create one out of Legos. You know, you can do anything you want. Or competitive games like chess where, well, you're not trying to solve ... You can make a chess puzzle, but the goal really is to beat another player.
Dakle, ja uzimam svakodnevne probleme, i pravim zagonetke od njih. A „tačan odgovor”, naravno, može ih biti više od jednog. Mnoge zagonetke imaju više od jednog tačnog odgovora. Ali za razliku od drugih vrsta igara, igračaka i igrica - pod igračkom mislim na nešto čime se igrate bez nekog cilja. Možete da je napravite od Lego kocaka. Znate, možete da radite šta god hoćete. Ili igre nadmetanja kao što je šah, gde ne pokušavate da rešite... možete napraviti šahovsku zagonetku, ali pravi cilj je da se pobedi drugi igrač.
I consider that puzzles are an art form. They're very ancient. It goes back as long as there is written history. It's a very small form, like a joke, a poem, a magic trick or a song, very compact form. At worst, they're throwaways, they're for amusement. But at best they can reach for something more and create a memorable impression. The progression of my career that you'll see is looking for creating puzzles that have a memorable impact.
Smatram da su zagonetke umetnička forma. Veoma su drevne. Datiraju od pojave prvih pisanih tragova. One su vrlo mala forma, kao šala, poema, magični trik ili pesma, one su vrlo kompaktna forma. U najgorem slučaju, one su jednokratne, za zabavu. U najboljem slučaju, mogu dostići nešto više i ostaviti nezaboravan utisak. Kao što ćete videte, moja karijera se kretala u smeru dizajniranja zagonetki koje će ostaviti nezaboravan utisak.
So, one thing I found early on, when I started doing computer games, is that I could create puzzles that will alter your perception. I'll show you how. Here is a famous one. So, it's two profiles in black, or a white vase in the middle. This is called a figure-ground illusion. The artist M.C. Escher exploited that in some of his wonderful prints. Here we have "Day and Night." Here is what I did with figure and ground. So, here we have "figure" in black. Here we have "figure" in white. And it's all part of the same design. The background to one is the other. Originally I tried to do the words "figure" and "ground." But I couldn't do that, I realized. I changed the problem. It's all "figure." (Laughter)
Prva stvar koju sam otkrio kada sam počeo da pravim kompjuterske igice je da mogu da napravim zagonetke koje će promeniti vaša opažanja. Pokazaću vam kako. Ova je poznata. Dakle, to su dva crna profila ili bela vaza u sredini. Ovo se zove iluzija figure i pozadine. Umetnik M.K. Ešer je to iskoristio u nekim svojim divnim grafikama. Ovde imamo „Dan i noć”. Evo šta sam uradio sa figurom i pozadinom. Dakle, imamo „figura“ u crnoj boji. Ovde imamo „figura“ u beloj boji. I sve to je deo istog dizajna. Pozadina jedne je ona druga. Prvo sam pokušao da uradim reči „figura“ i „pozadina“, ali shvatio sam da to ne mogu da uradim. Promenio sam problem. Sve je „figura”. (Smeh)
A few other things. Here is my name. And that turns into the title of my first book, "Inversions." These sorts of designs now go by the word "ambigram." I'll show you just a couple others. Here we have the numbers one through 10, the digits zero through nine, actually. Each letter here is one of these digits. Not strictly an ambigram in the conventional sense. I like pushing on what an ambigram can mean.
Još par drugih stvari. Ovo je moje ime. Koje se pretvori u naslov moje prve knjige, „Inverzije”. Ovakvi dizajni se sada vode kao „ambigrami”. Pokazaću vam još par drugih. Ovde imamo brojeve od 1 do 10, cifre od nula do devet, zapravo. Svako slovo je jedna cifra. Strogo gledano, ovo nije ambigram u uobičajnom smislu. Volim da pomeram granice onoga što ambigram znači.
Here's the word "mirror." No, it's not the same upside-down. It's the same this way. And a marvelous fellow from the Media Lab who just got appointed head of RISD, is John Maeda. And so I did this for him. It's sort of a visual canon. (Laughter) And recently in Magic magazine I've done a number of ambigrams on magician's names. So here we have Penn and Teller, same upside-down. This appears in my puzzle calendar. Okay, let's go back to the slides. Thank you very much.
Reč „ogledalo”. Ne čita se isto naopako. Čita se isto ovako. I divan čovek iz „Media Laba” koji je upravo postavljen za šefa škole dizajna u Roud Ajlendu, Džon Maeda. Ovo sam uradio za njega. Vrsta vizuelnog topa. (Smeh) I nedavno sam za časopis „Magija” napravio par ambigrama od imena mađioničara. Ovde imamo imena Pen i Teler koja se čitaju isto i naopako. Ovo se pojavljuje u mom kalendaru sa zagonetkama. U redu, da se vratimo na slajdove. Puno vam hvala.
Now, those are fun to look at. Now how would you do it interactively? For a while I was an interface designer. And so I think a lot about interaction. Well, let's first of all simplify the vases illusion, make the thing on the right. Now, if you could pick up the black vase, it would look like the figure on top. If you could pick up the white area, it would look like the figure on the bottom. Well, you can't do that physically, but on a computer you can do it. Let's switch over to the P.C.
Sada, ovo je zabavno za gledanje. A kako biste se time bavili interaktivno? Neko vreme sam bio dizajner interfejsa, tako da puno razmišljam o interakciji. Prvo pojednostavimo iluziju sa vazama, rešimo problem na desnoj slici. Sada, ako biste podigli crnu vazu, ličila bi na figuru na vrhu. Ako biste podigli beli deo slike, ličio bi na figuru na dnu. To fizički ne možete uraditi, ali na kompjuteru možete. Hajde da se prebacimo na pi-si.
And here it is, figure-ground. The goal here is to take the pieces on the left and make them so they look like the shape on the right. And this follows the rules I just said: any black area that is surrounded by white can be picked up. But that is also true of any white area. So, here we got the white area in the middle, and you can pick it up. I'll just go one step further. So, here is -- here is a couple pieces. Move them together, and now this is an active piece. You can really get inside somebody's perception and have them experience something. It's like the old maxim of "you can tell somebody something and show them, but if they do it they really learn it."
I evo ih, figura i pozadina. Cilj je da se uzmu delovi sa leve strane i rasporede tako da liče na oblik sa desne strane. Ovim se prate pravila koja sam sada naveo: svaka crna oblast okružena belim može se podići. A to je tako i za bilo koju belu oblast. Dakle, ovde imamo belu oblast u sredini, i možete je podići. Ja ću otići korak dalje. Dakle, ovde je -- par delova. Kada ih pomerimo zajedno, sada je ovo aktivan deo. Možete baš da uđete u nečiju percepciju i izazovete da iskuse nešto. Kao stara izreka: „možete nekome nešto reći i pokazati mu, a ako sam to uradi onda stvarno i nauči.“
Here is another thing you can do. There is a game called Rush Hour. This is one of the true masterpieces in puzzle design besides Rubik's cube. So, here we have a crowded parking lot with cars all over the place. The goal is to get the red car out. It's a sliding block puzzle. It's made by the company Think Fun. It's done very well. I love this puzzle.
Evo još nešto što možete da uradite. Ova igra se zove „Gužva“. Ovo je pravo remek delo u dizajniranju zagonetki pored Rubikove kocke. Dakle, ovde imamo pretrpan parking sa automobilima na sve strane. Cilj je da se crveni auto izbaci. Ovo je klizeća slagalica. Pravi je kompanija „Mislite zabavno“. Veoma je dobro urađena. Volim ovu slagalicu.
Well, let's play one. Here. So, here is a very simple puzzle. Well, that's too simple, let's add another piece. Okay, so how would you solve this one? Well, move the blue one out of the way. Here, let's make it a little harder. Still pretty easy. Now we'll make it harder, a little harder. Now, this one is a little bit trickier. You know? What do you do here? The first move is going to be what? You're going to move the blue one up in order to get the lavender one to the right. And you can make puzzles like this one that aren't solvable at all. Those four are locked in a pinwheel; you can't get them apart.
Pa, hajde da odigramo jednu partiju. Evo, ovo je jednostavna slagalica. Ovo je prelako, da dodamo jos jedan deo. Okej, kako biste rešili ovo? Pa, pomerimo plavi deo sa puta. Evo, namestićemo da bude malo teže. Još uvek vrlo lako. Sada ćemo namestiti da bude teže, malo teže. Sada, ovo je malo komplikovanije. Znate li? Šta se ovde radi? Koji će biti prvi potez? Pomerićete plavi deo nagore da biste deo boje lavande pomerili nadesno. Možete napraviti slične slagalice koje je nemoguće rešiti. Ove četiri su zaključane, ne možete ih razdvojiti.
I wanted to make a sequel. I didn't come up with the original idea. But this is another way I work as an inventor is to create a sequel. I came up with this. This is Railroad Rush Hour. It's the same basic game except I introduced a new piece, a square piece that can move both horizontally and vertically. In the other game the cars can only move forward and back. Created a whole bunch of levels for it. Now I'm making it available to schools. And it includes exercises that show you not just how to solve these puzzles, but how to extract the principles that will let you solve mathematical puzzles or problems in science, other areas.
Hteo sam da napravim nastavak. Nisam prvobitni tvorac ideje, ali ovo je još jedan način da radim kao pronalazač, da napravim nastavak. Ovo sam ja smislio. Ovo je „Železnička gužva“. Igra je u osnovi ista, ali sam ja ubacio novi deo, četvrtasti deo koji se može pomerati horizontalno i vertikalno. U drugoj igri, automobili se mogu pomerati samo napred i nazad. Napravio sam gomilu nivoa za igru. Sada je dostupna u školama. Uključuje vežbe koje vam pokazuju ne samo kako da rešite ove zagonetke, već i kako da izvučete principe koji vam pomažu da rešite matematičke zagonetke ili probleme u nauci, drugim oblastima.
So, I'm really interested in you learning how to make your own puzzles as well as just me creating them. Garry Trudeau calls himself an investigative cartoonist. You know, he does a lot of research before he writes a cartoon. In Discover Magazine, I'm an investigative puzzle maker. I got interested in gene sequencing. And I said, "Well, how on Earth can you come up with a sequence of the base pairs in DNA?" Cut up the DNA, you sequence individual pieces, and then you look for overlaps, and you basically match them at the edges. And I said, "This is kind of like a jigsaw puzzle, except the pieces overlap."
Dakle, veoma me zanima da naučite kako da napravite sopstvene zagonetke, kao i samo njihovo stvaranje. Geri Trudo naziva sebe istražnim crtačem stripova. Znate, dosta istražuje pre nego što napiše strip. U časopisu Diskaver, ja sam istražni dizajner zagonetki. Zainteresovao sam se za genetsko sekvenciranje, i rekoh: „Pa, kako uopšte mogu smisliti sekvencu baznih parova DNK?“ Izrežete DNK, sekvencirate pojedinačne delove, i onda tražite preklapanja, i u suštini ih samo spojite po ivicama. I rekao sam: „Ovo je poput slagalice, osim što se delovi preklapaju.“
So, here is what I created for Discover Magazine. And it has to be solvable in a magazine. You know, you can't cut out the pieces and move them around. So, here is the nine pieces. And you're supposed to put them into this grid. And you have to choose pieces that overlap on the edge. There is only one solution. It's not that hard. But it takes some persistence. And when you're done, it makes this design, which, if you squint, is the word "helix." So, that's the form of the puzzle coming out of the content, rather than the other way around.
Dakle, evo šta sam osmislio za časopis Diskaver I mora biti rešivo u časopisu. Znate, ne možete isecati delove i pomerati ih. Dakle, evo devet delova. I treba da ih postavite u ovu mrežu. I treba da izaberete delove koji se preklapaju na ivici. Postoji samo jedno rešenje. Nije tako teško, ali potrebno je nešto upornosti. I kada završite, dobijete ovaj dizajn. koji, ako zaškiljite, jeste reč „helix“. Dakle, to je oblik zagonetke koja proizilazi iz sadržaja, umesto obrnuto.
Here is a couple more. Here is a physics-based puzzle. Which way will these fall? One of these weighs 50 pounds, 30 pounds and 10 pounds. And depending on which one weighs which amount, they'll fall different directions. And here is a puzzle based on color mixing. I separated this image into cyan, magenta, yellow, black, the basic printing colors, and then mixed up the separations, and you get these peculiar pictures. Which separations were mixed up to make those pictures? Gets you thinking about color.
Evo još nekoliko. Ovo je zagonetka zasnovana na fizici. Na koju stranu će oni pasti? Jedna teži 22,7 kg, druga 13,6 kg i treća 4,5 kg. I zavisno od toga koliko je koja teška, svaka će pasti na drugu stranu. Evo zagonetke zasnovane na mešanju boja. Razdvojo sam ovu sliku na zeleno-plavu, purpurno crvenu, žutu, crnu, osnovne štamparske boje, a zatim pomešao odvojene boje, i dobijete ove ove čudne slike. Koje odvojene boje su pomešane da se naprave ove slike? Počnete misliti o boji.
Finally, what I'm doing now. So, ShuffleBrain.com, website you can go visit, I joined up with my wife, Amy-Jo Kim. She could easily be up here giving a talk about her work. So, we're making smart games for social media. I'll explain what that means. We're looking at three trends. This is what's going on in the games industry right now. First of all, you know, for a long time computer games meant things like "Doom," where you're going around shooting things, very violent games, very fast, aimed at teenage boys. Right? That's who plays computer games.
Na kraju, ono što sada radim. Dakle, ShuffleBrain.com, stranica koju možete posetiti, udružio sam se sa svojom ženom Ejmi-Džo Kim. Ona bi lako mogla biti ovde i govoriti o svom radu. Dakle, pravimo pametne igre za društvene mreže. Objasniću šta to znači. Posmatramo tri trenda. Ovo je ono što se trenutno dešava u industriji igara. Prvo, znate, dugo vremena, kompjuterske igrice bile su poput igre „Dum“, gde idete okolo pucajući u stvari, vrlo nasilne igre, vrlo brze, namenjene tinejdžerima. Jel' tako?
Well, guess what? That's changing. "Bejeweled" is a big hit. It was the game that really broke open what's called casual games. And the main players are over 35, and are female. Then recently "Rock Band" has been a big hit. And it's a game you play with other people. It's very physical. It looks nothing like a traditional game. This is what's becoming the dominant form of electronic gaming.
Oni igraju kompjuterske igrice. Pa, pogodite šta? Vremena se menjaju. „Bidžuld“ je veliki hit. To je bila igra koja je otvorila vrata onome što nazivamo neobaveznim igrama. I igrači su uglavnom žene preko 35 godina. I tek objavljeni „Rok bend“ je veliki hit. To je igra koju igrate sa drugim ljudima. Vrlo je fizička. Uopšte nije kao tradicionalne igre. Ovo postaje dominatni oblik elektronskih igara.
Now, within that there is some interesting things happening. There is also a trend towards games that are good for you. Why? Well, we aging Boomers, Baby Boomers, we're eating our healthy food, we're exercising. What about our minds? Oh no, our parents are getting Alzheimer's. We better do something. Turns out doing crossword puzzles can stave off some of the effects of Alzheimer's. So, we got games like "Brain Age" coming out for the Nintendo DS, huge hit. A lot of people do Sudoku. In fact some doctors prescribe it.
U okviru toga ima zanimljivih dešavanja. Postoji takođe i trend igara koje su korisne za vas. Zašto? Pa, mi iz bum generacije, bebi-bum generacije, mi jedemo zdravu hranu, vežbamo. Šta je sa našim umovima? O ne! Naši roditelji obolevaju od Alchajmera. Treba nešto da preduzmemo. Ispostavlja se da rešavanje ukrštenica može da odloži neke simptome Alchajmera. Dakle, dobili smo igre kao „Doba mozga“ za Nintendo DS, veliki hit. Mnogo ljudi rešava Sudoku. Zapravo, neki lekari ga prepisuju.
And then there is social media, and what's happening on the Internet. Everybody now considers themselves a creator, and not just a viewer. And what does this add up to? Here is what we see coming. It's games that fit into a healthy lifestyle. They're part of your life. They're not necessarily a separate thing. And they are both, something that is good for you, and they're fun. I'm a puzzle guy. My wife is an expert in social media. And we decided to combine our skills.
Zatim, tu su društvene mreže, i šta se događa na internetu. Svi se danas smatraju stvaraocima, a ne samo posmatračima. I na šta se to svodi? Evo šta mi predviđamo. Igre koje se uklapaju u zdrav stil života. One su deo vašeg života. Nisu nužno odvojene od njega. I jedno i drugo predstavljaju nešto što je dobro za vas, i zabavne su. Ja sam čovek za zagonetke. Moja žena je ekspert za društvene mreže. Odlučili smo da udružimo naše veštine.
Our first game is called "Photo Grab." The game takes about a minute and 20 seconds. This is your first time playing my game. Okay. Let's see how well we can do. There are three images. And we have 24 seconds each. Where is that? I'll play as fast as I can. But if you can see it, shout out the answer. You get more -- Down, okay, yeah where is that? Oh, yeah. There, okay. J-O and -- I guess that's that part. We got the bow. That bow helps. That's his hair. You get a lot of figure-ground problems. Yeah, that one is easy. Okay. So, ahhh! Okay on to the next one. Okay, so that's the lens. Anybody? Looks like a black shape. So, where is that? That's the corner of the whole thing. Yeah, I've played this image before, but even when I make up my own puzzles -- and you can put your own images in here. And we have people all over the world doing that now.
Prva igra nam se zove „Uhvati fotku“. Traje oko minut i 20 sekundi. Ovo vam je prvi put da igrate moju igru. Okej. Hajde da vidimo kako se snalazite. Postoje tri slike. Imamo 24 sekunde za svaku. Gde je to? Igraću najbrže što mogu. Ali ako ga vidite, viknite odgovor. Ima još - Dole, dobro, gde je to? O, da. Tu je, ok. Dž-O i - Pretpostavljam da je to taj deo. Imamo mašnicu, ona pomaže. To je njegova kosa. Imate dosta problema za pozadinom. Da, ovo je lako. Okej. Dakle, aaa! Okej, idemo na sledeću. Okej, dakle, to su sočiva. Zna li neko? Izgleda kao crni oblik. Dakle, gde je to? To je ugao cele slike. Da, igrao sam ranije ovu sliku, ali čak i kada smišljam sopstvene zagonetke - I vi možete ovde da postavite svoje slike. Postoje ljudi širom sveta koji ovo sada rade.
There we are. Visit ShuffleBrain.com if you want to try it yourself. Thank you. (Applause)
To je to. Posetite ShuffleBrain.com ako želite ovo sami da probate. Hvala vam.